Therapists in Whangamata

Photo of Samantha Spafford, MSc, NZPsS Member, Psychologist
Samantha Spafford
Psychologist, MSc, NZPsS Member
Verified Verified
Whangamata 3579
If you are looking for a warm, caring and also highly effective psychologist then I think you have come to the right place. I tailor my approach to fit your goals and circumstances. Using standardised measures we will reflect together on how things progress over the time we work together. Seeing this progress is really important for both of us. It's great for you to see the gains that you are achieving and it also helps us stay on track with things that are important to you. I provide a telehealth psychology service via a secure high-quality video platform. This means you can access your appointment from home. Easy!
If you are looking for a warm, caring and also highly effective psychologist then I think you have come to the right place. I tailor my approach to fit your goals and circumstances. Using standardised measures we will reflect together on how things progress over the time we work together. Seeing this progress is really important for both of us. It's great for you to see the gains that you are achieving and it also helps us stay on track with things that are important to you. I provide a telehealth psychology service via a secure high-quality video platform. This means you can access your appointment from home. Easy!
0800 327 477 View 0800 327 477

Online Therapists

Photo of Vicky Finlayson, MNZAC, Counsellor
Vicky Finlayson
Counsellor, MNZAC
Verified Verified
Cambridge 3434  (Online Only)
Offering Professional Supervision and Counselling. As a Professional Supervisor I have a passion for supporting professionals to prevent burn out and overloading.
Offering Professional Supervision and Counselling. As a Professional Supervisor I have a passion for supporting professionals to prevent burn out and overloading.
0800 447 264 x82 View 0800 447 264 x82
Photo of Morgan Daw
Morgan Daw
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Auckland 1052
Tēnā koe! Ko Morgan Daw tōku ingoa. Hello, my name is Morgan Daw and I have spent much of my life living in Tāmaki Makaurau, My nature is rooted in collaboration and transparency, prioritising you. Establishing a secure and supportive environment for exploring your challenges is of paramount importance to me. I strive to create a compassionate and non-judgmental space where we can progress at a pace that aligns with your comfort level. I am currently pursuing registration to become a Psychotherapist via NZAP. I am currently employed by AUT, working as a Counsellor & Mental Health Advisor on the city campus.
Tēnā koe! Ko Morgan Daw tōku ingoa. Hello, my name is Morgan Daw and I have spent much of my life living in Tāmaki Makaurau, My nature is rooted in collaboration and transparency, prioritising you. Establishing a secure and supportive environment for exploring your challenges is of paramount importance to me. I strive to create a compassionate and non-judgmental space where we can progress at a pace that aligns with your comfort level. I am currently pursuing registration to become a Psychotherapist via NZAP. I am currently employed by AUT, working as a Counsellor & Mental Health Advisor on the city campus.
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Photo of Daniela Carolina Gonzalez-Bea - Nourishing Therapy & Creative Supervision , MA
Nourishing Therapy & Creative Supervision
MA
Verified Verified
Auckland 1010
Are you grappling with anxiety, grief, depression, confusion, sadness, loss, emptiness, or addiction? These struggles might be linked to past or ongoing trauma, such as violence, abuse, grief, migration, displacement, spiritual or physical loss, neurodivergence, or relationship ruptures, or not If traditional talk therapy is leaving you stuck, why not consider Creative Arts Therapy? Creative Arts Therapy is a unique psychotherapy modality that uses creative processes to help you explore feelings that can be difficult to express in words.
Are you grappling with anxiety, grief, depression, confusion, sadness, loss, emptiness, or addiction? These struggles might be linked to past or ongoing trauma, such as violence, abuse, grief, migration, displacement, spiritual or physical loss, neurodivergence, or relationship ruptures, or not If traditional talk therapy is leaving you stuck, why not consider Creative Arts Therapy? Creative Arts Therapy is a unique psychotherapy modality that uses creative processes to help you explore feelings that can be difficult to express in words.
0800 451 520 x60 View 0800 451 520 x60
Photo of Anthony John, MA, Psychologist
Anthony John
Psychologist, MA
Verified Verified
Orewa 0931
My experience is varied, working with adults and children/adolescents experiencing a range of challenges including anxiety, depression, stress, trauma, and anger; as well as supporting individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders, intellectual disabilities, and a range of injury related needs including head injury. I also have significant experience in providing behavioural support services to individuals, organisations, and families and love supporting parents find ways of parenting in line with their values.
My experience is varied, working with adults and children/adolescents experiencing a range of challenges including anxiety, depression, stress, trauma, and anger; as well as supporting individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders, intellectual disabilities, and a range of injury related needs including head injury. I also have significant experience in providing behavioural support services to individuals, organisations, and families and love supporting parents find ways of parenting in line with their values.
0210 859 9991 View 0210 859 9991
Photo of Mary Spencer, MNZAC, Counsellor
Mary Spencer
Counsellor, MNZAC
Verified Verified
Auckland 0620
Understanding ourselves and becoming more aware of what works for us, is a way we can learn to live a more meaningful life. I have over 18 years experience, helping people to change patterns of thoughts, feelings and behaviour that are creating problems within their lives.
