Oppositional Defiance (ODD) Psychiatrists in Julian, CA

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Online Psychiatrists

Photo of Pamela Mokoko - Dr. Pamela Mokoko, LLC, DNP, APRN, FNP-C, PMHNP, BC, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
Dr. Pamela Mokoko, LLC
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, DNP, APRN, FNP-C, PMHNP, BC
Verified Verified
Murrieta, CA 92562
I am a board certified Child, Adolescent and Adult Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner who specializes in the evaluation and treatment of various mental health disorder across life span, including ADHD, Anxiety, Depression, Bipolar, Schizophrenia, substance abuse, oppositional defiant disorder and antisocial personality. Collaborating with other clinicians , I also provide Individual, Couples and Family psychotherapy. My approach is Patient Centered and Comprehensive. I will take the time to get to know you and understand your specific concerns and goals. Using motivational interview, together we will work to address your goals so that you can have a more fulfilling relationships and life experiences.
I am a board certified Child, Adolescent and Adult Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner who specializes in the evaluation and treatment of various mental health disorder across life span, including ADHD, Anxiety, Depression, Bipolar, Schizophrenia, substance abuse, oppositional defiant disorder and antisocial personality. Collaborating with other clinicians , I also provide Individual, Couples and Family psychotherapy. My approach is Patient Centered and Comprehensive. I will take the time to get to know you and understand your specific concerns and goals. Using motivational interview, together we will work to address your goals so that you can have a more fulfilling relationships and life experiences.
(855) 969-4621 View (855) 969-4621
Photo of Cecilia M Lipira, MD, Psychiatrist
Cecilia M Lipira
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
San Diego, CA 92109  (Online Only)
I have expertise in treating depression, bipolar disorder, anxiety, PTSD, OCD, tic, ADHD, ODD, personality disorders, and eating disorders in children, teens, adults, and in pregnant and breastfeeding women.
I am a board-certified, Cornell and Mount Sinai-trained adult and child psychiatrist in New York and California. My approach to treatment is holistic and firmly rooted in the science of the brain, combining psychotherapy (for individuals, families, and couples) with nutrition, lifestyle modification, as well as state-of-the-art medication treatment, when helpful. I view each person as a complex individual with a unique story to tell, so I take time getting to know my clients and work collaboratively to develop a targeted plan to achieve their treatment goals.
I have expertise in treating depression, bipolar disorder, anxiety, PTSD, OCD, tic, ADHD, ODD, personality disorders, and eating disorders in children, teens, adults, and in pregnant and breastfeeding women.
I am a board-certified, Cornell and Mount Sinai-trained adult and child psychiatrist in New York and California. My approach to treatment is holistic and firmly rooted in the science of the brain, combining psychotherapy (for individuals, families, and couples) with nutrition, lifestyle modification, as well as state-of-the-art medication treatment, when helpful. I view each person as a complex individual with a unique story to tell, so I take time getting to know my clients and work collaboratively to develop a targeted plan to achieve their treatment goals.
(917) 525-4558 View (917) 525-4558
Photo of Jesse Bonilla, PMNHP, BC, MSN, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
Jesse Bonilla
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, PMNHP, BC, MSN
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Irvine, CA 92618  (Online Only)
Mental health impacts our lives in many ways, from the energy we wake up with to the thoughts we have before we go to sleep, as well as the sleep in between! Whether you or a loved one are suffering from depression, PTSD, ADHD, ODD, substance abuse, work place stress or going through life changes, I want to help. Your safety is my priority and we will create a treatment plan that aligns with your goals through medication management and therapy. "Remember, hope is a good thing, maybe the best of things, and no good thing ever dies." - Stephen King
Mental health impacts our lives in many ways, from the energy we wake up with to the thoughts we have before we go to sleep, as well as the sleep in between! Whether you or a loved one are suffering from depression, PTSD, ADHD, ODD, substance abuse, work place stress or going through life changes, I want to help. Your safety is my priority and we will create a treatment plan that aligns with your goals through medication management and therapy. "Remember, hope is a good thing, maybe the best of things, and no good thing ever dies." - Stephen King
(949) 269-6632 View (949) 269-6632
Photo of Ann Verma - Plant Based Psychiatry, BA, MD, Psychiatrist
Plant Based Psychiatry
Psychiatrist, BA, MD
Verified Verified
Laguna Niguel, CA 92677  (Online Only)
No Insurance Accepted! No In Person Session. My personalized programs address psychiatric conditions such as ADHD, PTSD, Depression, Anxiety, Autism, ODD, Conduct disorder, Learning disorders, and many others. Patients in my care seek me out to reduce the amount of psychiatric medication they are on or start and continue with non medication options throughout their healing journey. My services provide hope of reducing your symptoms with or without medications which may be causing side effects. This personalized program allows us to get to the root causes of your issues and start a new together towards healthybrains,behavior,emotion.
