Therapists in New York, NY

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Photo of Online Virtual Therapy With Natisha Joseph, LMHC, Counselor
Online Virtual Therapy With Natisha Joseph
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
New York, NY 10025
Book with me now by clicking on my website! I am a true believer that “My response is my responsibility”. In seeking out assistance via mental health services, you have taken the first steps in reclaiming control of your life. We cannot control life’s “growing pains” however the way we respond to these challenges steer the course of your future. The therapeutic relationship formed will provide objective feedback to assist with transitions, healing and exploration of internal/external paradigms that have shaped your way of thinking.
Book with me now by clicking on my website! I am a true believer that “My response is my responsibility”. In seeking out assistance via mental health services, you have taken the first steps in reclaiming control of your life. We cannot control life’s “growing pains” however the way we respond to these challenges steer the course of your future. The therapeutic relationship formed will provide objective feedback to assist with transitions, healing and exploration of internal/external paradigms that have shaped your way of thinking.
(646) 212-3979 View (646) 212-3979
Photo of Vivien Eva Weiss, LMHC, Counselor
Vivien Eva Weiss
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
New York, NY 10016
I have been a psychotherapist for over 30 years. Early in my career I co-authored a book called Relationships, which explored how marriages either succeeded or failed. My work on the book helped me formulate a way of working with couples, one that was supportive of struggle in the interest of strengthening the relationship bond. I attempt to help couples not only survive but also to thrive. In addition, I do long- term psychodynamic work with individuals . I have worked with many people struggling with depression, anxiety and post traumatic stress.
I have been a psychotherapist for over 30 years. Early in my career I co-authored a book called Relationships, which explored how marriages either succeeded or failed. My work on the book helped me formulate a way of working with couples, one that was supportive of struggle in the interest of strengthening the relationship bond. I attempt to help couples not only survive but also to thrive. In addition, I do long- term psychodynamic work with individuals . I have worked with many people struggling with depression, anxiety and post traumatic stress.
(413) 274-4187 View (413) 274-4187
Photo of Raya Abat-Robinson, MSEd, LMHC, NCC
Raya Abat-Robinson
Mental Health Counselor, MSEd, LMHC, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
New York, NY 10004
Taking the first step to reach out for professional help may feel difficult. Making the significant decision to address your concerns takes courage and openness, and I am here to fully support you as you begin your healing journey. Our therapeutic relationship can enable you to feel heard, understood, seen, accepted, and empowered. I cultivate a non-judgmental environment of safety, warmth, authenticity and trust in which honest self-exploration can occur. Utilizing a collaborative, multicultural, and trauma-informed lens, I employ an integrative approach with cognitive-behavioral, humanistic, and psychodynamic methods.
Taking the first step to reach out for professional help may feel difficult. Making the significant decision to address your concerns takes courage and openness, and I am here to fully support you as you begin your healing journey. Our therapeutic relationship can enable you to feel heard, understood, seen, accepted, and empowered. I cultivate a non-judgmental environment of safety, warmth, authenticity and trust in which honest self-exploration can occur. Utilizing a collaborative, multicultural, and trauma-informed lens, I employ an integrative approach with cognitive-behavioral, humanistic, and psychodynamic methods.
(718) 550-3755 View (718) 550-3755
Photo of Kay R McCoy, MSW, WVLICSW, WVAADC, NYLCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Kay R McCoy
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, WVLICSW, WVAADC, NYLCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
New York, NY 10013  (Online Only)
Telehealth mental health therapy sessions with me provide a safe place, from the comfort of your own home, to share your your thoughts, feelings, fears, and as much of your personal story as you choose. You are always the center of my attention, and therapy is based on what you want to change about your behaviors, thoughts or feelings. I listen to what you have to say, and help you identify solutions to problems you may identify. I provide crisis counseling, brief therapy, and long term psychotherapy based on your needs.
