Photo of Teryl Clendenin - Teryl Clendenin PMHNP, MN, PMHNP, Psychiatric Nurse
Teryl Clendenin PMHNP
Psychiatric Nurse, MN, PMHNP
Verified Verified
Portland, OR 97219  (Online Only)
I am currently accepting new referrals for adults who are seeking psychiatric evaluations, therapy, medication management.
Practice accepting new patients. As a psychiatric nurse practitioner, I am able to provide a wide array of treatment opportunities for adults. I prescribe psychiatric medications, as well as provide counseling and therapy in a holistic, accepting atmosphere. I firmly believe we can all benefit from expanding our understanding of ourselves and our place in the world. My practice centers on working collaboratively with you; assisting, guiding and joining you on a pathway to greater overall health and wellness.
I am currently accepting new referrals for adults who are seeking psychiatric evaluations, therapy, medication management.
Practice accepting new patients. As a psychiatric nurse practitioner, I am able to provide a wide array of treatment opportunities for adults. I prescribe psychiatric medications, as well as provide counseling and therapy in a holistic, accepting atmosphere. I firmly believe we can all benefit from expanding our understanding of ourselves and our place in the world. My practice centers on working collaboratively with you; assisting, guiding and joining you on a pathway to greater overall health and wellness.
(503) 743-6874 View (503) 743-6874
Photo of Sarah Notton, DNP, MN, PMHNP, RN, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
Sarah Notton
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, DNP, MN, PMHNP, RN
Verified Verified
Portland, OR 97214
I am here to assist you on your journey to live a life according to your values. My approach to treating common mental health challenges integrates medication management with skills, healthy lifestyle practices, and social frameworks that support your ability to thrive and engage in the world around you. Expect to collaborate on non-pharmaceutical interventions and activity plans while also working to find the lowest effective dose of medication(s) to help you function optimally.
I am here to assist you on your journey to live a life according to your values. My approach to treating common mental health challenges integrates medication management with skills, healthy lifestyle practices, and social frameworks that support your ability to thrive and engage in the world around you. Expect to collaborate on non-pharmaceutical interventions and activity plans while also working to find the lowest effective dose of medication(s) to help you function optimally.
(503) 470-2470 x1 View (503) 470-2470 x1
Photo of Pascale Kidane - VirtualPsychiatricCare.com, PMHNP, MSN, APRN, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
VirtualPsychiatricCare.com
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, PMHNP, MSN, APRN
Verified Verified
Portland, OR 97205  (Online Only)
Accepting new patients via telehealth visits in Oregon state for psychiatric evaluations and medication management. We treat anyone suffering with depression, anxiety, or other mental health issue adversely affecting optimal functioning at work, deterring their best social self, or preventing being fully present for loved ones. Our clients are looking to be properly diagnosed and treated using the safest prescribing principles. Make your appointment on our website today. Evening and weekend hours are available. We offer affordable rates-Initial Psychiatric Eval $199, Follow-ups $99. Accepting some insurances.
Accepting new patients via telehealth visits in Oregon state for psychiatric evaluations and medication management. We treat anyone suffering with depression, anxiety, or other mental health issue adversely affecting optimal functioning at work, deterring their best social self, or preventing being fully present for loved ones. Our clients are looking to be properly diagnosed and treated using the safest prescribing principles. Make your appointment on our website today. Evening and weekend hours are available. We offer affordable rates-Initial Psychiatric Eval $199, Follow-ups $99. Accepting some insurances.
(971) 256-8187 View (971) 256-8187
Photo of Heather Hemmeger, PharmD, PMHNP, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
Heather Hemmeger
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, PharmD, PMHNP
Verified Verified
Portland, OR 97205
I work at Aspire Psychology alongside a team of psychologists and other psychiatric providers where I specialize in psychiatric diagnosis, assessment, and medication management.