Understanding ourselves and becoming more aware of what works for us, is a way we can learn to live a more meaningful life. I have over 18 years experience, helping people to change patterns of thoughts, feelings and behaviour that are creating problems within their lives.
0800 627 024 x91 View 0800 627 024 x91
Photo of Winnie Chiu, MSc, Psychologist
Winnie Chiu
Psychologist, MSc
Verified Verified
Auckland 1060
Winnie is an experienced Psychologist with diverse experience working in GP clinics, behaviour support services, disability services, and parent training and support services. Winnie's therapy style is characterised by empathy, collaboration, and a touch of light-heartedness, creating a comfortable therapeutic environment. Specialising in evidence-based therapies such as Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), Winnie tailors her approach to each individual's unique needs.
Winnie is an experienced Psychologist with diverse experience working in GP clinics, behaviour support services, disability services, and parent training and support services. Winnie's therapy style is characterised by empathy, collaboration, and a touch of light-heartedness, creating a comfortable therapeutic environment. Specialising in evidence-based therapies such as Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), Winnie tailors her approach to each individual's unique needs.
0800 447 359 x80 View 0800 447 359 x80
Photo of Trish Mancer, MNZAC, Counsellor
Trish Mancer
Counsellor, MNZAC
Verified Verified
Auckland 0630
Empowering people to become courageous in a quest to change their life story is my passion. I offer a range of services to facilitate this including counselling, life coaching, mentoring and parent coaching. I work with individuals, couples and families struggling with anxiety, depression, self-esteem issues, conflict, self-harm, suicide ideation, relationship issues and mid-life crises. I also have a particular passion for working in the area of maternal mental health. I am currently offering the majority of my work online with a few appointments offered face to face in order to meet the needs of everyone.
Empowering people to become courageous in a quest to change their life story is my passion. I offer a range of services to facilitate this including counselling, life coaching, mentoring and parent coaching. I work with individuals, couples and families struggling with anxiety, depression, self-esteem issues, conflict, self-harm, suicide ideation, relationship issues and mid-life crises. I also have a particular passion for working in the area of maternal mental health. I am currently offering the majority of my work online with a few appointments offered face to face in order to meet the needs of everyone.
0800 627 003 x11 View 0800 627 003 x11
Photo of Kiera Elizabeth Allan, MNZAC, Counsellor
Kiera Elizabeth Allan
Counsellor, MNZAC
Verified Verified
Auckland 0632  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
I have a wide range of experience with children, teens, and young adults. I help build on resilience/coping strategies for children and young people dealing with anxiety, depression, abuse, phobias and other complex needs and offer support and reassurance to their families/whanau .I have over six years experience of in counselling and helping children in a community setting and schools around New Zealand and Wales. I have experience helping people who have struggled with COVID-19 and specialised trauma.
I have a wide range of experience with children, teens, and young adults. I help build on resilience/coping strategies for children and young people dealing with anxiety, depression, abuse, phobias and other complex needs and offer support and reassurance to their families/whanau .I have over six years experience of in counselling and helping children in a community setting and schools around New Zealand and Wales. I have experience helping people who have struggled with COVID-19 and specialised trauma.
0800 627 050 x53 View 0800 627 050 x53
Photo of Nicole Schoombie - Nicole Schoombie - Kapwa Psychology, Psychologist
Nicole Schoombie - Kapwa Psychology
Psychologist
Verified Verified
Auckland 1062  (Online Only)
Kia ora and Kumusta! I am a Filipino-American Health Psychologist based in Tāmaki Makaurau/Auckland, and am privileged to call Aotearoa home for the last 12 years. As a Health Psychologist I have specialised in helping people cope with physical health challenges as well as foster positive health behaviours (e.g. healthy eating, increase physical activity, improve sleep, adherence to medicines). I am passionate about helping people improve their wellbeing using evidence-based strategies.
Kia ora and Kumusta! I am a Filipino-American Health Psychologist based in Tāmaki Makaurau/Auckland, and am privileged to call Aotearoa home for the last 12 years. As a Health Psychologist I have specialised in helping people cope with physical health challenges as well as foster positive health behaviours (e.g. healthy eating, increase physical activity, improve sleep, adherence to medicines). I am passionate about helping people improve their wellbeing using evidence-based strategies.
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Photo of Sophie Elworthy, MPsych, PBANZ, Psychotherapist
Sophie Elworthy
Psychotherapist, MPsych, PBANZ
Verified Verified
Auckland 1026
Navigating challenges in our lives can sometimes become frustrating, overwhelming or unmanageable without help. My intention is to provide a warm, non-judgemental space for you to share aspects of your experience that you struggle with, whether you are troubled by a specific issue or have a general sense of dissatisfaction, unease or unhappiness. Together we can explore how experiences from both your past and present may be impacting your ability to feel fulfilled or content. By exploring your relationship with yourself and others, we can build skills and strategies together to help you find more equilibrium, peace and stability.
