Trauma and PTSD Psychiatrists in Saint Louis, MO

Photo of Vilash Reddy - One Life Psychiatry, PLLC, MD, Psychiatrist
One Life Psychiatry, PLLC
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
Saint Louis, MO 63101  (Online Only)
My name is Dr. Vilash Reddy, M.D. I grew up in California and trained at Washington University in St. Louis. I specialize in treating children aged 6 and older in Missouri and Kansas exclusively via telehealth appointments. My average wait time for new patients is 3 weeks. I diagnose and treat a range of developmental, behavioral, and mood disorders. I offer medication management as well as therapy and I believe in using holistic, natural remedies whenever possible. I treat ADHD, oppositional defiant disorder, depression, suicidal ideation, anxiety, autism, intellectual disability, PTSD, OCD, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, etc
My name is Dr. Vilash Reddy, M.D. I grew up in California and trained at Washington University in St. Louis. I specialize in treating children aged 6 and older in Missouri and Kansas exclusively via telehealth appointments. My average wait time for new patients is 3 weeks. I diagnose and treat a range of developmental, behavioral, and mood disorders. I offer medication management as well as therapy and I believe in using holistic, natural remedies whenever possible. I treat ADHD, oppositional defiant disorder, depression, suicidal ideation, anxiety, autism, intellectual disability, PTSD, OCD, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, etc
(816) 578-0985 View (816) 578-0985
Photo of Sindhura Saini - SANA Psychiatry, MD, Psychiatrist
SANA Psychiatry
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
Saint Louis, MO 63108
Saini's expertise involves anxiety, OCD, depression, trauma, ADHD and bipolar disorder.
We look forward to seeing you. For your convenience, you can set up an appointment at www.sana-psychiatry.com. At this time, this is the only way to make an appointment.
Saini's expertise involves anxiety, OCD, depression, trauma, ADHD and bipolar disorder.
We look forward to seeing you. For your convenience, you can set up an appointment at www.sana-psychiatry.com. At this time, this is the only way to make an appointment.
(314) 866-7702 View (314) 866-7702
Photo of Dr. Jayaprabha V Nair - Sunlight Psychiatry and Wellness, MD, MPH, Psychiatrist
Sunlight Psychiatry and Wellness
Psychiatrist, MD, MPH
Verified Verified
Saint Louis, MO 63137  (Online Only)
My name is Dr. Jaya LaFontaine. I am a board certified Adult, Child, and Adolescent Psychiatrist, seeing people of all ages. I provide holistic, integrative virtual telepsychiatry services in the state of Missouri. Psychiatric practice has become solely about medicating symptoms rather than addressing the cause. I specialize in reducing polypharmacy, trauma-informed psychotherapy, and providing a safe, inclusive, confidential, and compassionate space for my patients who want to heal rather than numb their pain.
My name is Dr. Jaya LaFontaine. I am a board certified Adult, Child, and Adolescent Psychiatrist, seeing people of all ages. I provide holistic, integrative virtual telepsychiatry services in the state of Missouri. Psychiatric practice has become solely about medicating symptoms rather than addressing the cause. I specialize in reducing polypharmacy, trauma-informed psychotherapy, and providing a safe, inclusive, confidential, and compassionate space for my patients who want to heal rather than numb their pain.
Photo of Narissa Marasso, PMHNPBC, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
Narissa Marasso
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, PMHNPBC
Verified Verified
Saint Louis, MO 63122
Narissa Marasso, PMHNP is a Board Certified Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner. She practices general psychiatry with an emphasis on adult populations, including the treatment of depression, bipolar, mood disorders, anxiety disorders, insomnia, PTSD, trauma, eating disorders, and the co-occurring mental health complications of Type 1 Diabetes. Services include brief psychotherapy and psychopharmacologic management. Narissa enjoys building therapeutic relationships with her clients and seeing them heal believing that mental, physical, and spiritual wellness can lead to lasting recovery.
