Child Psychiatrists in Indiana

Photo of Wajid Khan - Mid-America Mental Health LLC, MD, Psychiatrist
Mid-America Mental Health LLC
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
Merrillville, IN 46410
Wajid Khan, M.D., Psychiatrist (Indiana and Illinois) Dr. Khan specializes in the psychiatry of children, adolescents, and adults. Common disorders treated include mood problems, anxiety and depression, and other predominantly mental conditions. He is currently accepting new patients.
Wajid Khan, M.D., Psychiatrist (Indiana and Illinois) Dr. Khan specializes in the psychiatry of children, adolescents, and adults. Common disorders treated include mood problems, anxiety and depression, and other predominantly mental conditions. He is currently accepting new patients.
(219) 215-2205 View (219) 215-2205
Photo of Madeline Briere, PMHNP, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
Madeline Briere
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, PMHNP
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Indianapolis, IN 46260
I have been practicing for over 7 years, primarily focused on treating children and adolescents.
I am the co-owner and operator of Clear Perspectives, LLC, an outpatient family mental health practice in Indianapolis, IN. I believe in a holistic approach to mental healthcare and utilize a variety of techniques including psychiatric medications alongside nutraceuticals (or supplements) with some behavioral therapy and lifestyle interventions in order to create personalized treatment plans. I believe that mental health symptoms rarely exist in a vacuum and love to work with entire families and/or support systems to ensure I am addressing the whole picture.
I have been practicing for over 7 years, primarily focused on treating children and adolescents.
I am the co-owner and operator of Clear Perspectives, LLC, an outpatient family mental health practice in Indianapolis, IN. I believe in a holistic approach to mental healthcare and utilize a variety of techniques including psychiatric medications alongside nutraceuticals (or supplements) with some behavioral therapy and lifestyle interventions in order to create personalized treatment plans. I believe that mental health symptoms rarely exist in a vacuum and love to work with entire families and/or support systems to ensure I am addressing the whole picture.
(317) 967-9323 View (317) 967-9323
Photo of Sabrina White, MSN, PMHNP, PMH-C, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
Sabrina White
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, MSN, PMHNP, PMH-C
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Indianapolis, IN 46260
I have additional training in Early Childhood Diagnoses, Child and Adolescent Mental Health Disorders and Perinatal Mood Disorders including Post Partum Depression and Anxiety.
I am co-owner of Clear Perspectives and an ANCC board-certified Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner who treats patients across the life-span. Additionally, I am certified in the treatment of Perinatal Mood Disorders through Postpartum Support International. I believe in a whole patient approach to mental health care including ongoing collaboration with providers, families and utilizing the latest research.
I have additional training in Early Childhood Diagnoses, Child and Adolescent Mental Health Disorders and Perinatal Mood Disorders including Post Partum Depression and Anxiety.
I am co-owner of Clear Perspectives and an ANCC board-certified Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner who treats patients across the life-span. Additionally, I am certified in the treatment of Perinatal Mood Disorders through Postpartum Support International. I believe in a whole patient approach to mental health care including ongoing collaboration with providers, families and utilizing the latest research.
(317) 676-5661 View (317) 676-5661
Rebecca J. Moredock Mueller
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
Greenfield, IN 46140
I am a Board Certified Psychiatrist and current Professor of Forensic Psychiatry. I work with children (5 and older), adolescents and adults and my particular areas of focus are mood disorders (Depression, Bipolar Spectrum, and Seasonal Affective Disorder), Anxiety Spectrum, Eating Disorders, Special Needs Children, ADD/ADHD. I also offer specialty evaluations pertaining to child adoption, aviation, and forensics. My practice is located right off of State Road 9 and I-70 in Greenfield,IN. Please feel free to contact us if you are in need, I try to reserve appointment spots for new patients so I can typically get people in quickly.