Accepting New Patients! Do you struggle with depression, anxiety or other emotional distress? Do you feel frustrated that things you've tried so far haven't worked? As both a psychiatric nurse practitioner and former pharmacist, I strategically blend elements of psychopharmacology with psychotherapy to foster healing, restore mind-body balance, and inspire self-compassion. My therapeutic approach can be described as warm, collaborative, and grounded in evidence based research. I work from within a trauma-informed, anti-oppressive lens and am committed to creating a safe, inclusive, and empowering space for all who enter my door.
I work at Aspire Psychology alongside a team of psychologists and other psychiatric providers where I specialize in psychiatric diagnosis, assessment, and medication management.
Accepting New Patients! Do you struggle with depression, anxiety or other emotional distress? Do you feel frustrated that things you've tried so far haven't worked? As both a psychiatric nurse practitioner and former pharmacist, I strategically blend elements of psychopharmacology with psychotherapy to foster healing, restore mind-body balance, and inspire self-compassion. My therapeutic approach can be described as warm, collaborative, and grounded in evidence based research. I work from within a trauma-informed, anti-oppressive lens and am committed to creating a safe, inclusive, and empowering space for all who enter my door.
(971) 260-3492 x1 View (971) 260-3492 x1
Photo of Johnny Tran, APRN, PMHNP, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
Johnny Tran
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, APRN, PMHNP
Verified Verified
Portland, OR 97213  (Online Only)
My specialty is providing comprehensive mental health care with a focus on medication management remotely via Telehealth.
I understand the challenges you might be facing – whether it's struggles with anxiety, depression, addiction, insomnia, or any other mental health concern. Maybe you're seeking a safe space to explore your identity and the unique challenges you face. I'm here to tell you that you're not alone. My approach to mental health care is all about partnership and compassion. I strive to listen deeply to understand your specific needs and work together to create a treatment plan that feels right for you.
My specialty is providing comprehensive mental health care with a focus on medication management remotely via Telehealth.
I understand the challenges you might be facing – whether it's struggles with anxiety, depression, addiction, insomnia, or any other mental health concern. Maybe you're seeking a safe space to explore your identity and the unique challenges you face. I'm here to tell you that you're not alone. My approach to mental health care is all about partnership and compassion. I strive to listen deeply to understand your specific needs and work together to create a treatment plan that feels right for you.
(813) 491-1297 View (813) 491-1297
Photo of Amanda Rapaport, PMHNP, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
Amanda Rapaport
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, PMHNP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Portland, OR 97223
Amanda's practice focuses on mental health evaluation, medication management, and psycho-education.
Amanda Rapaport is dually board certified as an FNP and a PMHNP. Amanda is experienced in treating various medical and mental health needs across the lifespan. Amanda is culturally sensitive; she has worked in healthcare in various US states and as a teacher abroad. She welcomes all cultures, preferences, points of view and LGBTQ individuals with care and respect. Amanda educates and partners with her patients to optimize their self-care and well-being and help them actualize their chosen goals. She takes a holistic approach and places the patient at the center of their treatment plan.
Amanda's practice focuses on mental health evaluation, medication management, and psycho-education.
Amanda Rapaport is dually board certified as an FNP and a PMHNP. Amanda is experienced in treating various medical and mental health needs across the lifespan. Amanda is culturally sensitive; she has worked in healthcare in various US states and as a teacher abroad. She welcomes all cultures, preferences, points of view and LGBTQ individuals with care and respect. Amanda educates and partners with her patients to optimize their self-care and well-being and help them actualize their chosen goals. She takes a holistic approach and places the patient at the center of their treatment plan.
(503) 455-7935 View (503) 455-7935
Photo of Queen Idowu, APRN, PMHNP, AGNP, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
Queen Idowu
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, APRN, PMHNP, AGNP
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Portland, OR 97086
I specialize in assessing, diagnosing and treating various mental health conditions and conducting medication management.
As a double board-certified Lifespan Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner (PMHNP) & Adult-Geriatric Primary Care Nurse Practitioner (AGNP), I have a commitment to providing comprehensive care to individuals with complex psychiatric conditions. With over 13 years of experience in the medical and psychiatric fields, I have the expertise in treating a diverse range of patients. With my extensive medical & psychiatric knowledge, I take a biopsychosocial holistic approach to provide a package of medication management and group therapy for various conditions. Feel free to ask about my group therapy sessions!