Telehealth mental health therapy sessions with me provide a safe place, from the comfort of your own home, to share your your thoughts, feelings, fears, and as much of your personal story as you choose. You are always the center of my attention, and therapy is based on what you want to change about your behaviors, thoughts or feelings. I listen to what you have to say, and help you identify solutions to problems you may identify. I provide crisis counseling, brief therapy, and long term psychotherapy based on your needs.
(844) 204-9946 View (844) 204-9946
Photo of Christina Coons - Christina Coons, LCSW   Trauma, Somatic, Addiction, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Christina Coons, LCSW Trauma, Somatic, Addiction
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10028  (Online Only)
Complex trauma can have a lasting impact on our daily lives. It effects our mood, health, relationships, functioning, thinking, behavior and decision making. Trauma can rob us of joy, connection and convince us that we are undeserving or unworthy of love, care and compassion. In our work together, we will unlock your innate ability to heal, grow and transcend beyond the experiences that have burdened you. You deserve to feel safe, heard, seen and supported. Therapy is an opportunity to come home to yourself, recover and reclaim your life. It would be an honor to walk along side you on that journey.
Complex trauma can have a lasting impact on our daily lives. It effects our mood, health, relationships, functioning, thinking, behavior and decision making. Trauma can rob us of joy, connection and convince us that we are undeserving or unworthy of love, care and compassion. In our work together, we will unlock your innate ability to heal, grow and transcend beyond the experiences that have burdened you. You deserve to feel safe, heard, seen and supported. Therapy is an opportunity to come home to yourself, recover and reclaim your life. It would be an honor to walk along side you on that journey.
(914) 600-3498 View (914) 600-3498
Photo of Virginia Parker Kelley, PhD, Psychologist
Virginia Parker Kelley
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10003
Dr. Kelley is a licensed clinical psychologist, with more than 20 years of experience in the practice of psychotherapy. In addition to her doctoral degree, she has completed advanced training in the practice of psychotherapy and psychoanalysis. Her areas of special interest include: ~depression and anxiety ~problems in close relationships ~problems related to self-esteem and assertiveness ~career and stage-of-life concerns ~problems and concerns related to family of origin or childhood circumstances.
Dr. Kelley is a licensed clinical psychologist, with more than 20 years of experience in the practice of psychotherapy. In addition to her doctoral degree, she has completed advanced training in the practice of psychotherapy and psychoanalysis. Her areas of special interest include: ~depression and anxiety ~problems in close relationships ~problems related to self-esteem and assertiveness ~career and stage-of-life concerns ~problems and concerns related to family of origin or childhood circumstances.
(646) 351-1704 View (646) 351-1704
Photo of Jojo Feng, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Jojo Feng
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10001  (Online Only)
My passion in life is to help and empower people. Whether it is to help people to achieve their dreams, become more confident, overcome past trauma, improve their relationships with others or learn to cope with emotional distress, I am here for you. As a therapist, I provide eclectic therapeutic treatment tailored after each person's needs and traits. I have extensive training in advanced clinical counseling from Columbia University and clinical experience from NYPresbyterian hospitals, NY Article 31 clinics and private practices. I have worked with people of all ages and from a wide range of cultural and professional backgrounds.
My passion in life is to help and empower people. Whether it is to help people to achieve their dreams, become more confident, overcome past trauma, improve their relationships with others or learn to cope with emotional distress, I am here for you. As a therapist, I provide eclectic therapeutic treatment tailored after each person's needs and traits. I have extensive training in advanced clinical counseling from Columbia University and clinical experience from NYPresbyterian hospitals, NY Article 31 clinics and private practices. I have worked with people of all ages and from a wide range of cultural and professional backgrounds.
(929) 207-2178 View (929) 207-2178
Photo of Shannon Nichols, LMHC, Counselor
Shannon Nichols
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
New York, NY 10003  (Online Only)
Hi there! I'm so happy you're here and looking to start your wellness journey with me! I have 6 years of clinical experience and an extreme passion for mental health and wellness. I would describe myself as an empathetic and efficient therapist, who takes a personal approach with every client by prioritizing rapport.
Hi there! I'm so happy you're here and looking to start your wellness journey with me! I have 6 years of clinical experience and an extreme passion for mental health and wellness. I would describe myself as an empathetic and efficient therapist, who takes a personal approach with every client by prioritizing rapport.
