Photo of Dr Stephen Bainbridge, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych., Psychologist
Dr Stephen Bainbridge
Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Verified Verified
York YO30
Hello and thank you for looking at my profile in this directory. I am a senior and experienced Chartered Clinical Psychologist and EMDR Consultant & Clinical Supervisor based in York and located at Clifton Moor. I have worked in private practice for over 15 years and in the NHS in various mental health services for over 22 years.
Hello and thank you for looking at my profile in this directory. I am a senior and experienced Chartered Clinical Psychologist and EMDR Consultant & Clinical Supervisor based in York and located at Clifton Moor. I have worked in private practice for over 15 years and in the NHS in various mental health services for over 22 years.
01347 668080 View 01347 668080
Photo of Aishah Bumadian, MA, MBACP, Counsellor
Aishah Bumadian
Counsellor, MA, MBACP
Verified Verified
York YO10
Life's challenges can test our emotional resilience. When these challenges are unavoidable, they impact our mood and relationships and become too overwhelming that we find it difficult to bounce back from our problems. Recognizing that you aren’t coping well is a major step to healing. While it takes so much courage to reach out, asking for help can be highly rewarding. Instead of facing your problems alone, speaking to a counsellor can help you work through your problems. I offer a safe space where you can be yourself, explore your stressors and find meaning and solutions to your difficulties.
Life's challenges can test our emotional resilience. When these challenges are unavoidable, they impact our mood and relationships and become too overwhelming that we find it difficult to bounce back from our problems. Recognizing that you aren’t coping well is a major step to healing. While it takes so much courage to reach out, asking for help can be highly rewarding. Instead of facing your problems alone, speaking to a counsellor can help you work through your problems. I offer a safe space where you can be yourself, explore your stressors and find meaning and solutions to your difficulties.
01889 227342 View 01889 227342
Photo of Jason Gillery - Yorkshire Counselling Services, MBACP, Psychotherapist
Yorkshire Counselling Services
Psychotherapist, MBACP
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
York YO24
I appreciate that it can feel difficult in asking for help and to put trust in someone you have never met, especially with often upsetting and difficult issues. It can feel like we may have somehow failed or its a last resort in trying to resolve difficulties. I have helped many people like yourself, who also felt unsure initially on what to expect and feelings of trepidation or embarrassment in asking for help. I believe that the therapeutic relationship between counsellor and client is all important to be effective in addressing the issues and helping you to make the changes that you want and to get things back on track.
I appreciate that it can feel difficult in asking for help and to put trust in someone you have never met, especially with often upsetting and difficult issues. It can feel like we may have somehow failed or its a last resort in trying to resolve difficulties. I have helped many people like yourself, who also felt unsure initially on what to expect and feelings of trepidation or embarrassment in asking for help. I believe that the therapeutic relationship between counsellor and client is all important to be effective in addressing the issues and helping you to make the changes that you want and to get things back on track.
01904 917502 View 01904 917502
Photo of Eni Neo, MA, MBACP Accred, Counsellor
Eni Neo
Counsellor, MA, MBACP Accred
Verified Verified
York YO30
I am an accredited counsellor with British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy (BACP). Highly experienced integrative counsellor of more than 10 years. My last job was a student counsellor with University of York supporting both home and international students who were struggling with their wellbeing, helping them to cope with academic pressures. Before that, I volunteered in York Mind and Women's Centre working with clients from various backgrounds in terms of nationality, ethnicity, faith and economic backgrounds.
I am an accredited counsellor with British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy (BACP). Highly experienced integrative counsellor of more than 10 years. My last job was a student counsellor with University of York supporting both home and international students who were struggling with their wellbeing, helping them to cope with academic pressures. Before that, I volunteered in York Mind and Women's Centre working with clients from various backgrounds in terms of nationality, ethnicity, faith and economic backgrounds.
01347 665128 View 01347 665128
Photo of Dr Emma Jackson, PhD, UKCP Trainee, Psychotherapist
Dr Emma Jackson
Psychotherapist, PhD, UKCP Trainee
Verified Verified
York YO1
I’m a York based psychotherapist in advanced clinical training, offering face to face and online therapy. I am passionate about psychotherapy and the healing it can bring and I aim to provide a secure, respectful and non-judgemental atmosphere to enable a positive client-therapist relationship. I have worked in Social Justice settings for over a decade and am professional but down to earth and accepting. I offer a free 30 minute initial session to answer an questions or concerns you may have and to give you the opportunity to decide if I am the right therapist for you. I offer for concessions for students and low income households.
I’m a York based psychotherapist in advanced clinical training, offering face to face and online therapy. I am passionate about psychotherapy and the healing it can bring and I aim to provide a secure, respectful and non-judgemental atmosphere to enable a positive client-therapist relationship. I have worked in Social Justice settings for over a decade and am professional but down to earth and accepting. I offer a free 30 minute initial session to answer an questions or concerns you may have and to give you the opportunity to decide if I am the right therapist for you. I offer for concessions for students and low income households.
01347 665149 View 01347 665149