Narissa Marasso, PMHNP is a Board Certified Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner. She practices general psychiatry with an emphasis on adult populations, including the treatment of depression, bipolar, mood disorders, anxiety disorders, insomnia, PTSD, trauma, eating disorders, and the co-occurring mental health complications of Type 1 Diabetes. Services include brief psychotherapy and psychopharmacologic management. Narissa enjoys building therapeutic relationships with her clients and seeing them heal believing that mental, physical, and spiritual wellness can lead to lasting recovery.
(314) 794-5562 View (314) 794-5562
Photo of Deborah Patton, PMHNP-B, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
Deborah Patton
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, PMHNP-B
Verified Verified
Saint Louis, MO 63129  (Online Only)
I am a board certified Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner (PMHNP-BC) and am licensed as an Advanced Nurse Practitioner (ANP) in the state of Missouri with prescriptive authority. I graduated from the University of Missouri-St. Louis with my BSN, and from St. Louis University with my MSN and Post-Master’s degree education. I have been practicing in the mental health field for over 20 years. My primary areas of focus are depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and PTSD/ trauma. My primary treatment focus will be individuals 18 years and older.
I am a board certified Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner (PMHNP-BC) and am licensed as an Advanced Nurse Practitioner (ANP) in the state of Missouri with prescriptive authority. I graduated from the University of Missouri-St. Louis with my BSN, and from St. Louis University with my MSN and Post-Master’s degree education. I have been practicing in the mental health field for over 20 years. My primary areas of focus are depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and PTSD/ trauma. My primary treatment focus will be individuals 18 years and older.
(314) 620-8291 View (314) 620-8291
Photo of Dr. Mary Weiss - LifeStance Health, DO, Psychiatrist
LifeStance Health
Psychiatrist, DO
Verified Verified
Saint Louis, MO 63122
Our team of psychiatrists, therapists, psychologists, and advanced practice nurses specializes in treating in a wide range of mental health conditions, including anxiety, depression, ADHD, addiction, trauma, PTSD, and more.
Making your first appointment can be one of the most challenging steps in your mental health journey. At LifeStance, we make it simple by offering both online and inperson therapy and psychiatry services, covered by most major insurance plans.
Our team of psychiatrists, therapists, psychologists, and advanced practice nurses specializes in treating in a wide range of mental health conditions, including anxiety, depression, ADHD, addiction, trauma, PTSD, and more.
Making your first appointment can be one of the most challenging steps in your mental health journey. At LifeStance, we make it simple by offering both online and inperson therapy and psychiatry services, covered by most major insurance plans.
(833) 765-3937 View (833) 765-3937
Photo of Laura Kastraba, MSN,  PMHNP-, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
Laura Kastraba
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, MSN, PMHNP-
Verified Verified
Saint Louis, MO 63139
Laura is particularly passionate about addressing PTSD/ trauma, recognizing the profound impact these experiences can have on an individual's life.
Laura Kastraba, PMHNP, is an advanced practice nurse at LifeStance Health in Missouri, dedicated to providing compassionate and collaborative care to adults and seniors. With extensive experience in crisis management and patient support, Laura offers a combination of active listening and expert guidance, ensuring that each patient receives personalized and effective treatment. Serving the communities in Missouri, she focuses on fostering a therapeutic environment where individuals feel safe to share their concerns and work towards their mental health goals.
Laura is particularly passionate about addressing PTSD/ trauma, recognizing the profound impact these experiences can have on an individual's life.
Laura Kastraba, PMHNP, is an advanced practice nurse at LifeStance Health in Missouri, dedicated to providing compassionate and collaborative care to adults and seniors. With extensive experience in crisis management and patient support, Laura offers a combination of active listening and expert guidance, ensuring that each patient receives personalized and effective treatment. Serving the communities in Missouri, she focuses on fostering a therapeutic environment where individuals feel safe to share their concerns and work towards their mental health goals.
