Counselling in Lisburn

Photo of Kristian Loughins - Counselling with Krissy, MBACP, Counsellor
Counselling with Krissy
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Lisburn BT28
Is stress or anxiety holding you back, making you irritable and stopping you from being the person you want to be? Are thoughts about the past or concerns about the future overwhelming you? Is life getting on top of you or you're feeling low? I can work with you to help cope with the demands of work and home life, pocess the painful past so that you can focus on enjoying the present, build your self-esteem, be less short-tempered and equip you with tools that you can use now and in the future.
Is stress or anxiety holding you back, making you irritable and stopping you from being the person you want to be? Are thoughts about the past or concerns about the future overwhelming you? Is life getting on top of you or you're feeling low? I can work with you to help cope with the demands of work and home life, pocess the painful past so that you can focus on enjoying the present, build your self-esteem, be less short-tempered and equip you with tools that you can use now and in the future.
07961 928095 View 07961 928095
Photo of Peter Clarke - Mindscenery Counselling, MBACP, Counsellor
Mindscenery Counselling
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Lisburn BT27  (Online Only)
Hi, my name is Peter Clarke. Sometimes we just need to talk to someone outside of our circle. Someone who will listen to us and not advise us. Someone who will offer empathy and acceptance, not judgment and condemnation. In short, sometimes we need to speak to someone who will listen to us, and help us become the person we wish to be. This is the person i am to my clients.
Hi, my name is Peter Clarke. Sometimes we just need to talk to someone outside of our circle. Someone who will listen to us and not advise us. Someone who will offer empathy and acceptance, not judgment and condemnation. In short, sometimes we need to speak to someone who will listen to us, and help us become the person we wish to be. This is the person i am to my clients.
028 9694 3049 View 028 9694 3049
Photo of Christine Crossey - Way Forward CBT and Counselling, MSc, MBABCP, Psychotherapist
Way Forward CBT and Counselling
Psychotherapist, MSc, MBABCP
Verified Verified
Lisburn BT28
Way Forward offers Professional Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, and Specialist Counselling services to Adults, children, and adolescents. I have been supporting people who are struggling with their mental health and well-being for more than 20 years in a variety of settings including the NHS, Private, Voluntary, and Public Sectors. My overall approach to therapy tends to be straightforward and honest, I value transparency and direct communication in the therapeutic relationship.
Way Forward offers Professional Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, and Specialist Counselling services to Adults, children, and adolescents. I have been supporting people who are struggling with their mental health and well-being for more than 20 years in a variety of settings including the NHS, Private, Voluntary, and Public Sectors. My overall approach to therapy tends to be straightforward and honest, I value transparency and direct communication in the therapeutic relationship.
028 9163 8581 View 028 9163 8581
Photo of Megan Williams, MNCPS Acc., Counsellor
Megan Williams
Counsellor, MNCPS Acc.
Verified Verified
Lisburn BT28
Welcome and thank you for visiting my page. I am an accredited integrative counsellor and psychotherapist. Integrative means that I can use different counselling techniques such as Person Centred, Psychodynamic and CBT, this allows me to provide therapy that is best suited to your individual needs. You may be searching here because you want something in your life to change, or because you need a safe place to explore the past and how it may be affecting you now. Whatever the reason I can provide a safe non-judgmental space and work collaboratively with you on this journey to make positive changes in your life.
Welcome and thank you for visiting my page. I am an accredited integrative counsellor and psychotherapist. Integrative means that I can use different counselling techniques such as Person Centred, Psychodynamic and CBT, this allows me to provide therapy that is best suited to your individual needs. You may be searching here because you want something in your life to change, or because you need a safe place to explore the past and how it may be affecting you now. Whatever the reason I can provide a safe non-judgmental space and work collaboratively with you on this journey to make positive changes in your life.
028 9694 3411 View 028 9694 3411
Photo of Iris Brennan - First Step Counselling, Adults, Couples and CYP, DCounsPsych, MNCPS Acc., Psychotherapist
First Step Counselling, Adults, Couples and CYP
Psychotherapist, DCounsPsych, MNCPS Acc.
Verified Verified
Lisburn BT28
Thank you for visiting my page please check out my website- www.firststepcounselling.uk. I am an Integrative Counsellor and Psychotherapist. Integrative therapy is combined approaches that blends elements of different theories. Tailoring my approach to you, there are many ways in which we can explore your individual experience together. My goal is to help you deal with issues or problems you might be having. working together in a safe and confidential place, we can make positive change in your life. In counselling, I can help you see things in different way, will guide you and facilitate your needs to help you feel better.
Thank you for visiting my page please check out my website- www.firststepcounselling.uk. I am an Integrative Counsellor and Psychotherapist. Integrative therapy is combined approaches that blends elements of different theories. Tailoring my approach to you, there are many ways in which we can explore your individual experience together. My goal is to help you deal with issues or problems you might be having. working together in a safe and confidential place, we can make positive change in your life. In counselling, I can help you see things in different way, will guide you and facilitate your needs to help you feel better.