(646) 760-8731 View (646) 760-8731
Photo of Yukari Yanagino, PhD, LCSW-R, FIPA, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Yukari Yanagino
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, PhD, LCSW-R, FIPA
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
New York, NY 10009
Do you feel hopeless or overwhelmed by the uncertainty of your future? Do you isolate yourself from social activities? Do you anticipate negative consequences as a way of managing your anxiety? Are you drinking too much or using drugs? Are you experiencing a lack of, or an increase in sexual energy that is affecting your life in a negative way? If you answered yes to any of these questions, I am here to help. We will work closely in order to explore your inner world, and apply words to your past and current experiences. As a result, you will begin to feel better. I work with psychoanalytic theory while incorporating issues of race,
Do you feel hopeless or overwhelmed by the uncertainty of your future? Do you isolate yourself from social activities? Do you anticipate negative consequences as a way of managing your anxiety? Are you drinking too much or using drugs? Are you experiencing a lack of, or an increase in sexual energy that is affecting your life in a negative way? If you answered yes to any of these questions, I am here to help. We will work closely in order to explore your inner world, and apply words to your past and current experiences. As a result, you will begin to feel better. I work with psychoanalytic theory while incorporating issues of race,
(646) 600-9137 View (646) 600-9137
Photo of Brandon Beeler, PsyD, Psychologist
Brandon Beeler
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10001
Do you feel anxious and overwhelmed? Do you notice you ruminate a lot? Feel depressed and alone? Find yourself having trouble thinking clearly? I hope to create a space that feels safe and nonjudgmental where we can explore your thoughts, feelings, and experiences. I will work to help you reduce the impact of your feelings. My approach is creative and playful and draws from a psychodynamic framework. Each individual is unique and I adjust my approach for you. I will work to help you engage with yourself and others in a more meaningful, connected, and fulfilling way.
Do you feel anxious and overwhelmed? Do you notice you ruminate a lot? Feel depressed and alone? Find yourself having trouble thinking clearly? I hope to create a space that feels safe and nonjudgmental where we can explore your thoughts, feelings, and experiences. I will work to help you reduce the impact of your feelings. My approach is creative and playful and draws from a psychodynamic framework. Each individual is unique and I adjust my approach for you. I will work to help you engage with yourself and others in a more meaningful, connected, and fulfilling way.
(646) 630-7923 View (646) 630-7923
Photo of Dr. Anitta George, PhD, Psychologist
Dr. Anitta George
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10001  (Online Only)
Is the smile on your face masking the feelings inside? Is anxiety, sadness, or anger getting in the way of you living your best life? Perhaps you keep busy to quiet your mind and your story remains unheard. For many of us, this can feel exhausting and lonely. If you seek relief and a path to healing, there is hope! Yes, you really can experience meaningful relief and lead a more fulfilling life.
Is the smile on your face masking the feelings inside? Is anxiety, sadness, or anger getting in the way of you living your best life? Perhaps you keep busy to quiet your mind and your story remains unheard. For many of us, this can feel exhausting and lonely. If you seek relief and a path to healing, there is hope! Yes, you really can experience meaningful relief and lead a more fulfilling life.
(929) 209-5317 View (929) 209-5317
Photo of Cynthia Lee Grguric, Interna, Psychol, PhD, MA, LMHC, Counselor
Cynthia Lee Grguric
Counselor, Interna, Psychol, PhD, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
New York, NY 10016
My practice centers on acceptance and creating a safe place to explore roadblocks to freedom. I hope to support clients towards authenticity of who they were designed to be. Through a holistic approach I account for physical, mental, emotional and spiritual wellbeing in how they all cooperate and balance together.
My practice centers on acceptance and creating a safe place to explore roadblocks to freedom. I hope to support clients towards authenticity of who they were designed to be. Through a holistic approach I account for physical, mental, emotional and spiritual wellbeing in how they all cooperate and balance together.
(646) 798-2391 View (646) 798-2391
Photo of Ben Bulmash, MS, LP, NCPsyA, Licensed Psychoanalyst
Ben Bulmash
Licensed Psychoanalyst, MS, LP, NCPsyA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
New York, NY 10019
