Telepsychiatry for Saint Paul, MN

Photo of Dr. Uhunoma Lysa Osadolor - Ample Grace Psychiatry, DNP, PMHNP, APRN, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
Ample Grace Psychiatry
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, DNP, PMHNP, APRN
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55130
We are currently accepting new patients for ADHD Neuropsychological testing. Think you have ADHD? No problem! We offer ADHD Objective Testing that can be used to guide ADHD diagnosis for patients. The testing can also be done at the office and via telehealth. We also offer adult autism assessment and DBT-informed therapy. At Ample Grace Psychiatry, we offer a custom approach for each client! We start with understanding where you are now and your challenges. We help you put a plan in place to help you move forward, and we celebrate your successes along the way. We offer an inclusive, safe space with visits to suit your schedule.
We are currently accepting new patients for ADHD Neuropsychological testing. Think you have ADHD? No problem! We offer ADHD Objective Testing that can be used to guide ADHD diagnosis for patients. The testing can also be done at the office and via telehealth. We also offer adult autism assessment and DBT-informed therapy. At Ample Grace Psychiatry, we offer a custom approach for each client! We start with understanding where you are now and your challenges. We help you put a plan in place to help you move forward, and we celebrate your successes along the way. We offer an inclusive, safe space with visits to suit your schedule.
(612) 324-4110 View (612) 324-4110
Photo of Funsho King, NP, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
Funsho King
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, NP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Saint Paul, MN 55106
My name is Funsho King (Foon-sha), and I am a board-certified Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner (PMHNP) with a focus on treating mental health disorders. My goal as a provider is to provide the care that patients deserve. I am a good listener, compassionate, genuine, and empathetic. I like to meet patients where they are, anticipate their needs, and meet those needs so that they can function optimally. I treat mental health disorders such as depression, anxiety, ADHD, bipolar disorder, schizoaffective disorder, schizophrenia, etc. throughout the lifespan.
My name is Funsho King (Foon-sha), and I am a board-certified Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner (PMHNP) with a focus on treating mental health disorders. My goal as a provider is to provide the care that patients deserve. I am a good listener, compassionate, genuine, and empathetic. I like to meet patients where they are, anticipate their needs, and meet those needs so that they can function optimally. I treat mental health disorders such as depression, anxiety, ADHD, bipolar disorder, schizoaffective disorder, schizophrenia, etc. throughout the lifespan.
(651) 390-1468 View (651) 390-1468
Photo of Bruno Perossa, MD, Psychiatrist
Bruno Perossa
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Saint Paul, MN 55114
Currently accepting new patients. The Physician's Psychiatrist. Frustrated that you or your child is not getting optimal mental health treatment or direct care with your doctor? Burned out and struggling, looking for discreet medication management and therapy? I am a Mayo Clinic trained, child/adolescent and adult psychiatrist providing tailored care for individuals struggling with an array of challenges from depression, anxiety, bipolar, ADHD, trauma through an integrative lens offering medication management. Email to set up a 15 minute chat instead of calling. I am out of network with insurance.
Currently accepting new patients. The Physician's Psychiatrist. Frustrated that you or your child is not getting optimal mental health treatment or direct care with your doctor? Burned out and struggling, looking for discreet medication management and therapy? I am a Mayo Clinic trained, child/adolescent and adult psychiatrist providing tailored care for individuals struggling with an array of challenges from depression, anxiety, bipolar, ADHD, trauma through an integrative lens offering medication management. Email to set up a 15 minute chat instead of calling. I am out of network with insurance.
(651) 240-2858 View (651) 240-2858
Photo of James Fiske, NP, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
James Fiske
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, NP
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55106
Greetings, my name is James Tutu Fiske, a doctoral nurse practitioner with three years of experience in acute psychiatric crisis management, and outpatient treatment of substance abuse and comorbid psychiatric conditions. I am calm and empathetic. All my patients are aware that my work is more than just a job, which is why I also focus on teaching about what I diagnose and what I will propose to treat. Patients will have the final decision to choose from viable options presented to them. I make referrals when they are needed and discussed with the patient.
Greetings, my name is James Tutu Fiske, a doctoral nurse practitioner with three years of experience in acute psychiatric crisis management, and outpatient treatment of substance abuse and comorbid psychiatric conditions. I am calm and empathetic. All my patients are aware that my work is more than just a job, which is why I also focus on teaching about what I diagnose and what I will propose to treat. Patients will have the final decision to choose from viable options presented to them. I make referrals when they are needed and discussed with the patient.
(651) 412-3479 View (651) 412-3479
Photo of Olivier Djoumessi, PMHNP, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
Olivier Djoumessi
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, PMHNP
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55106  (Online Only)
I am a board-certified psychiatric mental health nurse practitioner with eight years of healthcare experience. I am dedicated, compassionate, and patient focused. My approach to care combines medication management with supportive therapy, focusing on empowering individuals to overcome personal challenges through a comprehensive and integrative method. I believe in treating the whole person, not just the symptoms. I utilize cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), mindfulness-based therapies, psychoeducation, and motivational interviewing, tailoring each treatment plan to the unique needs of my patients.