(877) 703-3831 View (877) 703-3831
Photo of Rasha Elkady, MD, Psychiatrist
Rasha Elkady
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
Saint Louis, MO 63101  (Online Only)
I have been enjoying my work in psychiatry for the past 15 years and I wanted to provide a new and unique service to patients. I provide weekend and afternoon online appointments from the comfort of your own home. The importance of mental health cannot be stressed enough so why make it such a hassle to see a psychiatrist? At one simple click of a button, you can see a psychiatrist and receive a diagnosis tailored just for you. Times are changing, let’s make life easy.
I have been enjoying my work in psychiatry for the past 15 years and I wanted to provide a new and unique service to patients. I provide weekend and afternoon online appointments from the comfort of your own home. The importance of mental health cannot be stressed enough so why make it such a hassle to see a psychiatrist? At one simple click of a button, you can see a psychiatrist and receive a diagnosis tailored just for you. Times are changing, let’s make life easy.
(573) 799-3693 View (573) 799-3693
Photo of Helia Ibarra-Alos, MD, Psychiatrist
Helia Ibarra-Alos
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
Saint Louis, MO 63108
With meaningful expertise and board certifications in adult, geriatric and addiction psychiatry, I confidently treat mental health disorders including: depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, addiction disorders, attention deficit disorder, PTSD, schizophrenia, cognitive disorders, sleep disorders, and bipolar disorders, among others.
I am an empathic, non-judgmental, easy to engage with, triple-board certified psychiatrist who conducts thorough psychiatric evaluations to assess your needs and figure out together about the best options to achieve your goals with an individualized treatment plan. Evaluations are currently done virtually via telepsychiatry if you are in either state of FL, NM or MO, and can be done in English or Spanish according to your preference.
With meaningful expertise and board certifications in adult, geriatric and addiction psychiatry, I confidently treat mental health disorders including: depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, addiction disorders, attention deficit disorder, PTSD, schizophrenia, cognitive disorders, sleep disorders, and bipolar disorders, among others.
I am an empathic, non-judgmental, easy to engage with, triple-board certified psychiatrist who conducts thorough psychiatric evaluations to assess your needs and figure out together about the best options to achieve your goals with an individualized treatment plan. Evaluations are currently done virtually via telepsychiatry if you are in either state of FL, NM or MO, and can be done in English or Spanish according to your preference.
(561) 220-1309 View (561) 220-1309
Photo of Samantha Saale, MSN, APRN, PMHNP, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
Samantha Saale
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, MSN, APRN, PMHNP
Verified Verified
Saint Louis, MO 63127
As a psychiatric mental health nurse practitioner, I offer mental health services to patients aged 6 and up, including medication management and psychoeducation in collaboration with Dr. Thomas Nowotny. I am certified to treat a range of psychiatric illness including, but not limited to; anxiety, depression, bipolar disorders, personality disorders, sleep disorders, ADHD, PTSD, schizophrenia, Autism Spectrum Disorder, & neurocognitive disorders. I am committed to helping my patients achieve optimal mental health and wellness. If you or a loved one is struggling with mental health issues, don't hesitate to reach out to me.
As a psychiatric mental health nurse practitioner, I offer mental health services to patients aged 6 and up, including medication management and psychoeducation in collaboration with Dr. Thomas Nowotny. I am certified to treat a range of psychiatric illness including, but not limited to; anxiety, depression, bipolar disorders, personality disorders, sleep disorders, ADHD, PTSD, schizophrenia, Autism Spectrum Disorder, & neurocognitive disorders. I am committed to helping my patients achieve optimal mental health and wellness. If you or a loved one is struggling with mental health issues, don't hesitate to reach out to me.
(314) 909-8484 View (314) 909-8484
Photo of Tyler Josephs, DO, Psychiatrist
Tyler Josephs
Psychiatrist, DO
Verified Verified
Saint Louis, MO 63105
Josephs enjoys treating a variety of psychiatric diagnoses including depression, anxiety disorders (including OCD), ADHD and PTSD.
Dr. Tyler Josephs is a staff psychiatrist at Talkiatry. He received his medical degree from Kansas City University in 2017 and completed his psychiatric residency at the University of Kansas Medical Center in 2021. During that time, he served as Chief Resident at both the University of Kansas Medical Center and at the Kansas City VA Medical Center. Dr. Josephs most recently worked at the Kansas City VA Medical Center where he was the psychiatric director of the outpatient mental health clinic as well as serving as Psychiatry Executive for behavioral health services.