028 9694 3671 View 028 9694 3671
Photo of Ruth Moxen, MSc, HCPC-Art Therap., Psychotherapist
Ruth Moxen
Psychotherapist, MSc, HCPC-Art Therap.
Verified Verified
Lisburn BT27
Hi, my name is Ruth, an Art Psychotherapist. I work with children, young people and adults. I have worked in suicide prevention and self-harm as well as working in primary and post-primary schools alongside my private practice. I tailor the therapy to suit the needs of individual clients.
Hi, my name is Ruth, an Art Psychotherapist. I work with children, young people and adults. I have worked in suicide prevention and self-harm as well as working in primary and post-primary schools alongside my private practice. I tailor the therapy to suit the needs of individual clients.
028 9694 3382 View 028 9694 3382
Photo of Natalia Jane Hodgers, MBACP, Counsellor
Natalia Jane Hodgers
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Lisburn BT27
I am a caring, compassionate & experienced counsellor living and working just off the M1 at Lisburn. I am focused on helping you change negative thoughts & behaviours that may be holding you back from fulfilling your full potential. I work hard in helping you to work through issues in your relationships with an open and helpful approach. Using techniques & strategies to move you forward with the stresses and strains we all face from time to time. I have a warm & welcoming disposition that will help to put you at your ease. Please feel free to contact me anytime.
I am a caring, compassionate & experienced counsellor living and working just off the M1 at Lisburn. I am focused on helping you change negative thoughts & behaviours that may be holding you back from fulfilling your full potential. I work hard in helping you to work through issues in your relationships with an open and helpful approach. Using techniques & strategies to move you forward with the stresses and strains we all face from time to time. I have a warm & welcoming disposition that will help to put you at your ease. Please feel free to contact me anytime.
028 9163 8565 View 028 9163 8565
Photo of Kevin Webb - CBT and EMDR Focused Therapy , MSc, MUKCP, Psychotherapist
CBT and EMDR Focused Therapy
Psychotherapist, MSc, MUKCP
Verified Verified
Lisburn BT27
Whether you have a clear objective or are just trying to figure things out therapy can help you to find the answers you are seeking and move forward in your life.
Whether you have a clear objective or are just trying to figure things out therapy can help you to find the answers you are seeking and move forward in your life.
01571 590093 View 01571 590093
Photo of Carole Chambers, MBACP Accred, Counsellor
Carole Chambers
Counsellor, MBACP Accred
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Lisburn BT28
Hi I'm Carole, thanks for checking out my profile. I have always been interested in people, how we all experience our world, and how life events affect us. I understand that we can have difficulties with thoughts, feelings, circumstances and relationships leading to confusion, low self esteem, lack of confidence, stress and difficulty coping with life. The effects of the Covid 19 pandemic have resulted in more stressful situations, with less effective coping skills, due to isolation, bereavement, fear and lack of opportunity to look after our mental health as we previously did. I understand your experience is unique to you.
Hi I'm Carole, thanks for checking out my profile. I have always been interested in people, how we all experience our world, and how life events affect us. I understand that we can have difficulties with thoughts, feelings, circumstances and relationships leading to confusion, low self esteem, lack of confidence, stress and difficulty coping with life. The effects of the Covid 19 pandemic have resulted in more stressful situations, with less effective coping skills, due to isolation, bereavement, fear and lack of opportunity to look after our mental health as we previously did. I understand your experience is unique to you.
01571 590117 View 01571 590117
Photo of Phil Fairley, MNCPS Acc., Counsellor
Phil Fairley
Counsellor, MNCPS Acc.
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Lisburn BT28
I work in private practice and offer brief solution-focused therapy interventions and long-term integrative psychotherapy. My approach is fully integrative working with clients on a case-by-case basis, because each person brings a unique set of complexities that require an individual and distinctive approach that is tailored to their needs. I am an accredited member of BACP and NCPS. My professional experience has been built up over several years working in a community-based counselling organisation and an Employee Assistance Program, giving me a wide variety of experiences.
I work in private practice and offer brief solution-focused therapy interventions and long-term integrative psychotherapy. My approach is fully integrative working with clients on a case-by-case basis, because each person brings a unique set of complexities that require an individual and distinctive approach that is tailored to their needs. I am an accredited member of BACP and NCPS. My professional experience has been built up over several years working in a community-based counselling organisation and an Employee Assistance Program, giving me a wide variety of experiences.
01571 590065 View 01571 590065
Joan Cummings
Psychotherapist, MSc, MUKCP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Lisburn BT28
Life can throw many challenges and sometimes we can get a bit stuck and not sure what to do to change the situation. I understand that it can be difficult to ask for help but seeking some help is the first step to improving your situation.. Sometimes it is easier talking to someone out side your family circle or friendship group about an issue that is causing you or your family distress and instead to talk to a professional therapist I offer a free 15 minute consultation if you are unsure if talking therapy can help. Therapy can help build self esteem, reduce anxiety , improve relationships with family and peers .