Photo of Jacqueline Ann Bird - Jacquibird Counselling, MA, MBACP Accred, Counsellor
Jacquibird Counselling
Counsellor, MA, MBACP Accred
Verified Verified
York YO10
Welcome I am a registered MBACP accredited Counsellor/psychotherapist. I am qualified in several modalities of therapy - meaning I can integrate a range of interventions to support you. I work with individuals, couples, families, children and young people. I offer online appointments and face to face appointments in York and Thirsk. I also offer walk and talk sessions in York and Thirsk. I specialise in relationship and psychosexual therapy, trauma and PTSD. If you are experiencing difficulties and would like to talk in confidence, I'm here by your side to support you and help you move forward at your pace.
Welcome I am a registered MBACP accredited Counsellor/psychotherapist. I am qualified in several modalities of therapy - meaning I can integrate a range of interventions to support you. I work with individuals, couples, families, children and young people. I offer online appointments and face to face appointments in York and Thirsk. I also offer walk and talk sessions in York and Thirsk. I specialise in relationship and psychosexual therapy, trauma and PTSD. If you are experiencing difficulties and would like to talk in confidence, I'm here by your side to support you and help you move forward at your pace.
01889 227313 View 01889 227313
Photo of Dorothy Hodgkinson, MBACP, Counsellor
Dorothy Hodgkinson
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
York YO24
You wish things could be different, and don’t know how to go about making that happen. I offer a non-judgemental, safe, compassionate place for you where you can consider the changes you’d like to see in your life. I work with those who are exploring their identity - be that around neurodivergent traits, gender-questioning, or more generally. I also work with those facing life changing circumstances and living loss. Whatever you bring - my aim is to work in partnership with you as we explore the challenges and potential alternative perspectives/strategies so that you feel better able to deal with what life brings you.
You wish things could be different, and don’t know how to go about making that happen. I offer a non-judgemental, safe, compassionate place for you where you can consider the changes you’d like to see in your life. I work with those who are exploring their identity - be that around neurodivergent traits, gender-questioning, or more generally. I also work with those facing life changing circumstances and living loss. Whatever you bring - my aim is to work in partnership with you as we explore the challenges and potential alternative perspectives/strategies so that you feel better able to deal with what life brings you.
01904 935039 View 01904 935039
Photo of Laura Gomez Mejia - Laura Gomez Therapy, MBACP, Counsellor
Laura Gomez Therapy
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
York YO1  (Online Only)
As a person-centred counsellor, I believe that you are the expert of your own life. I work collaboratively with you to identify your goals, strengths, and areas for growth. Together, we will embark on a journey of self-exploration, empowering you to make positive changes and live a more fulfilling life.
As a person-centred counsellor, I believe that you are the expert of your own life. I work collaboratively with you to identify your goals, strengths, and areas for growth. Together, we will embark on a journey of self-exploration, empowering you to make positive changes and live a more fulfilling life.
01347 668106 View 01347 668106
Photo of Natasha Scullane, MBABCP, Psychotherapist
Natasha Scullane
Psychotherapist, MBABCP
Verified Verified
York YO24  (Online Only)
Do you ever get overwhelmed by fear and doubt? You want to take steps forward but your confidence is low. How would it be for you to stop doubting yourself, to feel confident and secure, and to worry less about what people think of you? This is 100% possible for you. Together we can nurture your self-belief, self-esteem and self-compassion. We can address the underlying causes of how you’re thinking and feeling, and celebrate your strengths. You will approach life and take action with renewed confidence. I’m here to guide you towards the person you want to be and the life you want to live.
Do you ever get overwhelmed by fear and doubt? You want to take steps forward but your confidence is low. How would it be for you to stop doubting yourself, to feel confident and secure, and to worry less about what people think of you? This is 100% possible for you. Together we can nurture your self-belief, self-esteem and self-compassion. We can address the underlying causes of how you’re thinking and feeling, and celebrate your strengths. You will approach life and take action with renewed confidence. I’m here to guide you towards the person you want to be and the life you want to live.
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Photo of Hazel Williams, MBACP Accred, Counsellor
Hazel Williams
Counsellor, MBACP Accred
Verified Verified
York YO1
Working in York city centre, I am a BACP Accredited Counsellor offering support to adults with a wide range of issues. These are challenging times and issues that have felt manageable or in the past may have come to the surface.Perhaps anxiety and low self-esteem are impacting on daily life. Maybe you are struggling with changes or decisions that feel out of your control, or feelings of isolation. You may need space to heal after distressing life experiences. I aim to provide a safe and confidential space where we can work together to help you make sense of your experiences, thoughts and feelings at a pace that feels right for you.
Working in York city centre, I am a BACP Accredited Counsellor offering support to adults with a wide range of issues. These are challenging times and issues that have felt manageable or in the past may have come to the surface.Perhaps anxiety and low self-esteem are impacting on daily life. Maybe you are struggling with changes or decisions that feel out of your control, or feelings of isolation. You may need space to heal after distressing life experiences. I aim to provide a safe and confidential space where we can work together to help you make sense of your experiences, thoughts and feelings at a pace that feels right for you.