No Insurance Accepted! No In Person Session. My personalized programs address psychiatric conditions such as ADHD, PTSD, Depression, Anxiety, Autism, ODD, Conduct disorder, Learning disorders, and many others. Patients in my care seek me out to reduce the amount of psychiatric medication they are on or start and continue with non medication options throughout their healing journey. My services provide hope of reducing your symptoms with or without medications which may be causing side effects. This personalized program allows us to get to the root causes of your issues and start a new together towards healthybrains,behavior,emotion.
(562) 667-2285 View (562) 667-2285
Photo of Michael Marshall, PMHNP, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
Michael Marshall
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, PMHNP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Rancho Cucamonga, CA 91730  (Online Only)
Michael Marshall, is a board certified Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner from Los Angeles, California who works with adults and adolescents, and provides care for patients who struggle with ADHD, anxiety, depression, schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Michael Marshall has extensive experience treating patients who are in crisis and has worked as a registered nurse/nurse practitioner in behavioral health for 15 years. Michael’s, treatment approach is rooted in evidence-based practice using a client centered approach.
Michael Marshall, is a board certified Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner from Los Angeles, California who works with adults and adolescents, and provides care for patients who struggle with ADHD, anxiety, depression, schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Michael Marshall has extensive experience treating patients who are in crisis and has worked as a registered nurse/nurse practitioner in behavioral health for 15 years. Michael’s, treatment approach is rooted in evidence-based practice using a client centered approach.
(951) 356-9648 View (951) 356-9648
Photo of Karen Rightler, PMHNP, MFT, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
Karen Rightler
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, PMHNP, MFT
Verified Verified
Anaheim, CA 92801
Are you seeking a new mental health provider? If so, I am happy to help. I provide a safe space and personalized treatment for anyone who is struggling to manage their anxiety, depression, bipolar, ADHD, PTSD, relationship issues, and more. As a psychiatric mental health nurse practitioner with additional education and training in marriage and family therapy, my approach is tailored to your specific needs. I am trained to provide individual psychotherapy and psychiatric medication management.
Are you seeking a new mental health provider? If so, I am happy to help. I provide a safe space and personalized treatment for anyone who is struggling to manage their anxiety, depression, bipolar, ADHD, PTSD, relationship issues, and more. As a psychiatric mental health nurse practitioner with additional education and training in marriage and family therapy, my approach is tailored to your specific needs. I am trained to provide individual psychotherapy and psychiatric medication management.
(714) 924-3028 View (714) 924-3028
Photo of Amanda Seif, MD, Psychiatrist
Amanda Seif
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
Costa Mesa, CA 92626  (Online Only)
Dr. Seif is a board certified psychiatrist with a subspecialty in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and integrative mental health. As an integrative psychiatrist, she looks with her patients and looks at the roots of their problems. Instead of addressing the illness itself only, Dr. Seif’s approach is proactive. Her goal is to find the deep cause of the current mental state of her patients, to better understand their thought process and to prevent future illness and setbacks. Dr. Seif’s journey, her education, and her passion for helping others have led her to develop a patient-centered outlook in her line of work.
Dr. Seif is a board certified psychiatrist with a subspecialty in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and integrative mental health. As an integrative psychiatrist, she looks with her patients and looks at the roots of their problems. Instead of addressing the illness itself only, Dr. Seif’s approach is proactive. Her goal is to find the deep cause of the current mental state of her patients, to better understand their thought process and to prevent future illness and setbacks. Dr. Seif’s journey, her education, and her passion for helping others have led her to develop a patient-centered outlook in her line of work.
(949) 635-7149 View (949) 635-7149
Photo of Penny Greaves, FNP, PMHNP, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
Penny Greaves
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, FNP, PMHNP
Verified Verified
Corona, CA 92881  (Online Only)