Navigating challenges in our lives can sometimes become frustrating, overwhelming or unmanageable without help. My intention is to provide a warm, non-judgemental space for you to share aspects of your experience that you struggle with, whether you are troubled by a specific issue or have a general sense of dissatisfaction, unease or unhappiness. Together we can explore how experiences from both your past and present may be impacting your ability to feel fulfilled or content. By exploring your relationship with yourself and others, we can build skills and strategies together to help you find more equilibrium, peace and stability.
0800 447 359 x42 View 0800 447 359 x42
Photo of Dr. Andrew Greaves, PsychD, Psychologist
Dr. Andrew Greaves
Psychologist, PsychD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Auckland 1041
Life can throw us all sorts of challenging experiences, and at times we can get stuck - in mood, behaviours, relationships and in unhelpful patterns or ways of coping. It can be hard to know how to navigate through these difficulties. Psychological therapy is about making sense and meaning from events and discovering new ways of relating to ourselves and to others. I provide therapy according to your goals and needs with the intention of helping you being closer to the person you want to be and be doing the things that are important to you.
Life can throw us all sorts of challenging experiences, and at times we can get stuck - in mood, behaviours, relationships and in unhelpful patterns or ways of coping. It can be hard to know how to navigate through these difficulties. Psychological therapy is about making sense and meaning from events and discovering new ways of relating to ourselves and to others. I provide therapy according to your goals and needs with the intention of helping you being closer to the person you want to be and be doing the things that are important to you.
0800 627 024 x99 View 0800 627 024 x99
Photo of Svenja Koeslich, NZPsS Member, Psychologist
Svenja Koeslich
Psychologist, NZPsS Member
Verified Verified
Auckland 1021  (Online Only)
I specialise in memory and trauma reprocessing using EMDR to allow people to fulfil their potential and live their best lives. I also offer Emotion Focused Therapy (EFT) for couples. I enjoy working with young people, adults, parents and couples from diverse cultural backgrounds and supporting them with their unique challenges. I use a holistic and individualised approach to support people to overcome past trauma and aversive life experiences. Personal challenges often occur in a context of difficult experiences (e.g., accidents, relationship break downs, spot injuries, birth trauma, and abuse) and therapy can help to overcome them.
I specialise in memory and trauma reprocessing using EMDR to allow people to fulfil their potential and live their best lives. I also offer Emotion Focused Therapy (EFT) for couples. I enjoy working with young people, adults, parents and couples from diverse cultural backgrounds and supporting them with their unique challenges. I use a holistic and individualised approach to support people to overcome past trauma and aversive life experiences. Personal challenges often occur in a context of difficult experiences (e.g., accidents, relationship break downs, spot injuries, birth trauma, and abuse) and therapy can help to overcome them.
0800 447 264 x70 View 0800 447 264 x70
Photo of Dr. Simon Chesney, PsychD, MNZCCP , Psychologist
Dr. Simon Chesney
Psychologist, PsychD, MNZCCP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Auckland 0620
Waitlist for new clients
Senior British trained DClinPsych qualified (2004) clinical psychologist & ISST schema therapist (2014). NHS consultant level applied clinical psychologist in adult mental health since 2012. Specialist in adult mental health psychological assessment, formulation, and treatments. Worked in UK public sector recovery teams since qualification, now in an Auckland DHB (New Zealand). Trained in CBT, DBT, schema therapy/mode therapy, systemic psychotherapy, mindfulness-schema therapy, EMDR, and ACT. New Zealand College of Clinical Psychologists (full member). Registered New Zealand Psychologists Board (number: 90-07646)
Senior British trained DClinPsych qualified (2004) clinical psychologist & ISST schema therapist (2014). NHS consultant level applied clinical psychologist in adult mental health since 2012. Specialist in adult mental health psychological assessment, formulation, and treatments. Worked in UK public sector recovery teams since qualification, now in an Auckland DHB (New Zealand). Trained in CBT, DBT, schema therapy/mode therapy, systemic psychotherapy, mindfulness-schema therapy, EMDR, and ACT. New Zealand College of Clinical Psychologists (full member). Registered New Zealand Psychologists Board (number: 90-07646)
0800 447 359 x84 View 0800 447 359 x84
Photo of Franciska Neuhäuser
Franciska Neuhäuser
Verified Verified
Auckland 0622  (Online Only)
Living an extraordinary and joyful life is about ending the mental suffering when events outside of your control occur. With training and qualifications in Counselling, Psychology, and NLP, I will empower you to manage and overcome anxiety, grief, trauma, phobias, and low moods; so that you will restore and enjoy confidence, self-esteem, health, well-being, and better relationships. I work exclusively with adults of all ages; and welcome cultural, sexual, and gender diversity.
Living an extraordinary and joyful life is about ending the mental suffering when events outside of your control occur. With training and qualifications in Counselling, Psychology, and NLP, I will empower you to manage and overcome anxiety, grief, trauma, phobias, and low moods; so that you will restore and enjoy confidence, self-esteem, health, well-being, and better relationships. I work exclusively with adults of all ages; and welcome cultural, sexual, and gender diversity.
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Photo of Sofia Antonella Scozzafava, NZAC - Provisional, Counsellor
Sofia Antonella Scozzafava
Counsellor, NZAC - Provisional
Verified Verified
Tauranga 3110