01347 668114 View 01347 668114
Photo of Dr Persa Maerz, PsychD, HCPC - Couns. Psych., Psychologist
Dr Persa Maerz
Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Couns. Psych.
Verified Verified
York YO24  (Online Only)
Hello, thanks for making the first step to a happier more positive you. I know it is one of the hardest things to do to open up and go through this journey, but we can take it step by step and you will get there. I have been a therapist for almost a decade and see people from all walks of life and different cultures. Whether it is for your child, teenager or yourself I love working with and get along well with each person regardless their age. I am an experienced CAMHS therapist and adult therapist. I have held Consultant, Lead and Supervisor Specialist roles In a number of services and clinics successfully.
Hello, thanks for making the first step to a happier more positive you. I know it is one of the hardest things to do to open up and go through this journey, but we can take it step by step and you will get there. I have been a therapist for almost a decade and see people from all walks of life and different cultures. Whether it is for your child, teenager or yourself I love working with and get along well with each person regardless their age. I am an experienced CAMHS therapist and adult therapist. I have held Consultant, Lead and Supervisor Specialist roles In a number of services and clinics successfully.
01904 803383 View 01904 803383
Photo of Emma Drake, MBACP, Counsellor
Emma Drake
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
York YO1
I’m Emma, a fully qualified BACP registered counsellor, offering face-to-face counselling in central York or, if preferred, online therapy. I understand from personal experience counselling can be a daunting prospect and it can take a lot of courage to ask for support. I am professional but down-to-earth and offer a safe and accepting environment which feels safe for you to share your difficulties. I offer a free 30 minute initial assessment meeting, whereby I can answer any questions or concerns you may have and you can decide if you feel I’m the right counsellor for you. Concessions for students and Blue Light card holders.
I’m Emma, a fully qualified BACP registered counsellor, offering face-to-face counselling in central York or, if preferred, online therapy. I understand from personal experience counselling can be a daunting prospect and it can take a lot of courage to ask for support. I am professional but down-to-earth and offer a safe and accepting environment which feels safe for you to share your difficulties. I offer a free 30 minute initial assessment meeting, whereby I can answer any questions or concerns you may have and you can decide if you feel I’m the right counsellor for you. Concessions for students and Blue Light card holders.
01347 668139 View 01347 668139
Photo of Nicola Birkin - Nicola Jane Birkin
Nicola Jane Birkin
Verified Verified
York YO30
Are you struggling with issues around Eating or an Eating Disorder? Are you feeling uncomfortable with your body and its impacting on your mental health? Are you or a family member avoiding specific foods that you feel concerned about and you want to discuss this further? I am a Specialist Therapist in all these areas and I can help. I have worked in this field for over 20 years with 13 years working in this area in the NHS, more recently I moved to private treatment as Therapist and developing a Day Service again in this area. I also offer dietetic support from a Specialist Dietitian as an option part of the treatment package.
Are you struggling with issues around Eating or an Eating Disorder? Are you feeling uncomfortable with your body and its impacting on your mental health? Are you or a family member avoiding specific foods that you feel concerned about and you want to discuss this further? I am a Specialist Therapist in all these areas and I can help. I have worked in this field for over 20 years with 13 years working in this area in the NHS, more recently I moved to private treatment as Therapist and developing a Day Service again in this area. I also offer dietetic support from a Specialist Dietitian as an option part of the treatment package.
01347 668131 View 01347 668131
Photo of Claire Stewart, DCounsPsych, MBACP, Psychotherapist
Claire Stewart
Psychotherapist, DCounsPsych, MBACP
Verified Verified
York YO24
I am an experienced counsellor of more than 10 years, providing counselling for couples and individuals in York. I offer a warm and open environment to explore, together, some of the difficulties or experiences that may have brought you to counselling. Couples counselling need not be a sign of breaking up. Instead, Couples Counselling provides a safe, neutral space for those who are struggling in their relationship, or wish to address a range of relationship issues. It has the potential to resolve past hurt and present conflict. Attending sessions together can initiate a more productive way of communicating.
I am an experienced counsellor of more than 10 years, providing counselling for couples and individuals in York. I offer a warm and open environment to explore, together, some of the difficulties or experiences that may have brought you to counselling. Couples counselling need not be a sign of breaking up. Instead, Couples Counselling provides a safe, neutral space for those who are struggling in their relationship, or wish to address a range of relationship issues. It has the potential to resolve past hurt and present conflict. Attending sessions together can initiate a more productive way of communicating.
01904 935311 View 01904 935311
Photo of Julie Mitchell - Julie Mitchell Counselling, DCounsPsych, MBACP, Psychotherapist
Julie Mitchell Counselling
Psychotherapist, DCounsPsych, MBACP
Verified Verified
York YO30
Most people, at some point in their lives, experience emotional difficulties. This may be due to traumatic events, overload of stress, or issues stemming back to childhood. Talking through such difficulties can help to validate and make sense of your feelings, work out how to heal, and move on with positivity and meaning in your life.