I am a board-certified psychiatric mental health nurse practitioner with eight years of healthcare experience. I am dedicated, compassionate, and patient focused. My approach to care combines medication management with supportive therapy, focusing on empowering individuals to overcome personal challenges through a comprehensive and integrative method. I believe in treating the whole person, not just the symptoms. I utilize cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), mindfulness-based therapies, psychoeducation, and motivational interviewing, tailoring each treatment plan to the unique needs of my patients.
(651) 565-6849 View (651) 565-6849
Photo of Michelle Kotte, NP, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
Michelle Kotte
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, NP
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55106
Michelle Kotte specializes in depression, anxiety, and insomnia. She takes a holistic approach to your treatment. Michelle is solution based and loves helping her patients meet their treatment and life goals. Michelle has had training in cognitive behavioral therapy from the Beck Institute. Michelle works with patients between the ages of 18-55. She treats patients with anxiety, depression, insomnia, poor concentration, and interpersonal issues. Michelle is a warm provider who uses a direct approach. She is goal-centered and enjoys working with her patients to meet those goals.
Michelle Kotte specializes in depression, anxiety, and insomnia. She takes a holistic approach to your treatment. Michelle is solution based and loves helping her patients meet their treatment and life goals. Michelle has had training in cognitive behavioral therapy from the Beck Institute. Michelle works with patients between the ages of 18-55. She treats patients with anxiety, depression, insomnia, poor concentration, and interpersonal issues. Michelle is a warm provider who uses a direct approach. She is goal-centered and enjoys working with her patients to meet those goals.
(651) 448-8613 View (651) 448-8613
Photo of Melissa Buss, NP, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
Melissa Buss
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, NP
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55106
Welcome! My name is Melissa Buss, I am a compassionate and dedicated Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner (PMHNP-BC) who is committed to providing comprehensive mental health care to individuals across the lifespan. With a background in nursing and advanced training in psychiatry, I possess the skills and expertise to assess, diagnose, and treat a wide range of psychiatric disorders. With over a decade of expertise, I have served as an outpatient clinician in Minnesota addressing the mental health needs of individuals in rural settings.
Welcome! My name is Melissa Buss, I am a compassionate and dedicated Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner (PMHNP-BC) who is committed to providing comprehensive mental health care to individuals across the lifespan. With a background in nursing and advanced training in psychiatry, I possess the skills and expertise to assess, diagnose, and treat a wide range of psychiatric disorders. With over a decade of expertise, I have served as an outpatient clinician in Minnesota addressing the mental health needs of individuals in rural settings.
(651) 615-4661 View (651) 615-4661
Photo of Ekaete Oyeka, PMHNP, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
Ekaete Oyeka
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, PMHNP
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55106
Ekaete "Eka" Oyeka, PMHNP-BC, is a board-certified psychiatric-mental health nurse practitioner who believes in a client's uniqueness and ensures holistic care based on individual needs. I provide individualized treatment using an evidence-based approach along with holistic care that facilitates the body’s own natural ability to relieve symptoms. My approach therapeutic approach is Cognitive Behavioral Therapy which focuses on examining and challenging negative thought patterns and behaviors to promote positive changes in emotions and behaviors.
Ekaete "Eka" Oyeka, PMHNP-BC, is a board-certified psychiatric-mental health nurse practitioner who believes in a client's uniqueness and ensures holistic care based on individual needs. I provide individualized treatment using an evidence-based approach along with holistic care that facilitates the body’s own natural ability to relieve symptoms. My approach therapeutic approach is Cognitive Behavioral Therapy which focuses on examining and challenging negative thought patterns and behaviors to promote positive changes in emotions and behaviors.
(651) 371-6806 View (651) 371-6806
Photo of Chandra White, NP, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
Chandra White
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, NP
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55106
Hello, I'm Chandra. I'm a board-certified Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner based in Minnesota and working with clients statewide via telehealth. I am currently available to see ages 16-65 for medication management services related to Mood disorders like Depression and Bipolar, Anxiety disorders like Generalized anxiety and OCD, Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, ADHD, Binge Eating Disorder and psychotic disorders. I also do some mindful therapy with Binge Eating Disorder in addition to brief psychotherapy and psychoeducation during medication management appointments.
Hello, I'm Chandra. I'm a board-certified Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner based in Minnesota and working with clients statewide via telehealth. I am currently available to see ages 16-65 for medication management services related to Mood disorders like Depression and Bipolar, Anxiety disorders like Generalized anxiety and OCD, Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, ADHD, Binge Eating Disorder and psychotic disorders. I also do some mindful therapy with Binge Eating Disorder in addition to brief psychotherapy and psychoeducation during medication management appointments.
(651) 615-4470 View (651) 615-4470
Photo of Katlyn Bowman, NP, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
Katlyn Bowman
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, NP
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55106
Hi! I am Katlyn Bowman, Doctorate in Nursing Practice, Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner. Yes, it's a mouthful. I believe in meeting people wherever they are in their path towards better wellness. Our sessions usually consistent of checking in on current life stressors/events, lifestyle modifications, and medications. I often use a patient-centered care model and cognitive behavioral therapy techniques. I truly believe it is important for patients to understand why they feel how they do, what we can do about it, and how we can help move towards better wellness.
