Counselling in Exeter

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Photo of Shem Lopez - Progressive Psychotherapy , SNCPS Acc., Psychotherapist
Progressive Psychotherapy
Psychotherapist, SNCPS Acc.
Verified Verified
Exeter EX4
As an integrative psychotherapist I use a variety of therapeutic approaches and interventions to support my clients to achieve their goals. I meet each client as the unique individual they are. My focus is on finding the most beneficial way for you to achieve your outcomes I am here to help you get results not just to listen. I offer a safe, comfortable and protective environment in which we can explore concerns to do with your future, past or present that are affecting you. Therapy is about making sense of your internal world and to develop a greater self-awareness which allows you to form more meaningful connections.
As an integrative psychotherapist I use a variety of therapeutic approaches and interventions to support my clients to achieve their goals. I meet each client as the unique individual they are. My focus is on finding the most beneficial way for you to achieve your outcomes I am here to help you get results not just to listen. I offer a safe, comfortable and protective environment in which we can explore concerns to do with your future, past or present that are affecting you. Therapy is about making sense of your internal world and to develop a greater self-awareness which allows you to form more meaningful connections.
01392 321421 View 01392 321421
Photo of Pamela Phillips, MBACP, Counsellor
Pamela Phillips
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Exeter EX1
I work with adults offering counselling for all manner of issues that may be causing distress, confusion, grief or a feeling of being stuck. The counselling relationship is one where we start to feel safe enough to begin to be able to notice and explore our situation from different perspectives. This can be a relief, and transformative in so many ways.
I work with adults offering counselling for all manner of issues that may be causing distress, confusion, grief or a feeling of being stuck. The counselling relationship is one where we start to feel safe enough to begin to be able to notice and explore our situation from different perspectives. This can be a relief, and transformative in so many ways.
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Photo of Nikki Frankum, MNCPS Acc., Counsellor
Nikki Frankum
Counsellor, MNCPS Acc.
Verified Verified
Exeter EX1
My name is Nikki, I am a qualified integrative counsellor registered with the NCS. I understand how difficult life can seem, and how stuck we can become. I am a compassionate, caring therapist who will not judge you. Whatever feelings or circumstances bring you to therapy, I offer you a calm, safe and non- judgmental space where I will encourage you to let go of unhelpful ways of being, that may be holding you back. As an integrative counsellor I will draw on different theoretical approaches choosing techniques to suit your individual needs.
My name is Nikki, I am a qualified integrative counsellor registered with the NCS. I understand how difficult life can seem, and how stuck we can become. I am a compassionate, caring therapist who will not judge you. Whatever feelings or circumstances bring you to therapy, I offer you a calm, safe and non- judgmental space where I will encourage you to let go of unhelpful ways of being, that may be holding you back. As an integrative counsellor I will draw on different theoretical approaches choosing techniques to suit your individual needs.
01392 321499 View 01392 321499
Photo of Kay Vickers, MBACP, Psychotherapist
Kay Vickers
Psychotherapist, MBACP
Verified Verified
Exeter EX1
If you are seeking the opportunity to talk matters though in a non judgemental and safe environment, I provide the support and understanding to empower you to consider the issues you wish to explore. Working together to help you gain a deeper understanding of yourself and why you are experiencing the difficulties that you have. Enabling you to develop new methods of coping with these difficulties. We will explore patterns in your thoughts and behaviours which will help you to gain a sense of control and stability in your everyday life. I am a registered member of the BACP and the NCS.
If you are seeking the opportunity to talk matters though in a non judgemental and safe environment, I provide the support and understanding to empower you to consider the issues you wish to explore. Working together to help you gain a deeper understanding of yourself and why you are experiencing the difficulties that you have. Enabling you to develop new methods of coping with these difficulties. We will explore patterns in your thoughts and behaviours which will help you to gain a sense of control and stability in your everyday life. I am a registered member of the BACP and the NCS.
01392 321960 View 01392 321960
Photo of Naomi Gray, MBABCP, Psychotherapist
Naomi Gray
Psychotherapist, MBABCP
Verified Verified
Exeter EX5
I am an accredited High Intensity Cognitive Behavioural Psychotherapist. I have worked in both private practice and within the NHS. I have particular experience working with additional needs, neurodivergence and OCD. As part of your therapy, I provide written session feedback and help you set and work towards your goals. During our sessions, I will encourage you to think about taking our therapy learning into action. We will think about work you can do not only in our hour together but throughout the week.
I am an accredited High Intensity Cognitive Behavioural Psychotherapist. I have worked in both private practice and within the NHS. I have particular experience working with additional needs, neurodivergence and OCD. As part of your therapy, I provide written session feedback and help you set and work towards your goals. During our sessions, I will encourage you to think about taking our therapy learning into action. We will think about work you can do not only in our hour together but throughout the week.
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Photo of Joanna Ruth Phillips, MA, MUKCP, Psychotherapist
Joanna Ruth Phillips
Psychotherapist, MA, MUKCP
Verified Verified