I am a Board Certified Psychiatrist and current Professor of Forensic Psychiatry. I work with children (5 and older), adolescents and adults and my particular areas of focus are mood disorders (Depression, Bipolar Spectrum, and Seasonal Affective Disorder), Anxiety Spectrum, Eating Disorders, Special Needs Children, ADD/ADHD. I also offer specialty evaluations pertaining to child adoption, aviation, and forensics. My practice is located right off of State Road 9 and I-70 in Greenfield,IN. Please feel free to contact us if you are in need, I try to reserve appointment spots for new patients so I can typically get people in quickly.
(317) 961-8548 View (317) 961-8548
Photo of Steven B Wilson - Steven B Wilson, PMHCNS-, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
Steven B Wilson
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, PMHCNS-
Verified Verified
Carmel, IN 46032
If you would like for me to provide medication management for you or your child please follow the link to the website in my profile or go to IndianaHealthGroup.
I am here to help you to help yourself function as best as you can and to grow into who you want to be. I have provided medication management for individuals age 4-84. I am board certified in child and adolescent psychiatry and specialize in conflict resolution between children and parents.
If you would like for me to provide medication management for you or your child please follow the link to the website in my profile or go to IndianaHealthGroup.
I am here to help you to help yourself function as best as you can and to grow into who you want to be. I have provided medication management for individuals age 4-84. I am board certified in child and adolescent psychiatry and specialize in conflict resolution between children and parents.
(317) 943-6113 View (317) 943-6113
Photo of Heather Parkerson, RN/BSN, MSN/FNP, PMHNP, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
Heather Parkerson
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, RN/BSN, MSN/FNP, PMHNP
Verified Verified
Hobart, IN 46342
Hello, my name is Heather Parkerson,and I'm board-certified as a Psychiatric and Family Nurse Practitioner. I specialize in children and adolescents with emotional, behavioral, and learning disorders. These include depression, anxiety, ADD, autism, school problems, impulsivity, and aggression. I also enjoy working with adults that have a variety of emotional difficulties. I believe that each person is much more than their diagnosis and with a combination of medication and therapy, we can work together to achieve a better quality of life. The most rewarding part of my job is helping individuals through difficult times in their lives.
Hello, my name is Heather Parkerson,and I'm board-certified as a Psychiatric and Family Nurse Practitioner. I specialize in children and adolescents with emotional, behavioral, and learning disorders. These include depression, anxiety, ADD, autism, school problems, impulsivity, and aggression. I also enjoy working with adults that have a variety of emotional difficulties. I believe that each person is much more than their diagnosis and with a combination of medication and therapy, we can work together to achieve a better quality of life. The most rewarding part of my job is helping individuals through difficult times in their lives.
(312) 854-8964 View (312) 854-8964
Photo of Dr. Erin Knopf, MD, FAAP, DBPN, CEDS, Psychiatrist
Dr. Erin Knopf
Psychiatrist, MD, FAAP, DBPN, CEDS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Indianapolis, IN 46201  (Online Only)
Dr. Erin Knopf is a Board-Certified Pediatrician, Adult Psychiatrist, and Child/Adolescent Psychiatrist, as well as an iaedp Certified Eating Disorder Specialist. She specializes in treating eating disorder behaviors and comorbid symptoms of anxiety, depression, OCD and more. She is the co-founder and Chief Medical Officer of VERY (Virtual Eating Recovery for You). VERY provides virtual eating disorder care services (psychiatry, therapy, dietary, medical) in 10 states (CO, WA, UT, KY, IN, OH, TN, TX, NJ, NY). We work with your outside providers to ensure cohesive care!
Dr. Erin Knopf is a Board-Certified Pediatrician, Adult Psychiatrist, and Child/Adolescent Psychiatrist, as well as an iaedp Certified Eating Disorder Specialist. She specializes in treating eating disorder behaviors and comorbid symptoms of anxiety, depression, OCD and more. She is the co-founder and Chief Medical Officer of VERY (Virtual Eating Recovery for You). VERY provides virtual eating disorder care services (psychiatry, therapy, dietary, medical) in 10 states (CO, WA, UT, KY, IN, OH, TN, TX, NJ, NY). We work with your outside providers to ensure cohesive care!