Most people, at some point in their lives, experience emotional difficulties. This may be due to traumatic events, overload of stress, or issues stemming back to childhood. Talking through such difficulties can help to validate and make sense of your feelings, work out how to heal, and move on with positivity and meaning in your life.
01347 668102 View 01347 668102
Photo of Sally Loaring, MA, MBACP, Counsellor
Sally Loaring
Counsellor, MA, MBACP
Verified Verified
York YO24
I believe that when people talk change can happen. If you have been the victim of Domestic abuse and violence, are coming to terms with childhood abuse and making sense of how this has impacted you now, are looking at loss and bereavement or making sense of your time at Boarding School, I may be a good fit for you.
I believe that when people talk change can happen. If you have been the victim of Domestic abuse and violence, are coming to terms with childhood abuse and making sense of how this has impacted you now, are looking at loss and bereavement or making sense of your time at Boarding School, I may be a good fit for you.
01904 917515 View 01904 917515
Photo of Dr Nicky Bould, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych., Psychologist
Dr Nicky Bould
Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
York YO1  (Online Only)
Hello, I’m Nicky and I am an HCPC registered Clinical Psychologist. I work with people who are experiencing a wide range of concerns. I also specialise in supporting people with physical health conditions and I have been working in NHS cancer services for over 15 years. I have extensive experience of working with people who are living with conditions such as cancer, diabetes, persistent pain, gastrointestinal problems (such as IBS), dermatological issues and also life-limiting illnesses. In addition to this, I also work more generally with issues such as depression, anxiety, grief, stress, relationship difficulties and trauma.
Hello, I’m Nicky and I am an HCPC registered Clinical Psychologist. I work with people who are experiencing a wide range of concerns. I also specialise in supporting people with physical health conditions and I have been working in NHS cancer services for over 15 years. I have extensive experience of working with people who are living with conditions such as cancer, diabetes, persistent pain, gastrointestinal problems (such as IBS), dermatological issues and also life-limiting illnesses. In addition to this, I also work more generally with issues such as depression, anxiety, grief, stress, relationship difficulties and trauma.
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Photo of Geoff Norton, MA, MBACP, Counsellor
Geoff Norton
Counsellor, MA, MBACP
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
York YO60
I am a UK-qualified (PGdip/MA) integrative humanistic counsellor. I have 3 years experience working mainly with people suffering from stress, anxiety, depression and issues around self-esteem. My practice draws on a number of different counselling theories but is primarily person-centred, based on the exploration of thoughts and feelings heard without judgement. I think my clinical training is supported by a rich life-experience. Aside from the UK, I have lived in Spain, the USA, and Colombia. I spent years doing many different jobs before focussing on a career in counselling.
I am a UK-qualified (PGdip/MA) integrative humanistic counsellor. I have 3 years experience working mainly with people suffering from stress, anxiety, depression and issues around self-esteem. My practice draws on a number of different counselling theories but is primarily person-centred, based on the exploration of thoughts and feelings heard without judgement. I think my clinical training is supported by a rich life-experience. Aside from the UK, I have lived in Spain, the USA, and Colombia. I spent years doing many different jobs before focussing on a career in counselling.
01347 668126 View 01347 668126
Photo of Sarah Fawcett, MBABCP, Psychotherapist
Sarah Fawcett
Psychotherapist, MBABCP
Verified Verified
York YO31  (Online Only)
My name is Sarah Fawcett. I am a fully qualified and BABCP-accredited Cognitive Behavioural Therapist working in York, and online via video link. I specialise in treating depression and anxiety disorders. I have over 15 years' experience working as a CBT Therapist for the NHS. I abide by the policies and ethical standards laid down by the BABCP and I have full professional indemnity to work as a therapist in the UK. If you want to book an appointment, do not hesitate to get in touch.
My name is Sarah Fawcett. I am a fully qualified and BABCP-accredited Cognitive Behavioural Therapist working in York, and online via video link. I specialise in treating depression and anxiety disorders. I have over 15 years' experience working as a CBT Therapist for the NHS. I abide by the policies and ethical standards laid down by the BABCP and I have full professional indemnity to work as a therapist in the UK. If you want to book an appointment, do not hesitate to get in touch.
01347 665123 View 01347 665123
Photo of Ruth Tarr, PhD, Psychotherapist
Ruth Tarr
Psychotherapist, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
York YO30  (Online Only)
Hi! I'm Ruth, a Psychotherapist, working with clients aged 8 and up, especially families, and I'd like to help you. Are you struggling with feeling anxious, overwhelmed or uncertain about your life? Do you have a child or young person experiencing anxiety, overwhelm, or having emotional moodswings that may be negatively impacting on family life? Perhaps you feel like you don't know how best to support them? Would you like to feel (or like your child to feel) more resilient, calm and balanced? Would you like help getting comfortable with your uncomfortable feelings?
Hi! I'm Ruth, a Psychotherapist, working with clients aged 8 and up, especially families, and I'd like to help you. Are you struggling with feeling anxious, overwhelmed or uncertain about your life? Do you have a child or young person experiencing anxiety, overwhelm, or having emotional moodswings that may be negatively impacting on family life? Perhaps you feel like you don't know how best to support them? Would you like to feel (or like your child to feel) more resilient, calm and balanced? Would you like help getting comfortable with your uncomfortable feelings?
01347 668074 View 01347 668074
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See more therapy options for York

