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If you work with the elderly in a nursing home, hospital, or other institution, two academic papers published in January 2018 make for important reading.
Their focus was the impact of hearing loss on patient communication in older adults. Both found that unrecognized hearing loss may have a serious negative impact on health care in the elderly. The doctor or nurse or social worker may think the patient has heard and understood, while the patient herself may nod and smile and think she's understood. But she ends up walking out with incorrect information.
In the first, published in the British Medical Journal (BMJ) on January 18, researchers Jan Blustein, a professor of health policy and medicine at NYU, Barbara E. Weinstein professor of audiology at the CUNY Graduate Center, and Joshua Chodosh, a geriatrician at NYU, found that the rate of hearing loss is underestimated in medical settings, and analyzed the effect of undetected hearing loss on doctor-patient communication.
In the second, published in the Journal of the American Medical Directors Association (JAMDA) on January 30, the same authors as well as Ellen M. McCreedy, at the Center for Gerontology and Health at Brown University, discussed why hearing loss may be especially disabling in nursing home settings, and provided an estimate of the prevalence of hearing loss in those settings.
Hearing loss in older adults is measured in various ways, but one simple statistic is that 80 percent of those over 80 have some degree of hearing loss. So when the researchers found that federal data indicated that 68 percent of long-term nursing home residents over the age of 70 had “adequate” hearing, it seemed worth investigating. Was hearing loss just not being recognized in nursing homes? And if so, was it affecting care?
That number seemed “implausibly" high to Dr. Blustein and her colleagues. The National Health and Nutrition Survey (NHANES), which is the authoritative source about the rate of hearing loss among adults who live outside of institutional settings, found that only 44% of those 80 and older said that they had “excellent or good” hearing. As the JAMDA paper notes, these two figures are at “striking odds” with each other.
It stands to reason that the rate of hearing loss in nursing home residents should be about the same as that of adults living outside of institutional settings, which would mean that many people in nursing homes and other health care settings are having trouble hearing. They may not be having trouble hearing all the time, but crucial hearing situations are often the noisiest.
Many of those who say they hear adequately probably have mild to moderate age-related hearing loss. Their speech comprehension may be fine in quiet conversation. But hospitals and nursing homes are far from quiet. In fact, they are often very noisy, with televisions blaring, dishes clattering in cafeterias, and residents crying out.
Moreover, “high stakes” medical-care situations – emergency rooms, intensive care units, ambulances — tend to be the noisiest. These are also stressful situations, and stress also impacts comprehension.
Hearing aids are one solution, but hearing aid use remains low even in this population. Even if they do have hearing aids, people may leave them at home or in a safe place, to prevent loss or damage. In both articles, the authors propose easy low-tech solutions for making sure hearing loss doesn’t get in the way of good patient care.
The first is for clinicians to be aware that their elderly patients may have hearing loss, even if the patient doesn't know it. They should also check for impacted cerumen, or ear wax, which can affect hearing.
Every facility should have on hand personal amplifiers that can be shared with patients. The PocketTalker and other similar devices cost about $150.
Health care workers also need to be mindful of communication strategies: they should make sure they have the listener’s attention, face the listener, speak clearly but not too slowly, rephrase rather than repeat words the listener has not understood.
Dr. Blustein believes that hearing loss profoundly affects communication with patients. “Those of us with hearing loss often smile and nod so that the world thinks that we understand. It’s much more convenient. It’s easier,” she said in an interview with the BMJ. Busy clinicians, too, may just want to move on, get their work done. So both the patient and the clinician may be contributing to the detriment of good patient care.
Unrecognized hearing loss can also sometimes be misdiagnosed as a cognitive impairment. Dr. Blustein noted that the assumption that someone has cognitive impairment when they don’t respond appropriately is common among the elderly in medical settings.
Asked why the effect of hearing loss on good communication has remained unrecognized by many doctors, Dr. Blustein replied: “I think disability, generally, is not something that medicine is attracted to. We tend to be attracted to really dramatic, acute illness. Disability is complicated, it takes time.” And, she added, it occurs primarily in older people. “This is dismissed as ‘normal aging.' It’s ageism.”
People with hearing loss share some of the responsibility. Both patients and providers will benefit from the Guide for Effective Communication in Health Care, created by Jody Prysock and Toni Iacolucci. It includes information specifically for patients and their families (including a form that can be filled out in advance of medical interactions and should be entered into patient charts) and for providers. It can be found on the HLAA-NYC website under Resources, with a link to the national website.
For people with hearing loss, it’s important to be honest, to disclose our disability. For providers, it’s important to recognize that hearing loss may be a factor. It’s a two-way street.
Dr. Blustein and I both serve on the Board of Trustees of the Hearing Loss Association of America. Dr. Weinstein is a professional advisor to the New York City Chapter of HLAA.
This article was first published in slightly different form on my blog Hearing Loss, Hearing Help, Hearing Aids. For more information about living with hearing loss, read my book Shouting Won’t Help: Why I and 50 Million Other Americans Can’t Hear You.
