Photo of Alan Bore - Ba Hons - Ukcp Reg - Iaap Mem, MA, BPC, Psychotherapist
Alan Bore - Ba Hons - Ukcp Reg - Iaap Mem
Psychotherapist, MA, BPC
Verified Verified
I am a Jungian analyst and psychotherapist working in consulting rooms in Chepstow and Bath. With 30 years of experience in private practice and managing teams in statutory services. I have a particular interest in eating disorders, relationships, and sexual compulsivity, and work with both individuals and couples – always taking care to create a warm, welcoming environment for clients. My work uses active imagination, symbolism, metaphor, and dream imagery as a way of accessing the unconscious and bringing about meaningful change. I qualified as a transpersonal psychotherapist CCPE in 2000 and started
I am a Jungian analyst and psychotherapist working in consulting rooms in Chepstow and Bath. With 30 years of experience in private practice and managing teams in statutory services. I have a particular interest in eating disorders, relationships, and sexual compulsivity, and work with both individuals and couples – always taking care to create a warm, welcoming environment for clients. My work uses active imagination, symbolism, metaphor, and dream imagery as a way of accessing the unconscious and bringing about meaningful change. I qualified as a transpersonal psychotherapist CCPE in 2000 and started
029 2271 1195 View 029 2271 1195
Photo of Toby Messer, MNCPS Acc., Counsellor
Toby Messer
Counsellor, MNCPS Acc.
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Chepstow NP16  (Online Only)
My name is Toby, and I am a solution-focused and analytical psychotherapist. I centre my work on understanding the root of our behaviour and emotions while striving to facilitate active and meaningful change in the present. By integrating behavioural approaches such as CBT, REBT, DBT, and others with the depth of more analytical approaches like psychodynamic and analytical methods, I can work in a more effective and long-lasting way.
My name is Toby, and I am a solution-focused and analytical psychotherapist. I centre my work on understanding the root of our behaviour and emotions while striving to facilitate active and meaningful change in the present. By integrating behavioural approaches such as CBT, REBT, DBT, and others with the depth of more analytical approaches like psychodynamic and analytical methods, I can work in a more effective and long-lasting way.
01446 501258 View 01446 501258
Photo of Hugo Nieuwenhuizen, UKCP Trainee, Psychotherapist
Hugo Nieuwenhuizen
Psychotherapist, UKCP Trainee
Verified Verified
I frequently say to my clients on meeting them for the first time that they have already taken a big and often difficult step towards self-recognition and seeking help. It is the beginning of a therapeutic relationship where we both look for awareness and some kind of understanding of the issues you feel stuck in. I offer a safe and non judgemental meeting where we can explore your "Gestalt": what is important to you and how you feel inside.
I frequently say to my clients on meeting them for the first time that they have already taken a big and often difficult step towards self-recognition and seeking help. It is the beginning of a therapeutic relationship where we both look for awareness and some kind of understanding of the issues you feel stuck in. I offer a safe and non judgemental meeting where we can explore your "Gestalt": what is important to you and how you feel inside.
029 2271 2284 View 029 2271 2284
Photo of Jane Nicholls, BACP, Counsellor
Jane Nicholls
Counsellor, BACP
Verified Verified
Hi, my name is Jane and I am a qualified Counsellor and Supervisor, and Trainer registered with the BACP. My counselling journey began with a passion for helping others and a desire to make a real difference. I offer a personalised approach and believe that by providing support, promoting healing and fostering self-awareness, you can truly benefit on your journey towards a better place.
Hi, my name is Jane and I am a qualified Counsellor and Supervisor, and Trainer registered with the BACP. My counselling journey began with a passion for helping others and a desire to make a real difference. I offer a personalised approach and believe that by providing support, promoting healing and fostering self-awareness, you can truly benefit on your journey towards a better place.
01291 442665 View 01291 442665
Photo of Clara Butler, BACP, Counsellor
Clara Butler
Counsellor, BACP
Verified Verified
Hello I'm Clara and thank you for visiting my page. Talking to someone about issues you may be facing can often be difficult, so well done for making that first step. Searching for a counsellor can also prove difficult and it is important to find the right one for you. I believe the most important aspect of therapy is the relationship between you and your counsellor. There are many approaches to counselling and as an Integrative Counsellor I work with several theoretical approaches such as Person Centred, Gestalt, Cognitive Behaviour Therapy and Transactional Analysis. I also offer creative ways of working.
Hello I'm Clara and thank you for visiting my page. Talking to someone about issues you may be facing can often be difficult, so well done for making that first step. Searching for a counsellor can also prove difficult and it is important to find the right one for you. I believe the most important aspect of therapy is the relationship between you and your counsellor. There are many approaches to counselling and as an Integrative Counsellor I work with several theoretical approaches such as Person Centred, Gestalt, Cognitive Behaviour Therapy and Transactional Analysis. I also offer creative ways of working.
0117 325 3019 View 0117 325 3019
Photo of Rhiannon Poulsom, MBABCP, Psychotherapist
Rhiannon Poulsom
Psychotherapist, MBABCP
Verified Verified
At times we all feel like we’ve lost hope. The hope that things can improve, the hope our distress will reduce and the hope that we’ll feel less alone. But that hope is never gone for good, and we just need someone to help us find it again. Whether you are struggling with stress, relationship difficulties, past trauma, anxiety, depression or things that you just can’t make sense of, I can help. At times I will guide you, but most importantly I endeavour to support and empower you to take control of your own mental health and instil a renewed sense of hope and emotional wellbeing in a safe and compassionate space.