Penny Greaves has over twenty years of Nursing experience and received her bachelor's in nursing in 2007 and a Master's of Nursing with a primary care nurse practitioner certificate in 2010 from Ryerson University, in Toronto, Canada. She obtained her Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner (PMHNP) degree in 2021 from the National University and is dual certified with the ANCC in psychiatry and the AANP in family practice. She is currently pursuing a psychology doctorate degree (PsyD) to improve health outcomes. She is experienced with adults, adults with addictions, complex mental health problems, geriatrics, and dementia.
Penny Greaves has over twenty years of Nursing experience and received her bachelor's in nursing in 2007 and a Master's of Nursing with a primary care nurse practitioner certificate in 2010 from Ryerson University, in Toronto, Canada. She obtained her Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner (PMHNP) degree in 2021 from the National University and is dual certified with the ANCC in psychiatry and the AANP in family practice. She is currently pursuing a psychology doctorate degree (PsyD) to improve health outcomes. She is experienced with adults, adults with addictions, complex mental health problems, geriatrics, and dementia.
(909) 498-7939 View (909) 498-7939
Photo of Phuong T Tran, DNP, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
Phuong T Tran
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, DNP
Verified Verified
Anaheim, CA 92807
Dr. Phuong Tran, DNP, PMHNP-BC, takes a unique and progressive approach to mental health illnesses. Treatment is personalized, based on evidence research, and encompasses on a myriad of treatment modalities. Dr. Tran the influence of three factors: one's past and upbringing, current life situations, and one's genetic makeup, affecting mental illness Being trained and current with the best evidence based medication treatment strategy, he places a strong emphasis on psychosocial, and psychodynamic factors as the foundation of his treatment. Many psychiatric conditions have an underlying biological and genetic component of treatment.
Dr. Phuong Tran, DNP, PMHNP-BC, takes a unique and progressive approach to mental health illnesses. Treatment is personalized, based on evidence research, and encompasses on a myriad of treatment modalities. Dr. Tran the influence of three factors: one's past and upbringing, current life situations, and one's genetic makeup, affecting mental illness Being trained and current with the best evidence based medication treatment strategy, he places a strong emphasis on psychosocial, and psychodynamic factors as the foundation of his treatment. Many psychiatric conditions have an underlying biological and genetic component of treatment.
(714) 515-6805 View (714) 515-6805
Photo of Jason Kellogg - Progeny Psychiatric Clinic, DNP, NP, MD, LMFT, Psychiatrist
Progeny Psychiatric Clinic
Psychiatrist, DNP, NP, MD, LMFT
Verified Verified
Anaheim, CA 92807
Ideal clients are those that are dealing with mental health issue, such as anxiety, depression, ADHD, Bi-Polar, and many more. The goal is to help them become stable and function as normal as possible in their daily lives. Patients want to be helped to become independent in society.
Ideal clients are those that are dealing with mental health issue, such as anxiety, depression, ADHD, Bi-Polar, and many more. The goal is to help them become stable and function as normal as possible in their daily lives. Patients want to be helped to become independent in society.
(949) 649-7321 View (949) 649-7321
Photo of Holly Ann Olalia, PMHNP, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
Holly Ann Olalia
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, PMHNP
Verified Verified
Irvine, CA 92618  (Online Only)
We know asking for help is a challenging thing to do. We also know that finding a provider you trust to help you navigate mental health care can be a challenge. That's why we're here, and we're doing things differently. As a patient at Bonmente, you enjoy comprehensive treatments customized specifically for your unique circumstances, convenient telemedicine appointments that allow you to see your provider from the comfort of home, an online patient portal that lets you communicate directly with your provider, and a highly trained support team that makes becoming a patient as simple as it should be. Now, welcoming new patients!
We know asking for help is a challenging thing to do. We also know that finding a provider you trust to help you navigate mental health care can be a challenge. That's why we're here, and we're doing things differently. As a patient at Bonmente, you enjoy comprehensive treatments customized specifically for your unique circumstances, convenient telemedicine appointments that allow you to see your provider from the comfort of home, an online patient portal that lets you communicate directly with your provider, and a highly trained support team that makes becoming a patient as simple as it should be. Now, welcoming new patients!
(949) 993-1285 View (949) 993-1285
Photo of Randall Bailey, MD, Psychiatrist
Randall Bailey
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
San Diego, CA 92101  (Online Only)
Are you struggling to balance your physical and mental health? Are things becoming unmanageable? Is your time limited? Then welcome to WellPsyche! WellPsyche Medical Group provides experts in the field of Adult and Child/Adolescent Psychiatry. Our practice offers the latest in psychiatry including Telemedicine! Now you can visit with your psychiatrist from the privacy and convenience of your home or work. Our providers take a Conservative and Effective approach to medication management and can help you balance your life.