I specialize in assessing, diagnosing and treating various mental health conditions and conducting medication management.
As a double board-certified Lifespan Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner (PMHNP) & Adult-Geriatric Primary Care Nurse Practitioner (AGNP), I have a commitment to providing comprehensive care to individuals with complex psychiatric conditions. With over 13 years of experience in the medical and psychiatric fields, I have the expertise in treating a diverse range of patients. With my extensive medical & psychiatric knowledge, I take a biopsychosocial holistic approach to provide a package of medication management and group therapy for various conditions. Feel free to ask about my group therapy sessions!
(346) 384-8922 View (346) 384-8922
Photo of Megan Vandell, PMHNP, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
Megan Vandell
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, PMHNP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Portland, OR 97202
I am able to help with medication management, mental health evaluations, and psychotherapy.
Megan is a board certified psychiatric-mental health nurse practitioner specializing in patients struggling with dual diagnosis (mental health and addictions), PTSD, depression, anxiety, and mood disorders. Focused on patient-centered care and optimizing medication regimen, my goal in treatment is to use the fewest medications at the lowest doses possible to robustly support mood and wellness. I offer a calm, understanding environment during our sessions. Seeking help with mental health is a challenge, and I strive to make it an easy process for my patients.
I am able to help with medication management, mental health evaluations, and psychotherapy.
Megan is a board certified psychiatric-mental health nurse practitioner specializing in patients struggling with dual diagnosis (mental health and addictions), PTSD, depression, anxiety, and mood disorders. Focused on patient-centered care and optimizing medication regimen, my goal in treatment is to use the fewest medications at the lowest doses possible to robustly support mood and wellness. I offer a calm, understanding environment during our sessions. Seeking help with mental health is a challenge, and I strive to make it an easy process for my patients.
(503) 738-1346 View (503) 738-1346
Photo of Berhanu Bedassa - Bridge of Hope Mental Health Services, PMHNP, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
Bridge of Hope Mental Health Services
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, PMHNP
Verified Verified
Portland, OR 97233
As a Psychiatric-Mental Health Nurse Practitioner (PMHNP) at Bridge of Hope Mental health service, I am able to provide assessments, diagnosis, and medication management for mental health issues.
As a Psychiatric-Mental Health Nurse Practitioner (PMHNP) at Bridge of Hope Mental health service, I am able to provide assessments, diagnosis, and medication management for mental health issues.
(503) 213-6862 View (503) 213-6862
Photo of Mary Lajoy, MD, Psychiatrist
Mary Lajoy
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
Portland, OR 97239
I am a board-certified psychiatrist in private practice in Portland, Oregon. I am currently offering individual medication management services for adults. I take a holistic approach to providing mental health care, incorporating values, personal history and consideration of medical conditions in developing a treatment plan with patients. I specialize in treating depression, anxiety, and trauma related disorders.
I am a board-certified psychiatrist in private practice in Portland, Oregon. I am currently offering individual medication management services for adults. I take a holistic approach to providing mental health care, incorporating values, personal history and consideration of medical conditions in developing a treatment plan with patients. I specialize in treating depression, anxiety, and trauma related disorders.
(971) 251-4667 View (971) 251-4667
Photo of Tara O'Connor, DNP, PMHNP, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
Tara O'Connor
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, DNP, PMHNP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Portland, OR 97213
Not accepting new clients
I am passionate about providing high quality, trauma informed mental health services through medication management and psychotherapy.
Healing is intimidating. It invites you to create new pathways in your brain, new patterns in your daily habits, and new ways of being with yourself. I believe in a therapeutic relationship as the cornerstone to creating space for health, healing, and personal growth. We will collaborate on a whole person approach to your mental health, including whether or not medication management is right for you. -Email is my preferred method of initial contact-
I am passionate about providing high quality, trauma informed mental health services through medication management and psychotherapy.