Hi! I am Katlyn Bowman, Doctorate in Nursing Practice, Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner. Yes, it's a mouthful. I believe in meeting people wherever they are in their path towards better wellness. Our sessions usually consistent of checking in on current life stressors/events, lifestyle modifications, and medications. I often use a patient-centered care model and cognitive behavioral therapy techniques. I truly believe it is important for patients to understand why they feel how they do, what we can do about it, and how we can help move towards better wellness.
(651) 372-2964 View (651) 372-2964
Photo of Michael Omomo, NP, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
Michael Omomo
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, NP
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55106
My name is Michael Omomo. I am a board certified psychiatric mental health nurse practitioner that is passionate about mental health. I have over ten years’ experience in helping people with mental health conditions, I treat individuals from ages 6 years and above. I am trained and qualified to diagnose and treat various psychiatric disorders across the lifespan. I believe in an integrated approach to care for individuals with mental health. The types of treatments promoted include holistic healing, psychosocial interventions, and medication management.
My name is Michael Omomo. I am a board certified psychiatric mental health nurse practitioner that is passionate about mental health. I have over ten years’ experience in helping people with mental health conditions, I treat individuals from ages 6 years and above. I am trained and qualified to diagnose and treat various psychiatric disorders across the lifespan. I believe in an integrated approach to care for individuals with mental health. The types of treatments promoted include holistic healing, psychosocial interventions, and medication management.
(651) 564-7607 View (651) 564-7607
Photo of Andrietta Wright Barnett, PMHNP, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
Andrietta Wright Barnett
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, PMHNP
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55106
Andrietta W. Barnett, with over two decades as a nurse practitioner, I’ve navigated diverse healthcare realms. Holding a Doctorate in Nursing Practice from Walden University and a Doctorate in Psychology from the University of South Carolina Columbia, I specialize in Family Nurse Practitioner and Psychiatric Mental Health. My approach to therapy and medication management is individualized. I strive to understand the unique life circumstances of each client so I can develop a treatment plan that addresses their specific challenges and goals.
Andrietta W. Barnett, with over two decades as a nurse practitioner, I’ve navigated diverse healthcare realms. Holding a Doctorate in Nursing Practice from Walden University and a Doctorate in Psychology from the University of South Carolina Columbia, I specialize in Family Nurse Practitioner and Psychiatric Mental Health. My approach to therapy and medication management is individualized. I strive to understand the unique life circumstances of each client so I can develop a treatment plan that addresses their specific challenges and goals.
(651) 705-4350 View (651) 705-4350
Photo of Amanda Braatz, MSN, APRN, CNP, PMHNPBC, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
Amanda Braatz
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, MSN, APRN, CNP, PMHNPBC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Saint Paul, MN 55102  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
Amanda is a board certified psychiatric mental health nurse practitioner (PMHNP-BC), with more than 19 years of experience in health care. As a psychiatric nurse practitioner, she has worked in inpatient, hospital consultation, emergency/crisis, and clinic/outpatient settings. Her diverse background allows her to provide holistic, integrated, and individualized care for each person she works with.
Amanda is a board certified psychiatric mental health nurse practitioner (PMHNP-BC), with more than 19 years of experience in health care. As a psychiatric nurse practitioner, she has worked in inpatient, hospital consultation, emergency/crisis, and clinic/outpatient settings. Her diverse background allows her to provide holistic, integrated, and individualized care for each person she works with.
(651) 661-2326 View (651) 661-2326
Photo of Bryan Carleton - Psychotherapy & Healing Associates, Psychiatrist
Psychotherapy & Healing Associates
Psychiatrist
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55114
Many different factors cause depression, anxiety, and other mental health conditions. There may be situational, biological or hormonal components to a person’s suffering. Better self-care, coping techniques, and other alternatives may help, but may not bring enough relief or recovery necessary to function effectively and feel good. We perform thorough evaluations and have a discussion with you to determine if medication would be helpful or advised. Each person’s comfort level is respected and nothing is prescribed that goes against your willingness or readiness.
Many different factors cause depression, anxiety, and other mental health conditions. There may be situational, biological or hormonal components to a person’s suffering. Better self-care, coping techniques, and other alternatives may help, but may not bring enough relief or recovery necessary to function effectively and feel good. We perform thorough evaluations and have a discussion with you to determine if medication would be helpful or advised. Each person’s comfort level is respected and nothing is prescribed that goes against your willingness or readiness.
(651) 564-8254 View (651) 564-8254
Photo of Stella Chemarum, MSN, PMHNP, APRN, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
Stella Chemarum
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, MSN, PMHNP, APRN
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Saint Paul, MN 55116  (Online Only)
As a board -certified psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, I am dedicated to providing compassionate and comprehensive mental health care to adults. With a Master of Science in Nursing and specialized training in psychiatric and mental health services, I have extensive experience in diagnosing and treating and managing a wide range of psychiatric disorders.
As a board -certified psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, I am dedicated to providing compassionate and comprehensive mental health care to adults. With a Master of Science in Nursing and specialized training in psychiatric and mental health services, I have extensive experience in diagnosing and treating and managing a wide range of psychiatric disorders.