Life can throw many challenges and sometimes we can get a bit stuck and not sure what to do to change the situation. I understand that it can be difficult to ask for help but seeking some help is the first step to improving your situation.. Sometimes it is easier talking to someone out side your family circle or friendship group about an issue that is causing you or your family distress and instead to talk to a professional therapist I offer a free 15 minute consultation if you are unsure if talking therapy can help. Therapy can help build self esteem, reduce anxiety , improve relationships with family and peers .
028 9124 3044 View 028 9124 3044
Photo of Ann O'Hanlon - Dr Ann O'Hanlon, The I Can Centre, PhD, GMBPsS, Psychologist
Dr Ann O'Hanlon, The I Can Centre
Psychologist, PhD, GMBPsS
Verified Verified
Lisburn BT27
Are thoughts of "I can't" holding you back? Talk to us in confidence about our range of supports and become someone who says: "I CAN manage stress / anxiety / worry / anger / low mood", OR "I CAN manage or stop rituals and compulsions incl counting / shopping / cleaning / hair-or skin pulling", OR "I CAN cope and be confident / sociable / productive / myself". Dare to believe at "The I CAN Centre". You CAN have the insights and tools to feel great, be inspired and live your best life!
Are thoughts of "I can't" holding you back? Talk to us in confidence about our range of supports and become someone who says: "I CAN manage stress / anxiety / worry / anger / low mood", OR "I CAN manage or stop rituals and compulsions incl counting / shopping / cleaning / hair-or skin pulling", OR "I CAN cope and be confident / sociable / productive / myself". Dare to believe at "The I CAN Centre". You CAN have the insights and tools to feel great, be inspired and live your best life!
028 2502 2460 View 028 2502 2460
Photo of Prof Melania Anna Duca, PhD
Prof Melania Anna Duca
PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Lisburn BT28
After having taught for seven years at the Faculty of Psychology of an Italian private university, I moved to Northern Ireland where I founded Aletes Mental Health, which I now direct as the CEO. I am a Fellow of the National Council of Integrative Psychotherapists (UK) where I served as an Ethics Committee Member and currently offer Clinical Supervision. During the COVID-19 pandemic, I transitioned my business online, accessing the global market where I still work treating adults, couples, and families from any country in the world. I was trained to provide therapy in English to speakers of other languages.
After having taught for seven years at the Faculty of Psychology of an Italian private university, I moved to Northern Ireland where I founded Aletes Mental Health, which I now direct as the CEO. I am a Fellow of the National Council of Integrative Psychotherapists (UK) where I served as an Ethics Committee Member and currently offer Clinical Supervision. During the COVID-19 pandemic, I transitioned my business online, accessing the global market where I still work treating adults, couples, and families from any country in the world. I was trained to provide therapy in English to speakers of other languages.
07490 076636 View 07490 076636
Photo of Laura Stoops, PhD, MBACP, Counsellor
Laura Stoops
Counsellor, PhD, MBACP
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Lisburn BT28
I have supported people when things are feeling too much and are becoming overwhelming. Things we have to do can build up and up and it can feel like they are forming a brick wall that we need to find a way over. Do you feel this way? Is it a struggle to cope? Do you have racing thoughts, or thoughts that are so loud that you can't focus on anything else? Do you have so much to do that you don't know where to start and you just can't relax? Are you in a safe and supportive relationship now, and feel like hurtful or traumatic experiences from your past are getting in the way of day-to-day life or you fear conflict?
I have supported people when things are feeling too much and are becoming overwhelming. Things we have to do can build up and up and it can feel like they are forming a brick wall that we need to find a way over. Do you feel this way? Is it a struggle to cope? Do you have racing thoughts, or thoughts that are so loud that you can't focus on anything else? Do you have so much to do that you don't know where to start and you just can't relax? Are you in a safe and supportive relationship now, and feel like hurtful or traumatic experiences from your past are getting in the way of day-to-day life or you fear conflict?
028 3829 4789 View 028 3829 4789
Photo of Aisling Sherry, MA, HCPC-Art Therap., Psychotherapist
Aisling Sherry
Psychotherapist, MA, HCPC-Art Therap.
Verified Verified
Lisburn BT27
Hi, my name is Aisling. I am a registered Art Psychotherapist. In Art Psychotherapy we use a range of creative materials to communicate feelings, emotions and experiences. It’s not necessary to be “good” at art as we don’t focus on the final product. It’s much more important that you are open to the creative process; sometimes how we feel isn’t pretty, so the art we create isn’t pretty either. My aim is to provide a safe and confidential space for you to open up and explore your inner world; my role is to hold space for what may come up for you. I aim to meet my clients where they are, with understanding and connection.
Hi, my name is Aisling. I am a registered Art Psychotherapist. In Art Psychotherapy we use a range of creative materials to communicate feelings, emotions and experiences. It’s not necessary to be “good” at art as we don’t focus on the final product. It’s much more important that you are open to the creative process; sometimes how we feel isn’t pretty, so the art we create isn’t pretty either. My aim is to provide a safe and confidential space for you to open up and explore your inner world; my role is to hold space for what may come up for you. I aim to meet my clients where they are, with understanding and connection.
028 9694 3575 View 028 9694 3575
Photo of Justin Bradley, MBACP Accred, Counsellor