Exeter EX1
Hello I am a Core Process Psychotherapist. I practice in Exeter and Crediton. I believe we have a longing to be truly seen and heard. In Core Process Psychotherapy, together, we slow down enough to see the ways in which the strategies we have used to cope can keep us stuck long after they are helpful. With this seeing you then have a choice to take another path and be in the world in a freer more satisfying way.
Hello I am a Core Process Psychotherapist. I practice in Exeter and Crediton. I believe we have a longing to be truly seen and heard. In Core Process Psychotherapy, together, we slow down enough to see the ways in which the strategies we have used to cope can keep us stuck long after they are helpful. With this seeing you then have a choice to take another path and be in the world in a freer more satisfying way.
01392 321547 View 01392 321547
Photo of Paul Brennan, MBACP, Counsellor
Paul Brennan
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Exeter EX2
I offer both in person and online support for people experiencing grief, loss or struggling with change. This can be bereavement, loss of a job, end of a relationship or simply feeling a bit lost in life itself. I also work with men's issues as well as LGBT concerns. I offer a safe, confidential and non-judgemental space to unpack issues, explore your feelings and better understand what is going on for you. You may be feeling lost, anxious, uncertain or scared. That's understandable. That's okay. Considering counselling is a brave step. Well done for coming this far. Let's work together to try and find a way forward for you.
I offer both in person and online support for people experiencing grief, loss or struggling with change. This can be bereavement, loss of a job, end of a relationship or simply feeling a bit lost in life itself. I also work with men's issues as well as LGBT concerns. I offer a safe, confidential and non-judgemental space to unpack issues, explore your feelings and better understand what is going on for you. You may be feeling lost, anxious, uncertain or scared. That's understandable. That's okay. Considering counselling is a brave step. Well done for coming this far. Let's work together to try and find a way forward for you.
07710 299651 View 07710 299651
Photo of Rea Pearson, MBACP Accred, Psychotherapist
Rea Pearson
Psychotherapist, MBACP Accred
Verified Verified
Exeter EX2
Experienced & BACP Accredited, sex-positive Gender, Sexuality & Relationship Diversity (GSRD) therapist working with LGBTQIA+ people. Knowledgable about gender, sexuality, transitioning, polyamory, consensual & ethical non-monogamy (CNM/ENM), open relationships, kink, BDSM, D/s, fetishes, sexual Issues, sex workers, swinging, munches, and sex parties. All genders and sexualities welcome. I support people with opening up relationships, or who are into, or experimenting with, kinks or power play. I also see a lot of trans and non-binary clients. I am a fully qualified sex therapist so can help with most sexual issues.
Experienced & BACP Accredited, sex-positive Gender, Sexuality & Relationship Diversity (GSRD) therapist working with LGBTQIA+ people. Knowledgable about gender, sexuality, transitioning, polyamory, consensual & ethical non-monogamy (CNM/ENM), open relationships, kink, BDSM, D/s, fetishes, sexual Issues, sex workers, swinging, munches, and sex parties. All genders and sexualities welcome. I support people with opening up relationships, or who are into, or experimenting with, kinks or power play. I also see a lot of trans and non-binary clients. I am a fully qualified sex therapist so can help with most sexual issues.
01392 531579 View 01392 531579
Photo of James Vincent Cullen, MA, MBACP, Counsellor
James Vincent Cullen
Counsellor, MA, MBACP
Verified Verified
Exeter EX2
Hello. I am James. I am a highly trained, qualified, and BACP registered therapist. If you are on this page it is probably because you are looking for support to make changes in your experience of life. Maybe you want to stop feeling depressed or anxious, overcome trauma, gain confidence, and grow. Whatever changes you are hoping for, I can support you in your process. Choosing a therapist can be really difficult. I hope this page will give you a sense of me and how I work. I offer an initial exploratory session to new clients for free as a way for you to get a feel for what I offer and whether I am what you are looking for.
Hello. I am James. I am a highly trained, qualified, and BACP registered therapist. If you are on this page it is probably because you are looking for support to make changes in your experience of life. Maybe you want to stop feeling depressed or anxious, overcome trauma, gain confidence, and grow. Whatever changes you are hoping for, I can support you in your process. Choosing a therapist can be really difficult. I hope this page will give you a sense of me and how I work. I offer an initial exploratory session to new clients for free as a way for you to get a feel for what I offer and whether I am what you are looking for.
01647 403936 View 01647 403936
Photo of Jo Daley, MBACP, Counsellor
Jo Daley
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Exeter EX1
Through exploring how your life may be impacted by anxiety, depression, fear, anger, overthinking or burnout, we’ll work together developing lasting supportive ways to overcome challenging times. I specialise in relationship issues, family conflict, domestic abuse, childhood trauma, childhood sexual abuse and adult sexual abuse. I tailor your support to enable the exploration, understanding and release of deep-rooted emotions and patterns. I am a BACP registered Psychotherapeutic Counsellor, NLP Practitioner and coach, with almost twenty years experience working in a supportive role with people.
Through exploring how your life may be impacted by anxiety, depression, fear, anger, overthinking or burnout, we’ll work together developing lasting supportive ways to overcome challenging times. I specialise in relationship issues, family conflict, domestic abuse, childhood trauma, childhood sexual abuse and adult sexual abuse. I tailor your support to enable the exploration, understanding and release of deep-rooted emotions and patterns. I am a BACP registered Psychotherapeutic Counsellor, NLP Practitioner and coach, with almost twenty years experience working in a supportive role with people.