(720) 790-4316 View (720) 790-4316
Photo of Rhonda Palmer, PMHCNS-, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
Rhonda Palmer
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, PMHCNS-
Verified Verified
Fishers, IN 46038
She currently serves children, adolescents and adults in the Fishers, Indiana office providing mental health consults and medication assistance.
Rhonda Palmer is a board certified child and adolescent mental health provider who began her career as a Licensed Practical Nurse serving both the geriatric population and children with terminal illnesses. She received her Bachelors and then Masters degree in Nursing from Indiana University in 2010. She was awarded her Doctor of Nursing Practice Degree (DNP) from Indiana Wesleyan University in 2017.
She currently serves children, adolescents and adults in the Fishers, Indiana office providing mental health consults and medication assistance.
Rhonda Palmer is a board certified child and adolescent mental health provider who began her career as a Licensed Practical Nurse serving both the geriatric population and children with terminal illnesses. She received her Bachelors and then Masters degree in Nursing from Indiana University in 2010. She was awarded her Doctor of Nursing Practice Degree (DNP) from Indiana Wesleyan University in 2017.
(463) 217-0884 View (463) 217-0884
Photo of Renee McDougal, DNP, FNP, PMHNP, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
Renee McDougal
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, DNP, FNP, PMHNP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Carmel, IN 46032
Mental health is important at every age, and Ivy Health offers medication management for children through adults.
Hi there! I'm passionate about offering a personalized and holistic approach to support your mental well-being. At Ivy Health, we believe in nurturing the connection between your mind, body, and spirit. Life can be tough, and there are often battles that go unseen. Our mission is to be there for you, providing guidance and treatment to help you find a more centered and balanced self. Whether you're dealing with anxiety, depression, ADHD, bipolar disorder, PTSD, or any other challenges, I'm here to work with you.
Mental health is important at every age, and Ivy Health offers medication management for children through adults.
Hi there! I'm passionate about offering a personalized and holistic approach to support your mental well-being. At Ivy Health, we believe in nurturing the connection between your mind, body, and spirit. Life can be tough, and there are often battles that go unseen. Our mission is to be there for you, providing guidance and treatment to help you find a more centered and balanced self. Whether you're dealing with anxiety, depression, ADHD, bipolar disorder, PTSD, or any other challenges, I'm here to work with you.
(463) 241-6602 View (463) 241-6602
Photo of Tejbir Ghuman, NP, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
Tejbir Ghuman
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, NP
Verified Verified
Greenwood, IN 46143  (Online Only)
I have strong expertise in child, adolescent and adult medication management for mild to moderate psychiatric symptoms and various psychiatric diagnosis.
I have years of experience working with children, adolescents, and adults with various psychiatric diagnosis. I treat depression, anxiety, and mood disorders via my virtual platform. I do not treat ADHD/ADD symptoms, substance abuse, or prescribe any controlled substances via my virtual practice. Intake appointments generally take anywhere from 45 minutes to 1 hour. I will complete a psychiatric evaluation and provide a diagnosis (if appropriate). We will then discuss a treatment plan and follow up. We will determine the need for medication management and individual therapy based on symptoms and needs.
I have strong expertise in child, adolescent and adult medication management for mild to moderate psychiatric symptoms and various psychiatric diagnosis.
I have years of experience working with children, adolescents, and adults with various psychiatric diagnosis. I treat depression, anxiety, and mood disorders via my virtual platform. I do not treat ADHD/ADD symptoms, substance abuse, or prescribe any controlled substances via my virtual practice. Intake appointments generally take anywhere from 45 minutes to 1 hour. I will complete a psychiatric evaluation and provide a diagnosis (if appropriate). We will then discuss a treatment plan and follow up. We will determine the need for medication management and individual therapy based on symptoms and needs.
(317) 350-8379 View (317) 350-8379
Photo of Jayanthi K Peters, MD, Psychiatrist
Jayanthi K Peters
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
Carmel, IN 46032
Waitlist for new clients
My mission is to provide compassionate, evidence based care to children, adolescents and young adults.