I specialize in relationship issues, anxiety, LGBTQIA issues, and trauma. My style is approachable and warm while open to challenge and complexity. Many of the adults and adolescents I meet with are looking to process challenging feelings, improve their relationships, and understand themselves better. Others are looking to heal trauma (complex trauma, sexual trauma, or PTSD), navigate addictions, compulsions, or work through intricate patterns that are depressing their development. Together, we will thoughtfully explore the distinct reason(s) you are pursuing psychotherapy.
I specialize in relationship issues, anxiety, LGBTQIA issues, and trauma. My style is approachable and warm while open to challenge and complexity. Many of the adults and adolescents I meet with are looking to process challenging feelings, improve their relationships, and understand themselves better. Others are looking to heal trauma (complex trauma, sexual trauma, or PTSD), navigate addictions, compulsions, or work through intricate patterns that are depressing their development. Together, we will thoughtfully explore the distinct reason(s) you are pursuing psychotherapy.
(347) 657-3761 View (347) 657-3761
Photo of Janai Pellot, LMSW
Janai Pellot
Licensed Master Social Worker, LMSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10001  (Online Only)
I believe in the power of partnership and affirmation and how they are important in a working therapeutic relationship. Using strength-based and holistic therapeutic methods, we will work at a pace that is most comfortable for you to feel heard, understood, safe, and supported in our work together.
I believe in the power of partnership and affirmation and how they are important in a working therapeutic relationship. Using strength-based and holistic therapeutic methods, we will work at a pace that is most comfortable for you to feel heard, understood, safe, and supported in our work together.
(646) 681-7513 View (646) 681-7513
Photo of Skyler Okey, Pre-Licensed Professional
Skyler Okey
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
New York, NY 10001
Whether you’re single, dating, in a partnership (or identify your relationship another way!), couples counseling and family therapy provides a space to learn skills for better communication. With a focus on attachment, I can help you identify the impact significant relationships in your past have on your present behavior and beliefs. We can use that insight to actively build stronger connections and establish healthy boundaries. My systemic lens also aims to address the impact racism, classism, patriarchy, homophobia and sexism has on mental health, whether you identify with a dominant or minority group.
Whether you’re single, dating, in a partnership (or identify your relationship another way!), couples counseling and family therapy provides a space to learn skills for better communication. With a focus on attachment, I can help you identify the impact significant relationships in your past have on your present behavior and beliefs. We can use that insight to actively build stronger connections and establish healthy boundaries. My systemic lens also aims to address the impact racism, classism, patriarchy, homophobia and sexism has on mental health, whether you identify with a dominant or minority group.
(332) 334-6846 View (332) 334-6846
Photo of Rachel Goldman, LCSW, MA, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Rachel Goldman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MA
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10075  (Online Only)
Effective psychotherapy alleviates suffering, builds stronger personal and professional relationships and helps you achieve your goals and expand your capacity to live a fulfilling life. Through our work you will gain a deeper and more meaningful understanding of yourself and how you engage with others. Together we will explore what has led to the establishment of your relational patterns. Therapy works through collaboration; we work together to understand your experiences, memories and relationships in order to create change. I believe people are stronger, happier and more successful when they are connected to those around them.
Effective psychotherapy alleviates suffering, builds stronger personal and professional relationships and helps you achieve your goals and expand your capacity to live a fulfilling life. Through our work you will gain a deeper and more meaningful understanding of yourself and how you engage with others. Together we will explore what has led to the establishment of your relational patterns. Therapy works through collaboration; we work together to understand your experiences, memories and relationships in order to create change. I believe people are stronger, happier and more successful when they are connected to those around them.
(646) 386-2148 View (646) 386-2148
Photo of Ishmaella Brutus, MHC-LP
Ishmaella Brutus
MHC-LP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
New York, NY 10010
I work with individuals who are looking to process past traumas and gain confidence in their life decisions. I help my clients learn more about themselves, their experiences, and how every interaction can shape how an individual lives their life. We are all navigating this world, and I am here to show you how we can do it together.