At times we all feel like we’ve lost hope. The hope that things can improve, the hope our distress will reduce and the hope that we’ll feel less alone. But that hope is never gone for good, and we just need someone to help us find it again. Whether you are struggling with stress, relationship difficulties, past trauma, anxiety, depression or things that you just can’t make sense of, I can help. At times I will guide you, but most importantly I endeavour to support and empower you to take control of your own mental health and instil a renewed sense of hope and emotional wellbeing in a safe and compassionate space.
029 2271 1403 View 029 2271 1403
Photo of Debbie Keenan - Debbie Keenan Ma. Pg Dip. Pg Dip Cbt. Mbacp Accred, MA, MBACP Accred, Psychotherapist
Debbie Keenan Ma. Pg Dip. Pg Dip Cbt. Mbacp Accred
Psychotherapist, MA, MBACP Accred
Verified Verified
Click on the website heading for availability and booking system. Hello, I am Debbie, an accredited, multi award winning psychotherapist and published writer, who has studied psychotherapy for eleven years; I am currently completing a doctorate in psychotherapy. I help clients gain a deeper understanding of their self by working through obstacles, exploring why these may have arisen, and moving on from them. I know how daunting going into therapy can be, but even though making that first step is hard, it is undeniably a step towards healing. I offer confidential psychotherapy for children, adults, couples and families.
Click on the website heading for availability and booking system. Hello, I am Debbie, an accredited, multi award winning psychotherapist and published writer, who has studied psychotherapy for eleven years; I am currently completing a doctorate in psychotherapy. I help clients gain a deeper understanding of their self by working through obstacles, exploring why these may have arisen, and moving on from them. I know how daunting going into therapy can be, but even though making that first step is hard, it is undeniably a step towards healing. I offer confidential psychotherapy for children, adults, couples and families.
029 2267 0631 View 029 2267 0631
Photo of Victoria Tweedie, MBACP, Counsellor
Victoria Tweedie
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Chepstow NP16  (Online Only)
As someone who is neurodiverse myself I work a lot with clients that are also neurodiverse including those with both suspected or diagnosed ADHD, Autism or Autism Spectrum Conditions and Dyslexia. I also have many years experience in working with domestic abuse and sexual violence, I have worked with charities such as New Pathways and the Southmead Project working with a range of clients that have experienced abuse and/or sexual violence.
As someone who is neurodiverse myself I work a lot with clients that are also neurodiverse including those with both suspected or diagnosed ADHD, Autism or Autism Spectrum Conditions and Dyslexia. I also have many years experience in working with domestic abuse and sexual violence, I have worked with charities such as New Pathways and the Southmead Project working with a range of clients that have experienced abuse and/or sexual violence.
029 2271 2661 View 029 2271 2661
Photo of Ewa Szerlich - Eva Szerlich, MBACP, Counsellor
Eva Szerlich
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
I have personally experienced a challenging and transformative life journey, and I am constantly inspired by people's willingness to confront their most painful experiences and strive to improve their quality of life. I believe that facing these difficulties can be the most scary yet liberating way to overcome emotional and mental difficulties, especially if done in the company of another person. This motivation is what drives my work as a counsellor and psychotherapist. I am committed to offering all of my professional knowledge, skills, and personal qualities to support you on this journey.
I have personally experienced a challenging and transformative life journey, and I am constantly inspired by people's willingness to confront their most painful experiences and strive to improve their quality of life. I believe that facing these difficulties can be the most scary yet liberating way to overcome emotional and mental difficulties, especially if done in the company of another person. This motivation is what drives my work as a counsellor and psychotherapist. I am committed to offering all of my professional knowledge, skills, and personal qualities to support you on this journey.
028 9124 4213 View 028 9124 4213
Photo of Hermione Moore, MBACP, Counsellor
Hermione Moore
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
At some point in life we can be left feeling confused, lonely, disconnected from ourselves and unfulfilled in our lives. Sometimes it's hard to understand what's going on, things start to feel out of control or tough to manage alone. Naturally, we want to move forward to a place we can be ourselves in the world. Whether it's relationship difficulties, abuse, depression, anxiety, disordered eating, addiction, grief, loss or stress perhaps even a tough decision, therapy can be a helpful place to gain support.
At some point in life we can be left feeling confused, lonely, disconnected from ourselves and unfulfilled in our lives. Sometimes it's hard to understand what's going on, things start to feel out of control or tough to manage alone. Naturally, we want to move forward to a place we can be ourselves in the world. Whether it's relationship difficulties, abuse, depression, anxiety, disordered eating, addiction, grief, loss or stress perhaps even a tough decision, therapy can be a helpful place to gain support.
0117 463 0363 View 0117 463 0363
Photo of Jack Rochon, MA, MBACP Accred, Psychotherapist
Jack Rochon
Psychotherapist, MA, MBACP Accred
Verified Verified