I am a double board certified child, adolescent and adult psychiatrist. I completed my general psychiatry residency at Yale University in 1996 and my child psychiatry fellowship at UCLA in 1998. I have practiced in various clinical settings in Canada and the U.S., including outpatient, inpatient, residential, partial hospitalization, and emergency room. My diverse clinical experience includes practice in academic centers, community mental health agencies, and private practice.
My mission is to provide compassionate, evidence based care to children, adolescents and young adults.
I am a double board certified child, adolescent and adult psychiatrist. I completed my general psychiatry residency at Yale University in 1996 and my child psychiatry fellowship at UCLA in 1998. I have practiced in various clinical settings in Canada and the U.S., including outpatient, inpatient, residential, partial hospitalization, and emergency room. My diverse clinical experience includes practice in academic centers, community mental health agencies, and private practice.
(317) 900-4342 View (317) 900-4342
Photo of Hardeep Pabla, PMHNP, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
Hardeep Pabla
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, PMHNP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Greenwood, IN 46143  (Online Only)
I have a strong background and experience in mental health from 11 years of working with children, adolescents, and adults dealing with psychiatric problems.
I have 11 years of experience working with children, adolescents, and adults dealing with various psychiatric problems. I treat anxiety, depression, and mood disorders via my virtual platform. I do not prescribe controlled substances via my virtual platform.
I have a strong background and experience in mental health from 11 years of working with children, adolescents, and adults dealing with psychiatric problems.
I have 11 years of experience working with children, adolescents, and adults dealing with various psychiatric problems. I treat anxiety, depression, and mood disorders via my virtual platform. I do not prescribe controlled substances via my virtual platform.
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Photo of Jennifer Jordan, CPNP, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
Jennifer Jordan
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, CPNP
Verified Verified
Indianapolis, IN 46216
Jenny has almost three decades of experience caring for children, adolescents, and young adults. She graduated from Indiana University in 1993 with her Bachelor of Science in Nursing and again in 2001 with her Master of Science in Nursing. In 2018, she became a Certified Pediatric Mental Health Specialist. Jenny is double certified in pediatrics and pediatric mental health. She has provided care for infants, children and adolescents as a Pediatric Nurse Practitioner for 20 years. Jenny has extensive experience in treating anxiety, depression, ADHD, behavior concerns, and sleep problems.
Jenny has almost three decades of experience caring for children, adolescents, and young adults. She graduated from Indiana University in 1993 with her Bachelor of Science in Nursing and again in 2001 with her Master of Science in Nursing. In 2018, she became a Certified Pediatric Mental Health Specialist. Jenny is double certified in pediatrics and pediatric mental health. She has provided care for infants, children and adolescents as a Pediatric Nurse Practitioner for 20 years. Jenny has extensive experience in treating anxiety, depression, ADHD, behavior concerns, and sleep problems.
(317) 406-0794 View (317) 406-0794
Photo of Amy Levy, MSN,  PMHNP-, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
Amy Levy
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, MSN, PMHNP-
Verified Verified
Avon, IN 46123
Are you feeling like life is overwhelming and you want to place more emphasis on improving your mental health? Amy would like to help you define and reach your goals, and to see if medication would be of assistance. If you are already taking psychiatric medications, Amy can work with you to determine if your medications are benefitting you and can adjust or explore other medication options. Amy has treated children to adults with mental health concerns ranging from anxiety, depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and ADHD, amongst others.
Are you feeling like life is overwhelming and you want to place more emphasis on improving your mental health? Amy would like to help you define and reach your goals, and to see if medication would be of assistance. If you are already taking psychiatric medications, Amy can work with you to determine if your medications are benefitting you and can adjust or explore other medication options. Amy has treated children to adults with mental health concerns ranging from anxiety, depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and ADHD, amongst others.
(463) 219-2525 View (463) 219-2525
Photo of Muhammad Munir, MD, DFAPA, DABPN, Psychiatrist
Muhammad Munir
Psychiatrist, MD, DFAPA, DABPN
Verified Verified
Fishers, IN 46038
As a parent I understand struggles of parent seeking mental health treatment for their child.