Are you struggling to balance your physical and mental health? Are things becoming unmanageable? Is your time limited? Then welcome to WellPsyche! WellPsyche Medical Group provides experts in the field of Adult and Child/Adolescent Psychiatry. Our practice offers the latest in psychiatry including Telemedicine! Now you can visit with your psychiatrist from the privacy and convenience of your home or work. Our providers take a Conservative and Effective approach to medication management and can help you balance your life.
(424) 339-0459 View (424) 339-0459
Photo of Adel Mostafavi, MD, Psychiatrist
Adel Mostafavi
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
Claremont, CA 91711  (Online Only)
Are you struggling to balance your physical and mental health? Are things becoming unmanageable? Is your time limited? Then welcome to WellPsyche! WellPsyche Medical Group provides experts in the field of Adult and Child/Adolescent Psychiatry. Our practice offers the latest in psychiatry including Telemedicine! Now you can visit with your psychiatrist from the privacy and convenience of your home or work. Our providers take a Conservative and Effective approach to medication management and can help you balance your life.
Are you struggling to balance your physical and mental health? Are things becoming unmanageable? Is your time limited? Then welcome to WellPsyche! WellPsyche Medical Group provides experts in the field of Adult and Child/Adolescent Psychiatry. Our practice offers the latest in psychiatry including Telemedicine! Now you can visit with your psychiatrist from the privacy and convenience of your home or work. Our providers take a Conservative and Effective approach to medication management and can help you balance your life.
(424) 287-4981 View (424) 287-4981
Photo of Abibat Ajiboye - Premium Psychiatric Care Nursing -PC, PMHNP-, BC, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
Premium Psychiatric Care Nursing -PC
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, PMHNP-, BC
Verified Verified
8 Endorsed
Orange, CA 92868  (Online Only)
At Premium Psychiatric Care, we offer personalized, holistic mental health solutions tailored to your unique needs. Our discreet and empathetic approach addresses a range of concerns, empowering you to navigate challenges and achieve your goals. With expertise in therapy, medication management, and lifestyle interventions, we prioritize your well-being, ensuring you feel heard, understood, and supported every step of the way. Thrive with us at Premium Psychiatric Care.
At Premium Psychiatric Care, we offer personalized, holistic mental health solutions tailored to your unique needs. Our discreet and empathetic approach addresses a range of concerns, empowering you to navigate challenges and achieve your goals. With expertise in therapy, medication management, and lifestyle interventions, we prioritize your well-being, ensuring you feel heard, understood, and supported every step of the way. Thrive with us at Premium Psychiatric Care.
(510) 900-0885 View (510) 900-0885
Photo of Mehdi Bubba Thomas, PMHNP, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
Mehdi Bubba Thomas
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, PMHNP
Verified Verified
Carlsbad, CA 92008  (Online Only)
We know asking for help is a challenging thing to do. We also know that finding a provider you trust to help you navigate mental health care can be a challenge. That's why we're here, and we're doing things differently. As a patient at Bonmente, you enjoy comprehensive treatments customized specifically for your unique circumstances, convenient telemedicine appointments that allow you to see your provider from the comfort of home, an online patient portal that lets you communicate directly with your provider, and a highly trained support team that makes becoming a patient as simple as it should be. Now, welcoming new patients!
We know asking for help is a challenging thing to do. We also know that finding a provider you trust to help you navigate mental health care can be a challenge. That's why we're here, and we're doing things differently. As a patient at Bonmente, you enjoy comprehensive treatments customized specifically for your unique circumstances, convenient telemedicine appointments that allow you to see your provider from the comfort of home, an online patient portal that lets you communicate directly with your provider, and a highly trained support team that makes becoming a patient as simple as it should be. Now, welcoming new patients!
(760) 249-7568 View (760) 249-7568
Photo of Dr. Stella Tih, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
Dr. Stella Tih
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
Verified Verified
Norco, CA 92860
Our mission is to bring Evidence Based Treatment to our patients-in person and Telehealth through focusing on family centered approach and paying attention to each individual needs. Mercy Seat Mental Health Treatment is based on Christian values and principles to provide care to all persons that suffers from mental illness.
Our mission is to bring Evidence Based Treatment to our patients-in person and Telehealth through focusing on family centered approach and paying attention to each individual needs. Mercy Seat Mental Health Treatment is based on Christian values and principles to provide care to all persons that suffers from mental illness.
(951) 498-4734 View (951) 498-4734
Photo of Riz Ahmad, MD , Psychiatrist
Riz Ahmad
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