(612) 439-4573 View (612) 439-4573
Photo of Maria Metry, PMHNP,  CNP, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
Maria Metry
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, PMHNP, CNP
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55102
Maria Metry is a Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner in Minnesota who has been practicing since 2014. She received her undergraduate degree from St. Catherine University and doctorate of nurse practitioner from the University of Minnesota. Maria prides herself on creating an atmosphere of openness and acceptance with a little bit of humor. Her practice is based on getting to know the whole person and together creating a holistic plan to give her patients the most joy out of life. Maria's strength includes being empathic, nonjudgmental, and solution focused.
Maria Metry is a Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner in Minnesota who has been practicing since 2014. She received her undergraduate degree from St. Catherine University and doctorate of nurse practitioner from the University of Minnesota. Maria prides herself on creating an atmosphere of openness and acceptance with a little bit of humor. Her practice is based on getting to know the whole person and together creating a holistic plan to give her patients the most joy out of life. Maria's strength includes being empathic, nonjudgmental, and solution focused.
(651) 372-3274 View (651) 372-3274
Photo of Herbert Matanga, ARNP, CNP, PMHNP, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
Herbert Matanga
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, ARNP, CNP, PMHNP
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55101  (Online Only)
This profession allows me to help patients with clinical needs regarding mental health issues. The skills I have acquired over time enable me to alleviate my patients' suffering, and I take pride and passion in ensuring that I promote their mental well-being.
This profession allows me to help patients with clinical needs regarding mental health issues. The skills I have acquired over time enable me to alleviate my patients' suffering, and I take pride and passion in ensuring that I promote their mental well-being.
(651) 427-4097 View (651) 427-4097
Photo of Dr. Ryan Huffman - Brilliant Mental Health & Neuroscience , DNP, PMHNP, MBS, BSN, RN, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
Brilliant Mental Health & Neuroscience
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, DNP, PMHNP, MBS, BSN, RN
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55105
At Brilliant Mental Health and Neuroscience, our vision is to create a world where mental health is a top priority and everyone has access to quality mental health care. We believe that mental health is just as important as physical health and we are committed to breaking down the barriers that prevent people from receiving the care they need. Our dedicated team of experienced psychiatrists and therapists is committed to providing compassionate and effective mental health care. We offer a wide range of services, including medication management, therapy, and cutting-edge treatments, with the goal of enhancing your well-being.
At Brilliant Mental Health and Neuroscience, our vision is to create a world where mental health is a top priority and everyone has access to quality mental health care. We believe that mental health is just as important as physical health and we are committed to breaking down the barriers that prevent people from receiving the care they need. Our dedicated team of experienced psychiatrists and therapists is committed to providing compassionate and effective mental health care. We offer a wide range of services, including medication management, therapy, and cutting-edge treatments, with the goal of enhancing your well-being.
(651) 237-8094 View (651) 237-8094
Photo of Jacob Robinson, CNP, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
Jacob Robinson
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, CNP
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55116
Jacob Robinson is a Nurse Practitioner in Minnesota who has been practicing since 2019. Jacob believes in a holistic and collaborative approach to mental health care. He specializes in ADHD (AttentionDeficit/Hyperactivity Disorder), depression, anxiety disorders, and insomnia. He works closely with his clients to develop personalized treatment plans that incorporate psychotherapy, medication management, lifestyle modifications, and complementary therapies as appropriate. Jacob emphasizes patient education and empowerment, striving to create a supportive and nonjudgmental environment where individuals feel heard and respected.
Jacob Robinson is a Nurse Practitioner in Minnesota who has been practicing since 2019. Jacob believes in a holistic and collaborative approach to mental health care. He specializes in ADHD (AttentionDeficit/Hyperactivity Disorder), depression, anxiety disorders, and insomnia. He works closely with his clients to develop personalized treatment plans that incorporate psychotherapy, medication management, lifestyle modifications, and complementary therapies as appropriate. Jacob emphasizes patient education and empowerment, striving to create a supportive and nonjudgmental environment where individuals feel heard and respected.
(651) 386-2256 View (651) 386-2256
Photo of Jeanne Bailey, MD, Psychiatrist
Jeanne Bailey
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55105
In my 36 years of work with individuals, clinicians and students, I am convinced that sorting through feelings of pain, distress or numbness, is best helped by exploring these difficulties with a reflective partner who understands the preciousness of opening up. This partnership can discover and illuminate parts of you, which enhances the unique interplay of your thoughts, feelings and experiences. These discoveries help you develop better tools for a richer life. Private pay. I am a Graduate of Rush Medical School, Northwestern University Medical School-Psychiatry and the Institute for Psychoanalysis- Chicago.
In my 36 years of work with individuals, clinicians and students, I am convinced that sorting through feelings of pain, distress or numbness, is best helped by exploring these difficulties with a reflective partner who understands the preciousness of opening up. This partnership can discover and illuminate parts of you, which enhances the unique interplay of your thoughts, feelings and experiences. These discoveries help you develop better tools for a richer life. Private pay. I am a Graduate of Rush Medical School, Northwestern University Medical School-Psychiatry and the Institute for Psychoanalysis- Chicago.
(952) 388-2364 View (952) 388-2364
1
Online Psychiatrists