I am uniquely Board Certified in adult as well as child and adolescent psychiatry. I completed adult psychiatry residency at Wayne State University MI then furthered education with child psychiatry fellowship at Brown University RI. I have worked in various clinical settings including inpatient units, outpatient, residential facilities and ER. As a child psychiatrist I have enjoyed working at school based clinics, academic institutions and community mental health agencies. These years of extensive clinical experience enable me to utilize various modalities of treatment for all age groups.
As a parent I understand struggles of parent seeking mental health treatment for their child.
I am uniquely Board Certified in adult as well as child and adolescent psychiatry. I completed adult psychiatry residency at Wayne State University MI then furthered education with child psychiatry fellowship at Brown University RI. I have worked in various clinical settings including inpatient units, outpatient, residential facilities and ER. As a child psychiatrist I have enjoyed working at school based clinics, academic institutions and community mental health agencies. These years of extensive clinical experience enable me to utilize various modalities of treatment for all age groups.
(317) 943-7908 View (317) 943-7908
Photo of Megan Gibson, MSN,  PMHNP-, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
Megan Gibson
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, MSN, PMHNP-
Verified Verified
Carmel, IN 46032
Her expertise extends to managing ADHD, bipolar disorder, childhood behavior issues, obsessivecompulsive disorder, postpartum depression/anxiety, psychosis/schizophrenia, and sleep disorders/insomnia.
Megan Gibson, PMHNP, practices at LifeStance Health and is dedicated to promoting mental wellness for patients in Indiana. With a therapeutic approach rooted in acceptance, patience, and understanding, Megan creates a nonjudgmental environment that fosters healing and personal growth. She serves a diverse range of age groups, including children, adolescents, adults, and seniors, offering comprehensive care tailored to meet the unique needs of each individual.
Her expertise extends to managing ADHD, bipolar disorder, childhood behavior issues, obsessivecompulsive disorder, postpartum depression/anxiety, psychosis/schizophrenia, and sleep disorders/insomnia.
Megan Gibson, PMHNP, practices at LifeStance Health and is dedicated to promoting mental wellness for patients in Indiana. With a therapeutic approach rooted in acceptance, patience, and understanding, Megan creates a nonjudgmental environment that fosters healing and personal growth. She serves a diverse range of age groups, including children, adolescents, adults, and seniors, offering comprehensive care tailored to meet the unique needs of each individual.
(877) 916-2367 View (877) 916-2367
Photo of Dorothy Bodur, PMHNP, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
Dorothy Bodur
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, PMHNP
Verified Verified
Fishers, IN 46038
Dorothy Bodur is board-certified by the American Nurses Credentialing Center as a psychiatric mental health nurse practitioner. She received her bachelor's and master's degree in nursing from University of Southern Indiana. Dorothy has experience treating patients in inpatient, outpatient, community, and home-based visits. She has extensive experience in pairing behavioral training with medication management. She specializes in treating children, adolescents, and adults with neurodiverse conditions such as autism spectrum disorder, intellectual disability, and attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder.
Dorothy Bodur is board-certified by the American Nurses Credentialing Center as a psychiatric mental health nurse practitioner. She received her bachelor's and master's degree in nursing from University of Southern Indiana. Dorothy has experience treating patients in inpatient, outpatient, community, and home-based visits. She has extensive experience in pairing behavioral training with medication management. She specializes in treating children, adolescents, and adults with neurodiverse conditions such as autism spectrum disorder, intellectual disability, and attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder.
(463) 583-8018 View (463) 583-8018
Photo of M McCray Ashby, MD, Psychiatrist
M McCray Ashby
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
Munster, IN 46321  (Online Only)
McCray Ashby has extensive experience in providing telehealth services and helps to ensure that families and children are comfortable and fully engaged throughout all appointments.