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in York

200+

Average cost per session

£60

Counsellors in York who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
88% Self Esteem
87% Depression
83% Relationship Issues
80% Stress
74% Trauma and PTSD
66% Bereavement

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

74% Aviva
65% AXA PPP
50% Bupa

How Counsellors in York see their clients

77% In Person and Online
23% Online Only

Gender breakdown

83% Female
16% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in York?

Search for nearby therapists or counsellors by inputting your city, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are members of the main professional associations, mainly the British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy (BACP) and the UK Council for Psychotherapy (UKCP). Most Psychologists in the directory are accredited members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and/or are registered in the Health and Care Professions Council (HPCP).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for psychotherapists and counsellors in the UK, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and experience that enable them to do so in the UK. Psychologists have earned a degree in psychology and many are members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and have completed a postgraduate qualification in a specialism. Counsellors and Psychotherapists are not required to have a psychology degree, but to belong to a professional organisation such as the BACP or UKCP, they are required to have completed a training course as well as clinical and supervision hours.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the UK could be between £30 - £60 when seeing a counsellor and £60 - £150 and up when seeing a clinical psychologist. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The NHS Talking therapies programme offers free of charge counselling for common mental health problems like anxiety and depression. The service is available to anyone registered with a GP, though you do not necessarily need to be referred by your GP and can refer yourself directly to a Talking therapies service. The service will provide different solutions, including group and individual therapy, for a limited number of sessions which are generally up to six.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the BACP, the UKCP, or BPS are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there has been participation in a criminal act or act of terror, or if there is potential or known harm to the client or others, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.