Healing is intimidating. It invites you to create new pathways in your brain, new patterns in your daily habits, and new ways of being with yourself. I believe in a therapeutic relationship as the cornerstone to creating space for health, healing, and personal growth. We will collaborate on a whole person approach to your mental health, including whether or not medication management is right for you. -Email is my preferred method of initial contact-
(503) 221-5778 View (503) 221-5778
Photo of Esther Moseka Odaibo, PMHNP, APRN, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
Esther Moseka Odaibo
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, PMHNP, APRN
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Portland, OR 97223
Accepting new patients ! Do you experience undue fear and anxiety ? Do you get confused and disorganized ? I am here to help you! My goal is to establish a therapeutic alliance with you. I want you to feel heard, understood and empowered. Together we will establish sustainable goals to create balance and manage the condition that is of concern to you. I work with patients across lifespan while using evidence based patient centered approaches. In addition to providing medication management and therapy for several mental health conditions, I provide treatment for anxiety, depression, ADHD, substance use, and bipolar disorder.
Accepting new patients ! Do you experience undue fear and anxiety ? Do you get confused and disorganized ? I am here to help you! My goal is to establish a therapeutic alliance with you. I want you to feel heard, understood and empowered. Together we will establish sustainable goals to create balance and manage the condition that is of concern to you. I work with patients across lifespan while using evidence based patient centered approaches. In addition to providing medication management and therapy for several mental health conditions, I provide treatment for anxiety, depression, ADHD, substance use, and bipolar disorder.
(971) 999-3237 View (971) 999-3237
Photo of Dr. Mark Chofla - Dr Mark Chofla | Empathy Therapy, DO, Psychiatrist
Dr Mark Chofla | Empathy Therapy
Psychiatrist, DO
Verified Verified
Portland, OR 97239  (Online Only)
As a family and community psychiatrist, he performs respectful psychotherapy with empathy in addition to careful medication management.
Dr. Mark Chofla is a board-certified psychiatrist and physician who completed his specialty residency training at the Los Angeles County + University of Southern California Medical Center. After receiving his Bachelor of Science degree in Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior from the University of California at Davis, Dr. Chofla earned his medical degree from Midwestern University: Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine.
As a family and community psychiatrist, he performs respectful psychotherapy with empathy in addition to careful medication management.
Dr. Mark Chofla is a board-certified psychiatrist and physician who completed his specialty residency training at the Los Angeles County + University of Southern California Medical Center. After receiving his Bachelor of Science degree in Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior from the University of California at Davis, Dr. Chofla earned his medical degree from Midwestern University: Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine.
(971) 606-5344 View (971) 606-5344
Photo of Ablavi Agomessou - Ivydale Psychiatry -Virtual Visit-Children &Adults, PMHNP-C, FNP-C, DNP, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
Ivydale Psychiatry -Virtual Visit-Children &Adults
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, PMHNP-C, FNP-C, DNP
Verified Verified
Portland, OR 97204  (Online Only)
We are offering compassionate care via telepsychiatry(virtual visit) throughout the state of Oregon and accepting new patients for Addiction & Mental Health for Medication Management!!! We have expertise in treating children through adults, with minimal waiting time. Call our office now to get help scheduling your appointment. Telepsychiatry Across Oregon! Be seen from the privacy of your home with our experts! Virtual Compassionate , Comprehensive and Holistic Addiction and Mental Health Care! Schedule your visit today! Medication Management to all ages via Telepsychiatry !
We are offering compassionate care via telepsychiatry(virtual visit) throughout the state of Oregon and accepting new patients for Addiction & Mental Health for Medication Management!!! We have expertise in treating children through adults, with minimal waiting time. Call our office now to get help scheduling your appointment. Telepsychiatry Across Oregon! Be seen from the privacy of your home with our experts! Virtual Compassionate , Comprehensive and Holistic Addiction and Mental Health Care! Schedule your visit today! Medication Management to all ages via Telepsychiatry !