01647 401643 View 01647 401643
Photo of Lara Tucker - Lara Tucker Counselling, MNCPS Acc., Counsellor
Lara Tucker Counselling
Counsellor, MNCPS Acc.
Verified Verified
Exeter EX1
Feeling anxious/stressed, having panic attacks, nervous system feeling overwhelmed, feeling low or exhausted, have IBS or other physical symptoms, low self esteem/confidence and subsequently struggling with personal, family or work relationships? It doesn't matter who we are, what age, sex or jobs/positions we have, we can all struggle. I draw from a range of experiences personally and professionally, to help and support you to explore and gain an understanding of the difficulties you experience and their roots, and to build some techniques and strategies to enable you to live a happier, calmer and more fulfilled life.
Feeling anxious/stressed, having panic attacks, nervous system feeling overwhelmed, feeling low or exhausted, have IBS or other physical symptoms, low self esteem/confidence and subsequently struggling with personal, family or work relationships? It doesn't matter who we are, what age, sex or jobs/positions we have, we can all struggle. I draw from a range of experiences personally and professionally, to help and support you to explore and gain an understanding of the difficulties you experience and their roots, and to build some techniques and strategies to enable you to live a happier, calmer and more fulfilled life.
01392 573809 View 01392 573809
Photo of Pooni Evans, MBACP Accred, Counsellor
Pooni Evans
Counsellor, MBACP Accred
Verified Verified
Exeter EX1
It’s natural to be apprehensive and nervous about starting counselling. I offer a compassionate, Humanistic and Person -centred, online therapy across the UK or face to face therapy at my practice in Exeter. I work collaboratively with my clients in order to create the most appropriate and effective ways to support them in their place of struggle. Regardless of the issues my clients bring, I always work with them in a confidential place of safety.  I listen without judgement and give them  opportunities to expand their self awareness  through a range of interventions.
It’s natural to be apprehensive and nervous about starting counselling. I offer a compassionate, Humanistic and Person -centred, online therapy across the UK or face to face therapy at my practice in Exeter. I work collaboratively with my clients in order to create the most appropriate and effective ways to support them in their place of struggle. Regardless of the issues my clients bring, I always work with them in a confidential place of safety.  I listen without judgement and give them  opportunities to expand their self awareness  through a range of interventions.
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Photo of Jessica Sings, MBACP, Counsellor
Jessica Sings
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Exeter EX1
I hear from clients so many times how they feel defected, unlovable and unworthy. I’m here to tell you that its ok to be you! The first step is reaching out for help. The second step is being brave enough to let me walk alongside you through the difficult feelings that you have been carrying for so long. We will get to the other side of healing together. I am a open-minded counsellor, sex-positive, LGBTQIA+, Gender, Sexuality & Relationship Diversity (GSRD) affirming. Also working with clients who are diagnosed or self-diagnosed as neurodivergent (ASD, OCD, ADHD).
I hear from clients so many times how they feel defected, unlovable and unworthy. I’m here to tell you that its ok to be you! The first step is reaching out for help. The second step is being brave enough to let me walk alongside you through the difficult feelings that you have been carrying for so long. We will get to the other side of healing together. I am a open-minded counsellor, sex-positive, LGBTQIA+, Gender, Sexuality & Relationship Diversity (GSRD) affirming. Also working with clients who are diagnosed or self-diagnosed as neurodivergent (ASD, OCD, ADHD).
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Photo of John Doré, MBACP, Counsellor
John Doré
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Exeter EX4
Coming to counselling can feel a little daunting; sharing some of our private thoughts and feelings with someone that we do not know can be hard and can feel a little strange. I will help to make you feel comfortable and at ease by offering you a safe, confidential space for you to talk openly, and at a pace that suits you. I am committed to ensuring that you will feel heard, accepted and understood and I will make every effort to appreciate what it is like to be you and to help you understand your feelings and emotions.
Coming to counselling can feel a little daunting; sharing some of our private thoughts and feelings with someone that we do not know can be hard and can feel a little strange. I will help to make you feel comfortable and at ease by offering you a safe, confidential space for you to talk openly, and at a pace that suits you. I am committed to ensuring that you will feel heard, accepted and understood and I will make every effort to appreciate what it is like to be you and to help you understand your feelings and emotions.
01392 321349 View 01392 321349
Photo of Catherine Roguski, MA, MBACP, Counsellor
Catherine Roguski
Counsellor, MA, MBACP
Verified Verified
Exeter EX3
I work ONLINE and Face-to-Face in Topsham. I have over 40 years experience working effectively in private practice as an integrative holistic healthcare practitioner and previously as a nurse in both the NHS and private healthcare specialising in women’s health. My psychotherapeutic counselling practice draws upon several humanistic, psychodynamic and solution focused approaches incorporating the very best techniques including creative ways of working to best fit your needs. I have a lot of life experience both personally and professionally. I am a good listener. I am not easily shocked.