San Diego, CA 92101  (Online Only)
We know asking for help is not an easy thing to do. We also know that finding a provider you trust to help you navigate mental health care can be a challenge. That's why we're here, and we're doing things differently. As a patient at Bonmente, you enjoy comprehensive treatments customized specifically for your unique circumstances, convenient telemedicine appointments that allow you to see your provider from the comfort of home, an online patient portal that lets you communicate directly with your provider, and a highly trained support team that makes becoming a patient as simple as it should be. Now welcoming new patients!
We know asking for help is not an easy thing to do. We also know that finding a provider you trust to help you navigate mental health care can be a challenge. That's why we're here, and we're doing things differently. As a patient at Bonmente, you enjoy comprehensive treatments customized specifically for your unique circumstances, convenient telemedicine appointments that allow you to see your provider from the comfort of home, an online patient portal that lets you communicate directly with your provider, and a highly trained support team that makes becoming a patient as simple as it should be. Now welcoming new patients!
(619) 648-4019 View (619) 648-4019
Photo of Dr. Loan Pham, DNP, PMHNP, FNP, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
Dr. Loan Pham
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, DNP, PMHNP, FNP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Garden Grove, CA 92843
Does it feel like life keeps serving up endless ways to stress you out? It’s easy to feel overwhelmed by daily life problems and global crises like climate change, conflicts around the world, racism, homelessness, economic injustice, and so much more. These are all part of the fabric of the human race, but the solutions to all these problems come from the power within. It’s important to draw on your inner strength to help you overcome fear, doubt, shame, negative self talk, feeling like you’re not enough, as well as anxiety and depression.
Does it feel like life keeps serving up endless ways to stress you out? It’s easy to feel overwhelmed by daily life problems and global crises like climate change, conflicts around the world, racism, homelessness, economic injustice, and so much more. These are all part of the fabric of the human race, but the solutions to all these problems come from the power within. It’s important to draw on your inner strength to help you overcome fear, doubt, shame, negative self talk, feeling like you’re not enough, as well as anxiety and depression.
(714) 702-1710 View (714) 702-1710
Photo of Brittany Cadiz, MSN, PMHNP, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
Brittany Cadiz
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, MSN, PMHNP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Anaheim, CA 92801
Are you seeking a new mental health professional? If so, I am here to assist you on your journey. I provide a safe space and emphasize personalized treatment for anyone who is struggling to manage their anxiety, depression, bipolar, ADHD, PTSD, relationship issues, and more. As a Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner, my approach is aim to focus on your specific needs. I am trained to provide individual supportive psychotherapy and psychiatric medication management for all psychiatric-mental health disorders.
Are you seeking a new mental health professional? If so, I am here to assist you on your journey. I provide a safe space and emphasize personalized treatment for anyone who is struggling to manage their anxiety, depression, bipolar, ADHD, PTSD, relationship issues, and more. As a Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner, my approach is aim to focus on your specific needs. I am trained to provide individual supportive psychotherapy and psychiatric medication management for all psychiatric-mental health disorders.
(714) 844-5252 View (714) 844-5252
Photo of Khadija Hamisi, DNP, PMHNP, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
Khadija Hamisi
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, DNP, PMHNP
Verified Verified
Orange, CA 92868
Khadija Hamisi, DNP, PMHNP-BC, takes a unique and progressive approach to mental health illnesses. Treatment is personalized, based on evidence research, and encompasses on a myriad of treatment modalities. The influence of three factors: one's past and upbringing, current life situations, and one's genetic makeup, affecting mental illness Being trained and current with the best evidence-based medication treatment strategy, she places a strong emphasis on psychosocial, and psychodynamic factors as the foundation of his treatment. Many psychiatric conditions have an underlying biological and genetic component of treatment.
Khadija Hamisi, DNP, PMHNP-BC, takes a unique and progressive approach to mental health illnesses. Treatment is personalized, based on evidence research, and encompasses on a myriad of treatment modalities. The influence of three factors: one's past and upbringing, current life situations, and one's genetic makeup, affecting mental illness Being trained and current with the best evidence-based medication treatment strategy, she places a strong emphasis on psychosocial, and psychodynamic factors as the foundation of his treatment. Many psychiatric conditions have an underlying biological and genetic component of treatment.
(657) 530-6613 View (657) 530-6613