Dr. M. McCray Ashby is a board-certified psychiatrist with over 15 years of treating children and adolescents in outpatient settings where he enjoys a multidisciplinary approach. Dr. M. McCray Ashby provides assessment and diagnosis, as well as medication management using an emphatic and client- focused approach to allow for the highest level of care. Dr. M. McCray Ashby enjoys working with children and adolescents and specializes in anxiety disorders including OCD, depressive disorders, mood disorders, ADHD, and behavioral concerns.
McCray Ashby has extensive experience in providing telehealth services and helps to ensure that families and children are comfortable and fully engaged throughout all appointments.
Dr. M. McCray Ashby is a board-certified psychiatrist with over 15 years of treating children and adolescents in outpatient settings where he enjoys a multidisciplinary approach. Dr. M. McCray Ashby provides assessment and diagnosis, as well as medication management using an emphatic and client- focused approach to allow for the highest level of care. Dr. M. McCray Ashby enjoys working with children and adolescents and specializes in anxiety disorders including OCD, depressive disorders, mood disorders, ADHD, and behavioral concerns.
(219) 327-2109 View (219) 327-2109
Photo of Kimberly Grider, APRN, PMHNP, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
Kimberly Grider
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, APRN, PMHNP
Verified Verified
Indianapolis, IN 46250
Kimberly Grider is a Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner in Indiana who has been practicing since 2022. She obtained her Bachelor of Science in Nursing from Purdue University and her Doctorate of Nursing Practice from the University of Tennessee Health Science Center. Kimberly has experience providing mental health care for children, teenagers, adults, and older adults. It is her goal to create a safe space for clients to feel seen, understood, and empowered to be their best selves. Kimberly partners with clients to provide evidence-based guidance to help them meet their mental health goals and achieve overall well-being.
Kimberly Grider is a Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner in Indiana who has been practicing since 2022. She obtained her Bachelor of Science in Nursing from Purdue University and her Doctorate of Nursing Practice from the University of Tennessee Health Science Center. Kimberly has experience providing mental health care for children, teenagers, adults, and older adults. It is her goal to create a safe space for clients to feel seen, understood, and empowered to be their best selves. Kimberly partners with clients to provide evidence-based guidance to help them meet their mental health goals and achieve overall well-being.
(463) 583-1893 View (463) 583-1893
Photo of Megan Jacobs, CPNP, PMHS, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
Megan Jacobs
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, CPNP, PMHS
Verified Verified
Avon, IN 46123
I aim to educate you and your child (in an age appropriate manner) on the science behind how their brains work and how recommended therapies and/or medications can improve their quality of life.
I believe you and your child are the most important part of my treatment plan. As a pediatric nurse practitioner with prescriptive privileges, my extensive experience has enhanced my ability to engage in compassionate, relatable interactions with children. I will develop a highly individualized plan of care tailored to the unique needs of your child. I will discuss medication options, expectations, and alternative treatments. I encourage open conversation between myself, you, and your child to promote shared decision-making and offer empowerment and courage to your child. I aspire to help your child discover and build upon his/her strengths.
I aim to educate you and your child (in an age appropriate manner) on the science behind how their brains work and how recommended therapies and/or medications can improve their quality of life.
I believe you and your child are the most important part of my treatment plan. As a pediatric nurse practitioner with prescriptive privileges, my extensive experience has enhanced my ability to engage in compassionate, relatable interactions with children. I will develop a highly individualized plan of care tailored to the unique needs of your child. I will discuss medication options, expectations, and alternative treatments. I encourage open conversation between myself, you, and your child to promote shared decision-making and offer empowerment and courage to your child. I aspire to help your child discover and build upon his/her strengths.
(317) 483-7765 View (317) 483-7765
1
Child Psychiatrists
Child psychiatrists in Indiana use their medical experience to diagnose and treat disorders of thinking and feeling, as well as behavior affecting children and their families.

A child can see a psychiatrist for a range of issues from depression and anxiety, to eating disorders and trauma. The psychiatrist will look for the best treatment for a child and their family, and can help the child effectively resolve issues and cope with life’s stresses. Treatment may involve medication, which a child psychiatrist can offer to can help correct chemical imbalances in the brain, control moods, and change negative and destructive behaviors.