I am highly experienced & work on all aspects of anxiety and depression but specialise in relationship issues; this can be on your own or as a couple. I also offer psychosexual therapy as a Tavistock Trained therapist; all are available on-line & in person in Cardiff & Chepstow. I act as a highly confidential guide through present struggles that may be dividing your relationship or making you feel depressed. Changing whatever is keeping you emotionally distant or sexually disconnected from partners is a crucial goal. The complexity of maintaining intimacy or experiencing betrayal or simply feeling distant - can be worked with.
I am highly experienced & work on all aspects of anxiety and depression but specialise in relationship issues; this can be on your own or as a couple. I also offer psychosexual therapy as a Tavistock Trained therapist; all are available on-line & in person in Cardiff & Chepstow. I act as a highly confidential guide through present struggles that may be dividing your relationship or making you feel depressed. Changing whatever is keeping you emotionally distant or sexually disconnected from partners is a crucial goal. The complexity of maintaining intimacy or experiencing betrayal or simply feeling distant - can be worked with.
01841 550949 View 01841 550949
Photo of Tom Dalrymple, UKCP Trainee, Psychotherapist
Tom Dalrymple
Psychotherapist, UKCP Trainee
Verified Verified
Hi, I am a trainee Psychotherapist in my fifth year of training towards an MA in Humanistic and Integrative Psychotherapy at BCPC in Bath. I have been seeing clients for two years. My approach is to create a non-judgmental, supportive space that feels safe enough for you to explore.
Hi, I am a trainee Psychotherapist in my fifth year of training towards an MA in Humanistic and Integrative Psychotherapy at BCPC in Bath. I have been seeing clients for two years. My approach is to create a non-judgmental, supportive space that feels safe enough for you to explore.
01452 923080 View 01452 923080
Photo of Alison Peters, MBACP, Counsellor
Alison Peters
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
I am a qualified Counselling Supervisor, Counsellor and Psychotherapist with 22 years experience of working with individuals and young people. I offer my clients safe, confidential and non-judgemental space explore the issues which have brought them to counselling. I work with the challenges in life and am passionate in supporting others to reach their potential, building trust in the counselling relationship encourages risks to be taken to explore issues that are affecting quality of life, counselling enables exploration of behaviours and builds self awareness to enable a better quality of life.
I am a qualified Counselling Supervisor, Counsellor and Psychotherapist with 22 years experience of working with individuals and young people. I offer my clients safe, confidential and non-judgemental space explore the issues which have brought them to counselling. I work with the challenges in life and am passionate in supporting others to reach their potential, building trust in the counselling relationship encourages risks to be taken to explore issues that are affecting quality of life, counselling enables exploration of behaviours and builds self awareness to enable a better quality of life.
0117 456 2850 View 0117 456 2850
Photo of Ivana Hardy, DCounsPsych, MBACP, Counsellor
Ivana Hardy
Counsellor, DCounsPsych, MBACP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Seeking a counsellor can be a daunting process. If you’re having having trouble maintaining nourishing connections or have experienced a recent loss or trauma, I can work with you to find your own insights and strengths, enabling you to move towards more freedom and choice. I recognise the need to feel met within a safe and trusting relationship. Having a sense of safeness in the relationship, between us, is at the heart of effective therapy. If we start by being easy and gentle with ourselves, caring for and being able to understand ourselves more fully, can pave the way for more fulfilment.
Seeking a counsellor can be a daunting process. If you’re having having trouble maintaining nourishing connections or have experienced a recent loss or trauma, I can work with you to find your own insights and strengths, enabling you to move towards more freedom and choice. I recognise the need to feel met within a safe and trusting relationship. Having a sense of safeness in the relationship, between us, is at the heart of effective therapy. If we start by being easy and gentle with ourselves, caring for and being able to understand ourselves more fully, can pave the way for more fulfilment.
01291 445613 View 01291 445613
Photo of Kate Smalldon - Ellipsis Counselling, MBACP, Psychotherapist
Ellipsis Counselling
Psychotherapist, MBACP
Verified Verified
My aim for setting up a therapy practice was to provide help to those who are struggling with life's challenges. Do you feel as though something in your life isn't right? Maybe you've found yourself at a crossroads, unsure of where to go next. You might want support with reaching a decision, or facing your past. You might be looking to address relational/behavioural patterns, or want someone to help you cope through a crisis. It might be none of those things.It could be difficult to explain, and others don't seem to understand:- all you know is that you don't want to feel like it anymore, and you want things to be different.
My aim for setting up a therapy practice was to provide help to those who are struggling with life's challenges. Do you feel as though something in your life isn't right? Maybe you've found yourself at a crossroads, unsure of where to go next. You might want support with reaching a decision, or facing your past. You might be looking to address relational/behavioural patterns, or want someone to help you cope through a crisis. It might be none of those things.It could be difficult to explain, and others don't seem to understand:- all you know is that you don't want to feel like it anymore, and you want things to be different.
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Photo of Justine laura Jamieson - Peach Therapies Limited , MSc, MBACP, Psychotherapist
Peach Therapies Limited
Psychotherapist, MSc, MBACP
Verified Verified