See more therapy options for Julian

Oppositional Defiance (ODD) Psychiatrists

What is the most effective treatment for oppositional defiant disorder?

The treatment of Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) will involve multiple approaches designed to help both the youngster and their parents, sometimes including medication. A therapist will help a child learn ways to regulate their emotions, curb their impulsiveness, and counteract anger, defiance, and disruption, while showing parents ways to bring these lessons into their home. A technique designed for children with conditions like ODD, known as Collaborative and Proactive Solutions (CPS), may also be used. CPS addresses a child’s concerns and rewards appropriate responses while discouraging harsh punishment or criticism.

How does treatment for oppositional defiant disorder work?

Treatment for ODD addresses the issues underlying a child’s defiance and disruption, the emotional regulation and impulse-control skills they lack, and the way adults respond to them. ODD therapy is based on the idea that children with the disorder understand the difference between right and wrong, that they want to behave well, and that, with help, they can. By responding to the child with empathy instead of harsh criticism, ignoring nonviolent behaviors, and rewarding positive actions, a therapist, and the other adults in a child’s life, can help children improve their behavior.

How long does therapy for oppositional defiant disorder take?

Therapy for oppositional defiant disorder is not a short-term undertaking. Depending on the severity of a child’s symptoms, their age, the presence of other conditions like ADHD, anxiety or a mood disorder, and their family dynamic, it can take months before improvement is noted. The cooperation of parents and teachers is crucial, because the skills learned in therapy must be practiced in real-world situations, with all their potential triggers.

Does oppositional defiant disorder go away?

ODD can remit following treatment. ODD is often diagnosed in nursery school, and early intervention is essential for a positive prognosis. In two-thirds of children, according to the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, symptoms resolve within three years.