Is online therapy as effective as in-person?

Numerous studies suggest that online therapy can be as effective as in-person therapy. However, further research is needed to determine if online therapy provides the same benefits across all client populations. Individuals with severe mental illnesses, such as schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, or those who may benefit from in-person check-ins, like those with eating disorders, may not experience the same level of benefit from online therapy. Nonetheless, the success of online therapy, much like in-person therapy, often hinges on the quality of the therapeutic relationship between the therapist and the client rather than the specific modality of therapy used.

What are the advantages and disadvantages of therapy conducted online?

One of the main advantages of online therapy is its convenience for both clients and therapists. It also allows clients who require specialized therapy to access a wider range of professionals than they could with only in-person sessions. Additionally, online therapy may be a more affordable option in some cases and often offers the same insurance benefits as in-person therapy. However, online therapy may not be suitable for everyone, especially those who value face-to-face interaction with a therapist. Therapists may find it more challenging to assess clients accurately in an online setting due to reduced nonverbal cues on camera. There is also the increased risk that disruptions caused by external factors, such as technology malfunctions, can hinder the therapy session. For these reasons, many therapists offer a "hybrid" therapeutic approach, alternating between seeing clients in-person and online.

Is online therapy suitable for children and adolescents?

Just like with adults, the accessibility and convenience of online therapy can greatly benefit children and adolescents. In fact, children and adolescents may be more accustomed to navigating online platforms than older adults, making online sessions feel more natural for them. Teens might also be interested in using additional online tools, such as therapist-recommended apps, as an adjunct to online therapy sessions. Apps for developing CBT skills, practicing mindfulness exercises, or tracking thoughts and moods can be helpful for teens receiving therapy. However, it's important to note that not all therapeutic modalities are well-suited to online therapy, especially those used with younger children. For example, play therapy, which helps younger children express their emotions, often requires in-person sessions to be fully effective.

Can I receive prescriptions and medication management with online therapy?

The ability for psychiatrists to prescribe medications through online therapy varies based on the medication and the states where the medical professional and client are located. While many prescribing regulations were relaxed during the COVID-19 pandemic, some states still enforce rules, especially concerning controlled substances, which may mandate an in-person visit before prescribing. Generally, however, medical professionals can prescribe non-controlled substances through online therapy sessions just as they do during in-person sessions.