As a highly qualified and experienced therapist, I can support you with a number of worries and events that may be past or present in your life, maybe you have concerns about what will happen in the future? I use a variety of different techniques to support you and am able to adapt my approach to suit your needs. I am able to support adults and children with many issues. I have specialisms in intergenerational trauma (childhood and relationships) and OCD/anxiety. I am completing my professional doctorate where the topic of my research is the both of the above.
As a highly qualified and experienced therapist, I can support you with a number of worries and events that may be past or present in your life, maybe you have concerns about what will happen in the future? I use a variety of different techniques to support you and am able to adapt my approach to suit your needs. I am able to support adults and children with many issues. I have specialisms in intergenerational trauma (childhood and relationships) and OCD/anxiety. I am completing my professional doctorate where the topic of my research is the both of the above.
01788 227945 View 01788 227945
Photo of Chris Northey-Vyse, MBABCP, Psychotherapist
Chris Northey-Vyse
Psychotherapist, MBABCP
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Waitlist for new clients
Hi I'm Chris, an accredited CBT therapist, Dramatherapist and EMDR therapist. I work with children, young people and adults that are struggling with a range of mental health difficulties. I have been a therapist for over a decade and I have worked with all age ranges. My education, training and experience in multiple different settings means I am able to relate to what you might need, allowing us to create an effective treatment plan together. I have a collaborative approach as I know that you are the expert of your experiences. We work together to find the tools and techniques that will best help you.
Hi I'm Chris, an accredited CBT therapist, Dramatherapist and EMDR therapist. I work with children, young people and adults that are struggling with a range of mental health difficulties. I have been a therapist for over a decade and I have worked with all age ranges. My education, training and experience in multiple different settings means I am able to relate to what you might need, allowing us to create an effective treatment plan together. I have a collaborative approach as I know that you are the expert of your experiences. We work together to find the tools and techniques that will best help you.
01225 435158 View 01225 435158
Photo of Jessica Rolfe - Mind Monmouthshire, MBACP, Counsellor
Mind Monmouthshire
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Counselling can be a scary process; our counsellors are skilled at helping you relax so you can talk about the problems you are having at the moment. We will offer you a safe, non-judgemental space to explore the problems you are facing and ways to help you move forward away from them. Within our team we can offer you a wide range of different counselling styles to help you get back on track as soon as possible and away from any emotional distress you have been feeling.
Counselling can be a scary process; our counsellors are skilled at helping you relax so you can talk about the problems you are having at the moment. We will offer you a safe, non-judgemental space to explore the problems you are facing and ways to help you move forward away from them. Within our team we can offer you a wide range of different counselling styles to help you get back on track as soon as possible and away from any emotional distress you have been feeling.
01873 776097 View 01873 776097
Photo of David Carvalho, MBABCP, Psychotherapist
David Carvalho
Psychotherapist, MBABCP
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
At times of feeling low or anxious we often think, “what’s the point of trying it won’t make any difference”, leading to feelings of depression, sadness, fear and tearfulness. This then leads to changes in our behaviour such as withdrawing from others or staying in bed as we mull things over in our heads which makes us feel worse. Additionally, past trauma issues can often leave us feeling overwhelmed or with experiences of flashbacks and nightmares. Relationship issues left unresolved often leave us with a sense of helplessness and relationship breakdown leave us feel confused. Does this sound familiar to you?
At times of feeling low or anxious we often think, “what’s the point of trying it won’t make any difference”, leading to feelings of depression, sadness, fear and tearfulness. This then leads to changes in our behaviour such as withdrawing from others or staying in bed as we mull things over in our heads which makes us feel worse. Additionally, past trauma issues can often leave us feeling overwhelmed or with experiences of flashbacks and nightmares. Relationship issues left unresolved often leave us with a sense of helplessness and relationship breakdown leave us feel confused. Does this sound familiar to you?
0117 325 6741 View 0117 325 6741
Photo of Natalie Joanne Russell, UKCP Trainee, Psychotherapist
Natalie Joanne Russell
Psychotherapist, UKCP Trainee
Verified Verified
Welcome! I'm a psychotherapist in training working towards an MA in Humanistic and Integrative Psychotherapy. Reaching out to get the support you need can be extremely hard but you are not alone. I offer you my compassion, care and understanding as we, together explore whatever has brought you to therapy, ensuring you gain the support you deserve. Through our therapeutic relationship I can support you in exploring your thoughts, feelings and experiences as you reach a deeper understanding of your self.
Welcome! I'm a psychotherapist in training working towards an MA in Humanistic and Integrative Psychotherapy. Reaching out to get the support you need can be extremely hard but you are not alone. I offer you my compassion, care and understanding as we, together explore whatever has brought you to therapy, ensuring you gain the support you deserve. Through our therapeutic relationship I can support you in exploring your thoughts, feelings and experiences as you reach a deeper understanding of your self.
01258 444881 View 01258 444881
1

