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Here are 25 of the most interesting studies on Human Sexual Diversity that have come out so far in 2021...
1) Sex differences in personality change...girls tend to get their act together (increase in conscientiousness) ages 9 to 13, boys...not so much.
2) Sex differences in hiring..."Despite equal qualifications, male job candidates had about five percentage points lower chances of receiving a positive response than female candidates...female advantage is limited to female-dominated occupations and to women from the majority group."
3) Sex differences in bullying..."no differences in cyberbullying rates for boys and girls. In the case of bullying, there were more bully-victims among the boys."
4) Sex differences in STEM..."among girls, disagreeable and more open students are more likely to choose STEM....this suggests that female STEM students are those that are willing or able to go against the social norm. As such, these same social norms might be a barrier for other female students to enter STEM."
5) Sex differences in publishing..."Female and male authors submitted papers in equal numbers in January and February 2020, but since March that year, male authors have outnumbered female authors by more than three to one."
6) Transgender status and sociosexuality..."transgenders’ sociosexuality is largely influenced by their sexual genotype despite their incongruent gender self-perception."
7) Cross-cultural differences in physical closeness..."14,000 individuals from 45 countries were asked whether they embraced, stroked, kissed, or hugged their partner, friends, and youngest child during the week preceding the study."
8) Sex differences in personality correlates..."Spending more time with a romantic partner emerged as an indicator of conscientiousness among men but has little relationship to women’s conscientiousness."
9) Gender dysphoria and 2D:4D...Female-to-Male gender dysphoria patients show "significantly masculinized right-hand 2D:4D ratios, while there was no evidence of feminization in MtF GD patients."
10) Sex differences in productivity..."Parenthood explains most of the gender productivity gap by lowering the average short-term productivity of mothers...size of productivity penalty for mothers appears to have shrunk over time...paid parental leave and adequate childcare important factors"
11) Predictors of desire to engage in polyamory...1) being a man (3x more than women), 2) being a sexual minority (2x more than heterosexuals), 3) being young (small effect) [USA census-based quota sample single adults N=3,438]
12) Sex differences in jealousy emerge early..."sex difference in sexual versus emotional jealousy develops earlier than the age of 16...maturational, or experiential indicators, such as sexual debut and relational status, neither influenced the sex difference"
13) Sex differences in negotiation..."gave 240 children 4-9 years old a chance to negotiate for a bonus with a female or a male evaluator. Boys asked for the same bonus from a male and a female evaluator. Older girls, in contrast, asked for a smaller bonus from a male than a female evaluator"
14) Mate Preferences Across 45 Countries: A Large-Scale Replication...Support for universal sex differences in preferences remains robust...Beyond age of partner, neither pathogens nor gender equality robustly predicted sex differences across countries
15) Sex differences in facial emotion processing..."female superiority in the recognition of facial emotion...sex difference was shown to extend robustly to infant and toddler faces, which represent a more ecologically valid test of the fitness threat hypothesis"
16) Direct hormonal action on the brain in the development of human behavioral sex differences..."low gonadal sex hormone exposure in mid-to-late gestation and early infancy predicts higher recalled childhood gender nonconformity in men but not women...results suggest that androgen action is critical to the organization of male-typical play and gender role behaviors"
17) A Cinderella effect..."both husband and wife helped the wife's children from prior unions more than they helped the husband's children, supporting the interpretation of stepfathers' involvement as primarily an investment in the new partnership (“mating effort”)"
18) Transmen and testosterone effects..."Testosterone therapy masculinizes speech and gender presentation in transgender men."
19) A Trivers-Willard effect..."high-income women may prenatally masculinize their sons at the expense of the fitness of their daughters. Women with low income may prenatally feminize their daughters at the fitness expense of their sons."
20) Sex differences in the brain oversold...controlling for brain size, 4 studies find that one can still predict sex with 91%/70%/70%/60% accuracy. 70% would be an effect size d=1.0. That's not nothing. But, where in the brain that differentiation exists seems to vary a lot across samples. There are few sure-fire sex structure differences in the brain.
21) The gender gap in adolescent mental health...566,829 adolescents across 73 countries...Girls have worse average mental health than boys across 4 measures of mental health...More gender equal countries have larger gender gaps in mental health.
22) Gendered movement ecology..."sexual division of labour likely co-evolved with increased sex differences in spatial behaviour and landscape use."
23) Gender gap in publishing..."gender gap in publication rates, unclear whether peer review and editorial processes contribute...manuscripts written by women as solo authors or coauthored by women were treated even more favorably by referees and editors."
24) Gender Differences in the Interest in Math..."national culture promoting high math achievement drives down interest in math schoolwork, but more among girls than among boys due to conformity to peer influence being stronger among girls."
25) Men's attraction to femininity and men's testosterone..."testosterone levels contribute to the strength of men's reported attraction to femininity in women's faces."
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