Josephs enjoys treating a variety of psychiatric diagnoses including depression, anxiety disorders (including OCD), ADHD and PTSD.
Dr. Tyler Josephs is a staff psychiatrist at Talkiatry. He received his medical degree from Kansas City University in 2017 and completed his psychiatric residency at the University of Kansas Medical Center in 2021. During that time, he served as Chief Resident at both the University of Kansas Medical Center and at the Kansas City VA Medical Center. Dr. Josephs most recently worked at the Kansas City VA Medical Center where he was the psychiatric director of the outpatient mental health clinic as well as serving as Psychiatry Executive for behavioral health services.
(314) 557-3846 View (314) 557-3846
Photo of Hattie DeBord - Better Days Psychiatry and Family Practice, PMHNP, FNP, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
Better Days Psychiatry and Family Practice
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, PMHNP, FNP
Verified Verified
Saint Louis, MO 63129
Hattie is certified to treat a wide range of psychiatric illnesses including, but not limited to depression, anxiety, PTSD, bipolar, ADHD and Autism.
Hattie DeBord is certified as a Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner and a Family Nurse Practitioner with over 11 years’ experience working with pediatric and adult mental illness. She offers mental health services to patients aged 5 years and up.
Hattie is certified to treat a wide range of psychiatric illnesses including, but not limited to depression, anxiety, PTSD, bipolar, ADHD and Autism.
Hattie DeBord is certified as a Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner and a Family Nurse Practitioner with over 11 years’ experience working with pediatric and adult mental illness. She offers mental health services to patients aged 5 years and up.
(314) 949-3520 View (314) 949-3520
Photo of Dr. Femi Popoola, MD, Psychiatrist
Dr. Femi Popoola
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Saint Louis, MO 63141
I am dual board-certified in General Psychiatry and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. I am CURRENTLY ACCEPTING NEW TELEHEALTH PATIENTS for medication management for depression, anxiety, Panic Disorder, OCD, Bipolar Disorder, PTSD, ADHD, Eating Disorder, Schizophrenia, Oppositional Defiant Disorder, Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder, etc. If you are looking for a doctor who is empathic and an active listener, you have one in me.
I am dual board-certified in General Psychiatry and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. I am CURRENTLY ACCEPTING NEW TELEHEALTH PATIENTS for medication management for depression, anxiety, Panic Disorder, OCD, Bipolar Disorder, PTSD, ADHD, Eating Disorder, Schizophrenia, Oppositional Defiant Disorder, Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder, etc. If you are looking for a doctor who is empathic and an active listener, you have one in me.
(573) 279-2951 View (573) 279-2951
Photo of Suzanne Opperman, MSN, CADC, CCTP-II, APRN, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
Suzanne Opperman
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, MSN, CADC, CCTP-II, APRN
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Saint Louis, MO 63101  (Online Only)
I focus on providing safe interactive discussions of self evaluation and learning. Rational Emotive Therapy (REBT) is a method of seeing how your thinking leads to your emotions, which can lead to your anxiety and other behaviors. NURSING burnout, workplace violence coaching. Evaluating your past, where your emotions come from, and how those old emotions lead to what you say, do and how you feel now. People don't realize there were past traumatic events in their life. Sometimes people think their younger life was "normal" After learning what/when creates you to become anxious, there are reasons why. I currently do not prescribe.
I focus on providing safe interactive discussions of self evaluation and learning. Rational Emotive Therapy (REBT) is a method of seeing how your thinking leads to your emotions, which can lead to your anxiety and other behaviors. NURSING burnout, workplace violence coaching. Evaluating your past, where your emotions come from, and how those old emotions lead to what you say, do and how you feel now. People don't realize there were past traumatic events in their life. Sometimes people think their younger life was "normal" After learning what/when creates you to become anxious, there are reasons why. I currently do not prescribe.