I work ONLINE and Face-to-Face in Topsham. I have over 40 years experience working effectively in private practice as an integrative holistic healthcare practitioner and previously as a nurse in both the NHS and private healthcare specialising in women’s health. My psychotherapeutic counselling practice draws upon several humanistic, psychodynamic and solution focused approaches incorporating the very best techniques including creative ways of working to best fit your needs. I have a lot of life experience both personally and professionally. I am a good listener. I am not easily shocked.
01392 549042 View 01392 549042
Photo of Lauren Elliott Vincent, MBACP Accred, Counsellor
Lauren Elliott Vincent
Counsellor, MBACP Accred
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Exeter EX4
I have a lot of life experience and understanding of the importance of life and the struggles we all face, through my own trials and professional workings. ​ ​I am an Integrative Counsellor, which means I'm able to draw on a variety of methods and techniques to best assist you maintaining very relaxed, patient led sessions giving you the opportunity to grow and develop as best you can, helping you to help yourself. I work in a variety of ways to help you feel comfortable and open up in a safe space. My approach is based on working in the here and now looking at whats going on for you whilst also paying attention to unfinished cycles
I have a lot of life experience and understanding of the importance of life and the struggles we all face, through my own trials and professional workings. ​ ​I am an Integrative Counsellor, which means I'm able to draw on a variety of methods and techniques to best assist you maintaining very relaxed, patient led sessions giving you the opportunity to grow and develop as best you can, helping you to help yourself. I work in a variety of ways to help you feel comfortable and open up in a safe space. My approach is based on working in the here and now looking at whats going on for you whilst also paying attention to unfinished cycles
01392 573768 View 01392 573768
Photo of Bear Burns, MBACP, Counsellor
Bear Burns
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Exeter EX2  (Online Only)
I offer a warm, informal and grounded presence. You can just be yourself with me. Here, you'll be empowered to safely explore the emotional issues affecting you. As an integrative therapist, I bring multiple therapeutic perspectives to our sessions with an unconventional, down to earth realness, and gentle understanding. Online sessions are available now in August.
I offer a warm, informal and grounded presence. You can just be yourself with me. Here, you'll be empowered to safely explore the emotional issues affecting you. As an integrative therapist, I bring multiple therapeutic perspectives to our sessions with an unconventional, down to earth realness, and gentle understanding. Online sessions are available now in August.
01647 403913 View 01647 403913
Photo of Dr Hannah Marie Galvin, PhD, ACP, Psychotherapist
Dr Hannah Marie Galvin
Psychotherapist, PhD, ACP
Verified Verified
Exeter EX4
I'm a psychoanalytic psychotherapist trained to MA and Doctoral level respectively with adults and children and adolescents. I'm also a visiting lecturer at The Tavistock and Portman NHS Foundation Trust. I have experience of working across the age range with a wide variety of mild to moderate, sometimes more severe presenting problems. Some people see me because they're very unhappy, distressed or worried, others come because they want to understand themselves better and they're curious about why they encounter the same patterns.
I'm a psychoanalytic psychotherapist trained to MA and Doctoral level respectively with adults and children and adolescents. I'm also a visiting lecturer at The Tavistock and Portman NHS Foundation Trust. I have experience of working across the age range with a wide variety of mild to moderate, sometimes more severe presenting problems. Some people see me because they're very unhappy, distressed or worried, others come because they want to understand themselves better and they're curious about why they encounter the same patterns.
01392 321462 View 01392 321462
Photo of Dr Jennifer Richards, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych., Psychologist
Dr Jennifer Richards
Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Verified Verified
Exeter EX4
I work with people who want to explore and make sense of their difficulties or who want to make changes in their life. I work with clients of all ages and can focus on a range of difficulties. Together we will build an understanding of your experiences and help you navigate moving forward with your life. I hold particular expertise in eating disorders, body image issues, low self esteem, clinical perfectionism, depression, anxiety, and interpersonal or relational issues.
I work with people who want to explore and make sense of their difficulties or who want to make changes in their life. I work with clients of all ages and can focus on a range of difficulties. Together we will build an understanding of your experiences and help you navigate moving forward with your life. I hold particular expertise in eating disorders, body image issues, low self esteem, clinical perfectionism, depression, anxiety, and interpersonal or relational issues.
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Photo of Nicola Grieveson, MBACP, Counsellor
Nicola Grieveson
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Exeter EX4
If you are looking for someone with many years of professional experience qualified and professional with a kind, compassionate manner I can help. I have experience with diagnosed mental health issues and everyday struggles with relationships, feeling sad, depressed, anxious and pre occupied with worries. Confidential and private in a relaxed atmosphere.
If you are looking for someone with many years of professional experience qualified and professional with a kind, compassionate manner I can help. I have experience with diagnosed mental health issues and everyday struggles with relationships, feeling sad, depressed, anxious and pre occupied with worries. Confidential and private in a relaxed atmosphere.
01392 573743 View 01392 573743
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See more therapy options for Exeter