(678) 922-4240 View (678) 922-4240
Photo of Emily David - Serenity Mental Healthcare PLLC, PMHNP, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
Serenity Mental Healthcare PLLC
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, PMHNP
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Portland, OR 97211
I have extensive experience providing medication management using a holistic approach.
I am a licensed and certified psychiatric Nurse practitioner treating patients who are at least 15 years (15 years to 75 years). I provide comprehensive online psychiatry services (telehealth), you can conveniently be seen in the comfort of your home for appointments and medication management without the need to travel! I provide the same mental services as in-person visits and I will address other aspects that encompass your complete wellness beyond a standard psychiatry visit. Currently accepting new clients for psychiatric evaluation, medication management and individual therapy, You can book a video appointment right now.
I have extensive experience providing medication management using a holistic approach.
I am a licensed and certified psychiatric Nurse practitioner treating patients who are at least 15 years (15 years to 75 years). I provide comprehensive online psychiatry services (telehealth), you can conveniently be seen in the comfort of your home for appointments and medication management without the need to travel! I provide the same mental services as in-person visits and I will address other aspects that encompass your complete wellness beyond a standard psychiatry visit. Currently accepting new clients for psychiatric evaluation, medication management and individual therapy, You can book a video appointment right now.
(971) 309-8821 View (971) 309-8821
Photo of Lindsay Ann Howard - Headlight / Portland, Psychiatrist
Headlight / Portland
Psychiatrist
Verified Verified
Portland, OR 97239
Headlight is proud to offer Portland, OR a full circle of mental health care services, including therapy, coaching, support groups, medication management, and an online library of self-care resources. We make world-class mental health care accessible for everyone!
Headlight is proud to offer Portland, OR a full circle of mental health care services, including therapy, coaching, support groups, medication management, and an online library of self-care resources. We make world-class mental health care accessible for everyone!
(971) 290-1964 View (971) 290-1964
Photo of Elena Logvinenko, MD, Psychiatrist
Elena Logvinenko
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
Portland, OR 97205
Not accepting new clients
I’m a board certified psychiatrist in Portland, specializing in integrated psychotherapy and medication management; I also offer psychiatric eval & med management to folks who already have an individual therapist who they see at least once a week. While my vibe is casual, my clinical approach (to both meds and therapy) is thoughtful, evidence based, and individualized. I value having a very thorough picture of the entire situation before proposing any course of treatment; many bodies/minds “haven’t read the textbook” and benefit most from treatment that isn’t algorithmic. (re-opening to new patients in Aug/Sept)
I’m a board certified psychiatrist in Portland, specializing in integrated psychotherapy and medication management; I also offer psychiatric eval & med management to folks who already have an individual therapist who they see at least once a week. While my vibe is casual, my clinical approach (to both meds and therapy) is thoughtful, evidence based, and individualized. I value having a very thorough picture of the entire situation before proposing any course of treatment; many bodies/minds “haven’t read the textbook” and benefit most from treatment that isn’t algorithmic. (re-opening to new patients in Aug/Sept)
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Photo of Brea Di Dato, MSN, APRN, FNP, PMHNP, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
Brea Di Dato
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, MSN, APRN, FNP, PMHNP
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Portland, OR 97204  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
Brea is currently not accepting new clients, ages 10 and up, at this time. Specializing in ADHD and much more. A comprehensive telepsychiatry practice serving Oregon. Offering medication management and supportive psychotherapy services in Oregon. Brea provides compassionate, evidence based care, that is tailored to your specific needs. Brea will empower you with knowledge, share resources, and partner with you in your health journey. Brea addressed the needs of the whole person, not just a diagnosis.
Brea is currently not accepting new clients, ages 10 and up, at this time. Specializing in ADHD and much more. A comprehensive telepsychiatry practice serving Oregon. Offering medication management and supportive psychotherapy services in Oregon. Brea provides compassionate, evidence based care, that is tailored to your specific needs. Brea will empower you with knowledge, share resources, and partner with you in your health journey. Brea addressed the needs of the whole person, not just a diagnosis.