(573) 994-3786 View (573) 994-3786
Photo of Dr. Morgan Alexander, MD, Psychiatrist
Dr. Morgan Alexander
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
Saint Louis, MO 63113
Meet Dr. Alexander: a psychiatrist with a distinctive blend of empathy and expertise. Trained at Wright State University with a focus on integrating psychotherapy and psychopharmacology, Dr. Alexander excels in delivering personalized treatment plans with proven effectiveness. She actively engages with the narratives that shape patients' lives, forging therapeutic alliances as unique as the individuals she serves. This patient-first approach, combined with a rich background in community engagement, positions Dr. Alexander as a psychiatrist who understands the complexities of the complete human experience - mind, body and spirit.
Meet Dr. Alexander: a psychiatrist with a distinctive blend of empathy and expertise. Trained at Wright State University with a focus on integrating psychotherapy and psychopharmacology, Dr. Alexander excels in delivering personalized treatment plans with proven effectiveness. She actively engages with the narratives that shape patients' lives, forging therapeutic alliances as unique as the individuals she serves. This patient-first approach, combined with a rich background in community engagement, positions Dr. Alexander as a psychiatrist who understands the complexities of the complete human experience - mind, body and spirit.
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Photo of Mary Weiss, DO, Psychiatrist
Mary Weiss
Psychiatrist, DO
Verified Verified
Saint Louis, MO 63122
Dr. Mary Weiss is a Psychiatrist in Missouri who has been practicing since 2019. Dr. Weiss approaches patients with empathy and respect. She primarily manages medications but may also incorporate therapy modalities. Dr. Weiss enjoys mystery books, word puzzles, and spending time with family.
Dr. Mary Weiss is a Psychiatrist in Missouri who has been practicing since 2019. Dr. Weiss approaches patients with empathy and respect. She primarily manages medications but may also incorporate therapy modalities. Dr. Weiss enjoys mystery books, word puzzles, and spending time with family.
(314) 347-3582 View (314) 347-3582
Photo of Katie Padberg, PMHNP, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
Katie Padberg
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, PMHNP
Verified Verified
Saint Louis, MO 63141
I am so happy you are here! It takes courage to reach out for help. You don't have to feel this way forever. Valuable mental healthcare means feeling understood and supported, while continuously moving forward towards improved mental health. I understand how challenging it can be to find the right provider that really listens and fosters a nonjudgemental, welcoming environment. I would be honored to be that person for you.
I am so happy you are here! It takes courage to reach out for help. You don't have to feel this way forever. Valuable mental healthcare means feeling understood and supported, while continuously moving forward towards improved mental health. I understand how challenging it can be to find the right provider that really listens and fosters a nonjudgemental, welcoming environment. I would be honored to be that person for you.
(314) 347-3034 View (314) 347-3034
Photo of Bonnie Lee Applewhite, MD, Psychiatrist
Bonnie Lee Applewhite
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
Saint Louis, MO 63110
Dr. Bonnie Applewhite provides personalized Adult Psychiatry services in an outpatient setting. Dr. Applewhite has studied at premiere medical institutions and continually strives to remain at the forefront of neuroscience and mental health treatment. Dr. Applewhite collaborates with every patient to realize their innermost potential. Treatment plans are developed with the lifestyle and goals of each patient in mind, while still pursuing maximum therapeutic efficacy.
Dr. Bonnie Applewhite provides personalized Adult Psychiatry services in an outpatient setting. Dr. Applewhite has studied at premiere medical institutions and continually strives to remain at the forefront of neuroscience and mental health treatment. Dr. Applewhite collaborates with every patient to realize their innermost potential. Treatment plans are developed with the lifestyle and goals of each patient in mind, while still pursuing maximum therapeutic efficacy.
(314) 207-0606 View (314) 207-0606
Photo of Courtney Wall - Provident Behavioral Health, PMHNP, BC, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
Courtney Wall - Provident Behavioral Health
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, PMHNP, BC
Verified Verified
Saint Louis, MO 63103
The most gratifying thing about my work is being able to connect with great people who are going through challenging times and providing them with the assistance and individualized care they need to improve their overall quality of life. There is no better feeling than helping someone transition from a low point in their life to a newfound path of happiness. I’m a proud member of the Provident Behavioral Health team, an agency that offers not only psychiatric services but also counseling and crisis services. I currently offer telemental health appointments for Missouri residents, making services accessible and convenient for you.