I work with individuals who are looking to process past traumas and gain confidence in their life decisions. I help my clients learn more about themselves, their experiences, and how every interaction can shape how an individual lives their life. We are all navigating this world, and I am here to show you how we can do it together.
(332) 334-7739 View (332) 334-7739
Photo of Roxanne Wolanczyk, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Roxanne Wolanczyk
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
New York, NY 10001  (Online Only)
It is important to find a therapist who helps you to feel safe and understood but is still effective in facilitating change. In my psychotherapy practice, I use Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) to treat issues such as depression, anxiety, sleeping issues, procrastination, low self-esteem, and anger. I provide support during significant life stressors, including career/work issues, relationship turmoil, pregnancy/parenting concerns, and bereavement. I am also a native New Yorker, and understand many of the unique issues we face.
It is important to find a therapist who helps you to feel safe and understood but is still effective in facilitating change. In my psychotherapy practice, I use Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) to treat issues such as depression, anxiety, sleeping issues, procrastination, low self-esteem, and anger. I provide support during significant life stressors, including career/work issues, relationship turmoil, pregnancy/parenting concerns, and bereavement. I am also a native New Yorker, and understand many of the unique issues we face.
(212) 335-0174 View (212) 335-0174
Photo of Damian Elias, PhD, Psychologist
Damian Elias
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
13 Endorsed
New York, NY 10001
I bet you've probably spent a good deal of time sifting through the sea of clinicians listed on this website, and let me tell you, it is a beast. Finding a good therapist is like dating. Who looks smart? Who seems warm and compassionate? Who's attractive? Nobody is perfect, but you don't want to settle either. Perhaps they have great insight and are very pedigreed, but don't seem particularly warm or approachable. Or vice versa. What to do? Shop around until you find a proper match. You are unique. Not every therapist may suit you.
I bet you've probably spent a good deal of time sifting through the sea of clinicians listed on this website, and let me tell you, it is a beast. Finding a good therapist is like dating. Who looks smart? Who seems warm and compassionate? Who's attractive? Nobody is perfect, but you don't want to settle either. Perhaps they have great insight and are very pedigreed, but don't seem particularly warm or approachable. Or vice versa. What to do? Shop around until you find a proper match. You are unique. Not every therapist may suit you.
(646) 600-5064 View (646) 600-5064
Photo of Antonio Ruberto Jr, MS, LCSW-R, CASAC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Antonio Ruberto Jr
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MS, LCSW-R, CASAC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
New York, NY 10010
As a licensed clinical social worker with extensive experience working with diverse populations and issues, I believe that every individual can achieve a more authentic understanding of themselves, their background, the more challenging aspects of their lives, as well as identifying positive attributes and assets. Through the use of a diverse set of treatment strategies and via an intersectional lens which acknowledges systemic impacts, my clients are able to set achievable objectives and goals, moving forward in life with a better understanding of themselves and the environment around them.
As a licensed clinical social worker with extensive experience working with diverse populations and issues, I believe that every individual can achieve a more authentic understanding of themselves, their background, the more challenging aspects of their lives, as well as identifying positive attributes and assets. Through the use of a diverse set of treatment strategies and via an intersectional lens which acknowledges systemic impacts, my clients are able to set achievable objectives and goals, moving forward in life with a better understanding of themselves and the environment around them.
(917) 397-0764 View (917) 397-0764
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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in New York, NY

3,000+

Average cost per session

$200

Therapists in New York, NY who prioritize treating:

94% Anxiety
89% Depression
84% Relationship Issues
78% Self Esteem
67% Trauma and PTSD
66% Stress
64% Life Transitions

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

81% Aetna
62% Cigna and Evernorth
60% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in New York, NY see their clients

57% In Person and Online
43% Online Only

Gender breakdown

78% Female
21% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in New York?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.