Justin Bradley
Counsellor, MBACP Accred
Verified Verified
Lisburn BT27
Hi. Thanks for taking a moment to look at my page. I am a qualified integrative counsellor and an accredited member of the BACP. I am an integrative therapist which caters for the individual needs of each client I work with. I am also an EMDR practitioner which is a highly effective treatment which enables the client to reconcile the maladaptive thoughts and feelings connected to trauma. I firmly believe a strong therapeutic relationship between client and counsellor can pave the way to successful and rewarding therapeutic change. Feel free to visit my website, justinbradleytherapy.com
Hi. Thanks for taking a moment to look at my page. I am a qualified integrative counsellor and an accredited member of the BACP. I am an integrative therapist which caters for the individual needs of each client I work with. I am also an EMDR practitioner which is a highly effective treatment which enables the client to reconcile the maladaptive thoughts and feelings connected to trauma. I firmly believe a strong therapeutic relationship between client and counsellor can pave the way to successful and rewarding therapeutic change. Feel free to visit my website, justinbradleytherapy.com
028 9590 8935 View 028 9590 8935
Photo of Lynne Swain - Lynne Swain, MBACP, BACP, Counsellor
Lynne Swain, MBACP
Counsellor, BACP
Verified Verified
Lisburn BT27
Hi there, thanks for taking the time to find out more about what I can offer you as a fully qualified Integrative Counsellor with extensive experience of working with adults and children with many issues. In a safe, non-judgemental space, together we can sensitively explore your difficulties, to help you overcome and manage these in a more healthy way. I draw from different modalities including Person-centred, CBT and Psychodynamic approaches. With comprehensive training in attachment issues and trauma, I can offer you the best fit, needs-led therapy, tailored to meet your individual needs.
Hi there, thanks for taking the time to find out more about what I can offer you as a fully qualified Integrative Counsellor with extensive experience of working with adults and children with many issues. In a safe, non-judgemental space, together we can sensitively explore your difficulties, to help you overcome and manage these in a more healthy way. I draw from different modalities including Person-centred, CBT and Psychodynamic approaches. With comprehensive training in attachment issues and trauma, I can offer you the best fit, needs-led therapy, tailored to meet your individual needs.
028 9124 4250 View 028 9124 4250
Photo of Orla Turley, MBACP Accred, Counsellor
Orla Turley
Counsellor, MBACP Accred
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Lisburn BT27  (Online Only)
Are you struggling with low self-esteem, confidence issues, knowing your worth or perhaps unable to set boundaries? Do you feel like you always come last and need to prioritise yourself? Maybe you don't feel understood or heard? I can help with that – change is possible! Day to day functioning can be tough when you're not feeling in control of your thoughts and behaviours, help is available. With the right space, support and time you can learn tools to help with day to day functioning. Therapy can help you accept your past and get clarity on the future.
Are you struggling with low self-esteem, confidence issues, knowing your worth or perhaps unable to set boundaries? Do you feel like you always come last and need to prioritise yourself? Maybe you don't feel understood or heard? I can help with that – change is possible! Day to day functioning can be tough when you're not feeling in control of your thoughts and behaviours, help is available. With the right space, support and time you can learn tools to help with day to day functioning. Therapy can help you accept your past and get clarity on the future.
01571 598047 View 01571 598047
Photo of Dr Andrew Mc Gibbon, PsychD, ACP, Psychotherapist
Dr Andrew Mc Gibbon
Psychotherapist, PsychD, ACP
Verified Verified
Lisburn BT27
Waitlist for new clients
I work therapeutically with Children, Adolescents, Parents and Young People up to 25. I help with a range of difficulties, including but not limited to anxiety, depression, trauma, school difficulties, social isolation and identity issues. My experience includes 20 years working in the NHS within The Child & Adolescent Mental Health Services. I also offer Supervision to professionals.
I work therapeutically with Children, Adolescents, Parents and Young People up to 25. I help with a range of difficulties, including but not limited to anxiety, depression, trauma, school difficulties, social isolation and identity issues. My experience includes 20 years working in the NHS within The Child & Adolescent Mental Health Services. I also offer Supervision to professionals.
View
Photo of Alanna Kierans, HCPC - Clin. Psych., Psychologist
Alanna Kierans
Psychologist, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Verified Verified
Lisburn BT27
Not accepting new clients
I am an experienced and compassionate Clinical Psychologist dedicated to supporting people through times of challenge and emotional distress. Through our work together, we will reflect on your experiences to create an understanding of your difficulties that is informed by psychological theory. This understanding, along with clarification of your goals for therapy, will then guide your psychological therapy plan. My aim is always to provide you with the knowledge and skills to reach a point where you no longer need me!
I am an experienced and compassionate Clinical Psychologist dedicated to supporting people through times of challenge and emotional distress. Through our work together, we will reflect on your experiences to create an understanding of your difficulties that is informed by psychological theory. This understanding, along with clarification of your goals for therapy, will then guide your psychological therapy plan. My aim is always to provide you with the knowledge and skills to reach a point where you no longer need me!
028 9694 3278 View 028 9694 3278
1