The most gratifying thing about my work is being able to connect with great people who are going through challenging times and providing them with the assistance and individualized care they need to improve their overall quality of life. There is no better feeling than helping someone transition from a low point in their life to a newfound path of happiness. I’m a proud member of the Provident Behavioral Health team, an agency that offers not only psychiatric services but also counseling and crisis services. I currently offer telemental health appointments for Missouri residents, making services accessible and convenient for you.
(573) 955-0046 View (573) 955-0046
Photo of Brenda Bush - Innovative Mental Health Services, FNP-C, PMHNP, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
Innovative Mental Health Services
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, FNP-C, PMHNP
Verified Verified
Saint Louis, MO 63141  (Online Only)
Brenda Bush is a dual Certified Nurse Practitioner in Family and Psychiatric Mental Health. Her focus is Psychiatric Mental Health and Primary Care Adult medicine. Brenda has been a nurse for 28 years and a Nurse Practitioner for 15 years. Her practitioner education is from Indiana Wesleyan University- Marion, Indiana and University of Missouri- St. Louis. She has a collaborative practice in St. Louis and surrounding cities in Mo. and is also licensed in Arizona, Kansas and Virgina. Her goal is to partner with you to create a treatment plan that improves your mental and physical health, enhancing your quality of life.
Brenda Bush is a dual Certified Nurse Practitioner in Family and Psychiatric Mental Health. Her focus is Psychiatric Mental Health and Primary Care Adult medicine. Brenda has been a nurse for 28 years and a Nurse Practitioner for 15 years. Her practitioner education is from Indiana Wesleyan University- Marion, Indiana and University of Missouri- St. Louis. She has a collaborative practice in St. Louis and surrounding cities in Mo. and is also licensed in Arizona, Kansas and Virgina. Her goal is to partner with you to create a treatment plan that improves your mental and physical health, enhancing your quality of life.
(314) 582-6420 View (314) 582-6420
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See more therapy options for Saint Louis

Trauma and PTSD Psychiatrists

When should I seek treatment for trauma?

Not everyone who undergoes trauma needs therapy to heal, but many do. If, after experiencing a traumatic event, you find yourself struggling with symptoms such as nightmares, dissociation, irritability, or emotional numbness—especially if these symptoms last more than a month and are severe enough to interfere with your daily functioning—you may benefit from seeking out therapy with a trauma-informed provider.

How long does trauma therapy take?

Different types of therapy for trauma unfold on different timelines. Prolonged exposure therapy and cognitive processing therapy, for example, each take about three months, while trauma-informed CBT may last anywhere from 8 to 25 sessions. Other approaches, especially those that are less structured or that incorporate elements from multiple modalities, may be more open-ended, though many patients report feeling better within the first few months of treatment.

What happens if trauma is left untreated?

Unaddressed trauma can have serious—even devastating—effects on relationships, career, and day-to-day functioning. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) can lead people to distrust or lash out at others, making it difficult to maintain intimate relationships; it can also trigger symptoms such as flashbacks or hyperreactivity that can interfere with a person’s ability to function effectively, personally and/or professionally. Some sufferers turn to drugs to find relief. Symptoms may lessen on their own with time, but there is no guarantee that PTSD will resolve on its own.

Can PTSD come back after treatment?

It is possible for PTSD symptoms to recur months or years after successful treatment. This is because, like most mental health disorders, it is not possible to “cure” PTSD, and stressful life events may cause symptoms to recur in even the most resilient individuals. There is no shame in re-experiencing PTSD symptoms nor in returning to therapy when such relapses occur; indeed, many forms of trauma therapy explicitly encourage periodic “maintenance sessions” to reinforce coping skills and ensure that symptoms stay manageable.