I'm originally hailing from Argentina but calling New Zealand my home for the past five years. With a background in handling high-complex trauma, grief, sexual violence, domestic abuse, children and adolescent mental health, and family dynamics. My professional journey encompasses a holistic approach, integrating various modalities such as Theraplay Institute's foundational certification, Gottman's Couple Therapy Level 1, TFCBT Level 1, along with mindfulness, IFS, transgenerational trauma, and narrative therapy.
I'm originally hailing from Argentina but calling New Zealand my home for the past five years. With a background in handling high-complex trauma, grief, sexual violence, domestic abuse, children and adolescent mental health, and family dynamics. My professional journey encompasses a holistic approach, integrating various modalities such as Theraplay Institute's foundational certification, Gottman's Couple Therapy Level 1, TFCBT Level 1, along with mindfulness, IFS, transgenerational trauma, and narrative therapy.
0800 468 212 x64 View 0800 468 212 x64
Photo of Stephanie Burd
Stephanie Burd
Verified Verified
Auckland 1010  (Online Only)
I work with primarily with people identifying as girls and women in Aotearoa New Zealand who want to flourish into their most authentic selves. I care about helping people to better understand their experiences of anxiety and depression. I am also a passionate ally to the LGBTQ+ community. My clients are looking to improve their relationship to their bodies and their self esteem with a compassionate and non-judgemental perspective. I work with people on improving their relationships to those around them, work-life balance, and managing high expectations of self and/or perfectionism.
I work with primarily with people identifying as girls and women in Aotearoa New Zealand who want to flourish into their most authentic selves. I care about helping people to better understand their experiences of anxiety and depression. I am also a passionate ally to the LGBTQ+ community. My clients are looking to improve their relationship to their bodies and their self esteem with a compassionate and non-judgemental perspective. I work with people on improving their relationships to those around them, work-life balance, and managing high expectations of self and/or perfectionism.
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Photo of Fune Hui, PBANZ, Psychotherapist
Fune Hui
Psychotherapist, PBANZ
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Auckland 1024
I am a registered psychotherapist who works with adults and adolescents in trauma, anxiety, depression, grief and loss, relationship struggles, self-esteem and belonging, spirituality, difficulties caused by cultural differences, personal growth, and the realisation of dreams. I aim to help you understand various ways that may influence your relationship with yourself and others. Over time, by exploring the past with an attitude of kind curiosity and raising your awareness and understanding of yourself, the aim is to free you to be more yourself.
I am a registered psychotherapist who works with adults and adolescents in trauma, anxiety, depression, grief and loss, relationship struggles, self-esteem and belonging, spirituality, difficulties caused by cultural differences, personal growth, and the realisation of dreams. I aim to help you understand various ways that may influence your relationship with yourself and others. Over time, by exploring the past with an attitude of kind curiosity and raising your awareness and understanding of yourself, the aim is to free you to be more yourself.
0800 627 004 x56 View 0800 627 004 x56
Photo of Ethan Carter, PhD, Psychologist
Ethan Carter
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Auckland 1021
I am a registered clinical psychologist holding a PhD in psychology. My practice is based in Whangārei, but I also provide telehealth services. As a psychologist I take a collaborative and client-centered approach, aiming to make psychology accessible, approachable, and non-intimidating. It’s not uncommon for people to experience some fear around working with a psychologist, and I prioritize putting that fear at ease and supporting clients to develop strategies to overcome their difficulties.
I am a registered clinical psychologist holding a PhD in psychology. My practice is based in Whangārei, but I also provide telehealth services. As a psychologist I take a collaborative and client-centered approach, aiming to make psychology accessible, approachable, and non-intimidating. It’s not uncommon for people to experience some fear around working with a psychologist, and I prioritize putting that fear at ease and supporting clients to develop strategies to overcome their difficulties.
0800 451 520 x54 View 0800 451 520 x54
Photo of Dishika Hira - The Reflective Practice, MSc, Psychologist
Dishika Hira - The Reflective Practice
Psychologist, MSc
Verified Verified
Auckland 0600
Born and raised in Auckland, Dishika completed her tertiary education through The University of Auckland and Massey University. Since completing her training, Dishika has worked for NGO's as well as the public sector. Drawing on various treatment approaches, Dishika walks alongside her clients, helping them to achieve their goals. Her experience includes treating clinical presentations such as anxiety, depression, PTSD, as well as alcohol and drug addiction. Dishika believes in tailoring treatment to the needs of an individual. This allows her to integrate various evidence-based approaches into her practice.
Born and raised in Auckland, Dishika completed her tertiary education through The University of Auckland and Massey University. Since completing her training, Dishika has worked for NGO's as well as the public sector. Drawing on various treatment approaches, Dishika walks alongside her clients, helping them to achieve their goals. Her experience includes treating clinical presentations such as anxiety, depression, PTSD, as well as alcohol and drug addiction. Dishika believes in tailoring treatment to the needs of an individual. This allows her to integrate various evidence-based approaches into her practice.
0800 447 359 x77 View 0800 447 359 x77