(628) 265-6547 View (628) 265-6547
Photo of Elita Wong - Elita Wong, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, PMHNP, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
Elita Wong, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, PMHNP
Verified Verified
Portland, OR 97239  (Online Only)
Elita combines psychotherapy and medication management to help patients achieve more joy and fulfillment in their lives.
Currently accepting new patients at joinlalune.com - Elita Wong, NP is a graduate of UC Berkeley's School of Public Health and NYU's College of Nursing. She received her psychiatry training at Hunter-Bellevue College in New York City and has experience in both non-profit and private practice mental health clinics. Prior to specializing in mental health, she worked as a clinical nurse at Columbia University Medical Center in the pediatric, oncology, and hematology specialities. She currently provides psychiatric mental health services via telemedicine in Oregon and Washington States.
Elita combines psychotherapy and medication management to help patients achieve more joy and fulfillment in their lives.
Currently accepting new patients at joinlalune.com - Elita Wong, NP is a graduate of UC Berkeley's School of Public Health and NYU's College of Nursing. She received her psychiatry training at Hunter-Bellevue College in New York City and has experience in both non-profit and private practice mental health clinics. Prior to specializing in mental health, she worked as a clinical nurse at Columbia University Medical Center in the pediatric, oncology, and hematology specialities. She currently provides psychiatric mental health services via telemedicine in Oregon and Washington States.
(206) 531-7844 View (206) 531-7844
Photo of Grant L Beloof, MD, Psychiatrist
Grant L Beloof
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
Portland, OR 97211
I hold certification General Adult Psychiatry as well as in Integrative and Holistic Medicine and was trained in the bio-psycho-social model of human development. I offer primarily medication management and will enjoy working in coordination with your usual therapist and when necessary, with physicians of other specialties. I often incorporate knowledge from my integrative and holistic background, including Asian theories of health, with more conventional care of patients. My preferred style of medication management is to carefully seek the lowest doses that are still consistent with full return of function.
I hold certification General Adult Psychiatry as well as in Integrative and Holistic Medicine and was trained in the bio-psycho-social model of human development. I offer primarily medication management and will enjoy working in coordination with your usual therapist and when necessary, with physicians of other specialties. I often incorporate knowledge from my integrative and holistic background, including Asian theories of health, with more conventional care of patients. My preferred style of medication management is to carefully seek the lowest doses that are still consistent with full return of function.
(503) 980-1273 View (503) 980-1273
1
Medication Management Psychiatrists

What are the most effective ways to manage medications?

One of the most effective ways a patient can manage their medications is to keep a list of each drug and dosage they take. Such a list can be helpful in keeping to their schedule and can also be something they bring to their psychiatrist or other physician so that the healthcare provider has a clear picture of what they’re taking and in what quantity. Using a pill organizer can be useful for memory and organization. Patients should discuss their medications and their effects at every appointment.

What are the risks if medications are not managed properly?

A suboptimal approach to medication management can lead to potentially harmful health outcomes. Most psychiatric drugs have side effects, and if a patient is not aware of them, they may seek additional medical help or over the counter or prescription drugs to treat the side effects, which may have its own side effects, a process called “prescription cascade.” Another risk to disorganization is that a psychiatrist without full knowledge of a patient’s regimen could prescribe a medication that should not be mixed with a patient’s existing drugs.

What’s the best way to encourage someone to get help managing their medications?

It’s helpful to express concern and love for the person while framing medication management as a tool for improving their life and avoiding dangerous side effects. Offering specific examples of an individual’s failure to properly manage their medication regimen should be done with compassion and with empathy. It may be useful to break management down into parts, and there are several apps that can be used to organize which drugs are ingested, when they need to be refilled, and how they should be stored.

Are there natural treatments that can replace medications?

While there are many medications that can be vital to mental health, there are some natural lifestyle changes that can help reduce the need for drugs. Regular exercise, good sleep habits, a healthy diet, and therapy can all go a long way in symptom relief. Psychiatric medications typically treat symptoms but do not necessarily treat the cause of the condition. Many clinicians consider medications an adjunct to treatment rather than a treatment in and of itself.