See more therapy options for NP16

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in NP16

30+

Average cost per session

£55

Counsellors in NP16 who prioritize treating:

87% Anxiety
81% Depression
81% Self Esteem
74% Bereavement
74% Stress
71% Relationship Issues
71% Trauma and PTSD

Average years in practice

9 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

57% Aviva
57% AXA PPP
57% Bupa

How Counsellors in NP16 see their clients

94% In Person and Online
6% Online Only

Gender breakdown

64% Female
36% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in NP16?

Search for nearby therapists or counsellors by inputting your city, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are members of the main professional associations, mainly the British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy (BACP) and the UK Council for Psychotherapy (UKCP). Most Psychologists in the directory are accredited members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and/or are registered in the Health and Care Professions Council (HPCP).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for psychotherapists and counsellors in the UK, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and experience that enable them to do so in the UK. Psychologists have earned a degree in psychology and many are members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and have completed a postgraduate qualification in a specialism. Counsellors and Psychotherapists are not required to have a psychology degree, but to belong to a professional organisation such as the BACP or UKCP, they are required to have completed a training course as well as clinical and supervision hours.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the UK could be between £30 - £60 when seeing a counsellor and £60 - £150 and up when seeing a clinical psychologist. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The NHS Talking therapies programme offers free of charge counselling for common mental health problems like anxiety and depression. The service is available to anyone registered with a GP, though you do not necessarily need to be referred by your GP and can refer yourself directly to a Talking therapies service. The service will provide different solutions, including group and individual therapy, for a limited number of sessions which are generally up to six.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the BACP, the UKCP, or BPS are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there has been participation in a criminal act or act of terror, or if there is potential or known harm to the client or others, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.