Nearby Searches for Whangamata

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How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in Whangamata

< 10

Counsellors in Whangamata who prioritize treating:

100% Depression
100% Anxiety
100% ADHD
100% Eating Disorders
100% Life Coaching
100% Obsessive-Compulsive (OCD)
100% Trauma and PTSD

Average years in practice

15 Years

Gender breakdown

100% Female

How Counsellors in Whangamata see their clients

100% In Person and Online
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in Whangamata?

Search for nearby therapists or counsellors by inputting your city, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Psychologists listed in the directory are registered with the New Zealand Psychologists Board under the Health Practitioners Competency Assurance Act 2003 (HPCA Act). To be listed in the directory, psychotherapists must be registered through the Psychotherapists Board of Aotearoa New Zealand. Counsellors listed in the directory should have a minimum training of NZQF 6 or higher, and many are registered with a professional body, such as the New Zealand Association of Counsellors (NZAC).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for counsellors in New Zealand, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Psychologists, counsellors, and psychotherapists  can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and supervised, practical experience that enable them to do so in New Zealand.

Psychologists possess a minimum of a master's degree in Psychology and are registered with the New Zealand Psychologists Board. Psychotherapists typically hold the equivalent of a Master's or Doctorate Degree in Psychotherapy, depending on their programme of study. Many psychotherapists have themselves undergone psychotherapy as part of their training. In order to be a member of NZAC, Counsellors must have a bachelor's or master's degree in Counselling and complete ongoing professional development and education.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, the cost of a therapy session in New Zealand could be between $100 and $200. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. To access these services you will need to be assessed and referred by your GP or family doctor. However, you will have limited choice regarding the specialist and the length of treatment that will be assigned to you. In addition, Community Mental Health and Addiction services are also available through your local District Health Board (DHB).

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Professionals registered with the Boards and/or who are members of professional organisations are obligated to uphold client confidentiality unless there is a legal reason that requires them to disclose information. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there is the potential or known harm to the client or others, or a court order, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.