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in Exeter

200+

Average cost per session

£55

Counsellors in Exeter who prioritize treating:

91% Anxiety
89% Depression
85% Self Esteem
83% Stress
77% Relationship Issues
70% Bereavement
69% Trauma and PTSD

Average years in practice

7 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

57% AXA PPP
49% Aviva
45% Bupa

How Counsellors in Exeter see their clients

81% In Person and Online
19% Online Only

Gender breakdown

80% Female
19% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in Exeter?

Search for nearby therapists or counsellors by inputting your city, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are members of the main professional associations, mainly the British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy (BACP) and the UK Council for Psychotherapy (UKCP). Most Psychologists in the directory are accredited members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and/or are registered in the Health and Care Professions Council (HPCP).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for psychotherapists and counsellors in the UK, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and experience that enable them to do so in the UK. Psychologists have earned a degree in psychology and many are members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and have completed a postgraduate qualification in a specialism. Counsellors and Psychotherapists are not required to have a psychology degree, but to belong to a professional organisation such as the BACP or UKCP, they are required to have completed a training course as well as clinical and supervision hours.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the UK could be between £30 - £60 when seeing a counsellor and £60 - £150 and up when seeing a clinical psychologist. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The NHS Talking therapies programme offers free of charge counselling for common mental health problems like anxiety and depression. The service is available to anyone registered with a GP, though you do not necessarily need to be referred by your GP and can refer yourself directly to a Talking therapies service. The service will provide different solutions, including group and individual therapy, for a limited number of sessions which are generally up to six.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the BACP, the UKCP, or BPS are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there has been participation in a criminal act or act of terror, or if there is potential or known harm to the client or others, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.