See more therapy options for Lisburn

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in Lisburn

50+

Average cost per session

£50

Counsellors in Lisburn who prioritize treating:

98% Anxiety
96% Depression
94% Self Esteem
90% Stress
82% Bereavement
80% Relationship Issues
80% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

13 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

54% Aviva
46% AXA PPP
46% Bupa

How Counsellors in Lisburn see their clients

87% In Person and Online
13% Online Only

Gender breakdown

73% Female
27% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in Lisburn?

Search for nearby therapists or counsellors by inputting your city, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are members of the main professional associations, mainly the British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy (BACP) and the UK Council for Psychotherapy (UKCP). Most Psychologists in the directory are accredited members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and/or are registered in the Health and Care Professions Council (HPCP).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for psychotherapists and counsellors in the UK, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and experience that enable them to do so in the UK. Psychologists have earned a degree in psychology and many are members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and have completed a postgraduate qualification in a specialism. Counsellors and Psychotherapists are not required to have a psychology degree, but to belong to a professional organisation such as the BACP or UKCP, they are required to have completed a training course as well as clinical and supervision hours.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the UK could be between £30 - £60 when seeing a counsellor and £60 - £150 and up when seeing a clinical psychologist. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The NHS Talking therapies programme offers free of charge counselling for common mental health problems like anxiety and depression. The service is available to anyone registered with a GP, though you do not necessarily need to be referred by your GP and can refer yourself directly to a Talking therapies service. The service will provide different solutions, including group and individual therapy, for a limited number of sessions which are generally up to six.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the BACP, the UKCP, or BPS are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there has been participation in a criminal act or act of terror, or if there is potential or known harm to the client or others, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.