Counselling in London

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Photo of Wendy Sage, MBACP Accred, Counsellor
Wendy Sage
Counsellor, MBACP Accred
Verified Verified
London NW8
I offer a safe, confidential & non judgemental environment in which to explore & discuss personal & professional concerns, recognise & develop your own resilience & open up to possibilities & opportunities individually or together as a couple. Relationships are difficult, counselling can help you to better understand yourself & others, to manage stress, to expand limiting beliefs & goals & to cultivate new pathways to build skilful communication. We work towards strengthening your ability to face challenges, create self awareness & best potential to bring results for caring and compassionate relationships for yourself & others.
I offer a safe, confidential & non judgemental environment in which to explore & discuss personal & professional concerns, recognise & develop your own resilience & open up to possibilities & opportunities individually or together as a couple. Relationships are difficult, counselling can help you to better understand yourself & others, to manage stress, to expand limiting beliefs & goals & to cultivate new pathways to build skilful communication. We work towards strengthening your ability to face challenges, create self awareness & best potential to bring results for caring and compassionate relationships for yourself & others.
020 3872 2463 View 020 3872 2463
Photo of May Alkasab, MBACP Accred, Counsellor
May Alkasab
Counsellor, MBACP Accred
Verified Verified
London W13  (Online Only)
If you are feeling stuck, trapped, unable to cope with life demands, then it might be a good time to share the load and talk about it in a safe, confidential setting, where I can offer a warm and empathic counselling that might give you clarity in the difficulty that you are facing at this point of your life.
If you are feeling stuck, trapped, unable to cope with life demands, then it might be a good time to share the load and talk about it in a safe, confidential setting, where I can offer a warm and empathic counselling that might give you clarity in the difficulty that you are facing at this point of your life.
01748 901326 View 01748 901326
Photo of Sunny Mason Barnes, MSc, MBACP Accred, Psychotherapist
Sunny Mason Barnes
Psychotherapist, MSc, MBACP Accred
Verified Verified
London W5
You may be stuck with difficult relationships, or work-related issues, or struggling to cope with the loss of someone or even something important to you. You want to move on. It may be difficult to know what you want exactly, but you know that something needs to change.
You may be stuck with difficult relationships, or work-related issues, or struggling to cope with the loss of someone or even something important to you. You want to move on. It may be difficult to know what you want exactly, but you know that something needs to change.
023 8214 6975 View 023 8214 6975
Photo of Nicole Craig, MBACP, Psychotherapist
Nicole Craig
Psychotherapist, MBACP
Verified Verified
London N3
Hi, a safe supporting space is what I can offer you, where you can explore whatever it is that has brought you here. Together we can help you find some inner peace. You don’t have to journey alone anymore. It’s taken courage to get this far, metaphorically I’ll be there holding the pain you carry to help lighten the load, and help shed light where the darkness has been. I offer a nonjudgmental, confidential and caring space for you to talk freely about anything that is bothering you. Together we will help you find authenticity and happiness.
Hi, a safe supporting space is what I can offer you, where you can explore whatever it is that has brought you here. Together we can help you find some inner peace. You don’t have to journey alone anymore. It’s taken courage to get this far, metaphorically I’ll be there holding the pain you carry to help lighten the load, and help shed light where the darkness has been. I offer a nonjudgmental, confidential and caring space for you to talk freely about anything that is bothering you. Together we will help you find authenticity and happiness.
020 3667 9549 View 020 3667 9549
Photo of Dr Natalie Scheiner, DCounsPsych, HCPC - Couns. Psych., Psychologist
Dr Natalie Scheiner
Psychologist, DCounsPsych, HCPC - Couns. Psych.
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
London NW11
Are you feeling overwhelmed by life's challenges, struggling to navigate through difficult emotions and find clarity in your thoughts? Rest assured, you're not alone. There is hope for a brighter tomorrow, and I'm here to guide you on that journey. Picture a life where you feel empowered to confront your fears, heal from past wounds, and embrace a future filled with possibilities. Through our shared reflection, you'll gain insight and discover your inner strength. Together, we'll create a safe space for exploration. With compassionate guidance, I'm committed to helping you find peace and contentment.
Are you feeling overwhelmed by life's challenges, struggling to navigate through difficult emotions and find clarity in your thoughts? Rest assured, you're not alone. There is hope for a brighter tomorrow, and I'm here to guide you on that journey. Picture a life where you feel empowered to confront your fears, heal from past wounds, and embrace a future filled with possibilities. Through our shared reflection, you'll gain insight and discover your inner strength. Together, we'll create a safe space for exploration. With compassionate guidance, I'm committed to helping you find peace and contentment.
020 3838 0573 View 020 3838 0573
Photo of Ros Moseley, DCounsPsych, MBACP, Counsellor
Ros Moseley
Counsellor, DCounsPsych, MBACP
Verified Verified
London SW4
Are you feeling overwhelmed by stressful circumstances, or feeling anxious, confused and perhaps, struggling to fully understand why you feel the way you do? Sometimes, it can be hard to talk to and feel understood, even by those who are closest to you, leaving you feeling isolated and alone. You may be finding it difficult to believe that you can feel differently and move forward with your life. I am a warm, open and empathic person who will respect and value your individuality. I offer a confidential space for you to share your thoughts, feelings and experiences freely, at your own pace and without judgement or expectation.
Are you feeling overwhelmed by stressful circumstances, or feeling anxious, confused and perhaps, struggling to fully understand why you feel the way you do? Sometimes, it can be hard to talk to and feel understood, even by those who are closest to you, leaving you feeling isolated and alone. You may be finding it difficult to believe that you can feel differently and move forward with your life. I am a warm, open and empathic person who will respect and value your individuality. I offer a confidential space for you to share your thoughts, feelings and experiences freely, at your own pace and without judgement or expectation.
01260 545162 View 01260 545162
Photo of Tanya Kuznetsova, MA, MUKCP, Psychotherapist
Tanya Kuznetsova
Psychotherapist, MA, MUKCP
Verified Verified
London W4
I combine my 25 years of corporate experience in business and senior HR roles, my MBA, and my psychotherapy training to support busy professionals with their psychological difficulties in work and personal lives. I offer therapy and coaching to help people resolve or/and learn to manage their issues and find a way forward. I also utilise EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing) which is a unique, evidence based, powerful therapy that helps people recover from problems triggered by traumatic events in their lives. You can learn more about me and how I work on my website www.tktherapy.co.uk.
I combine my 25 years of corporate experience in business and senior HR roles, my MBA, and my psychotherapy training to support busy professionals with their psychological difficulties in work and personal lives. I offer therapy and coaching to help people resolve or/and learn to manage their issues and find a way forward. I also utilise EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing) which is a unique, evidence based, powerful therapy that helps people recover from problems triggered by traumatic events in their lives. You can learn more about me and how I work on my website www.tktherapy.co.uk.
020 8159 1003 View 020 8159 1003
Photo of Anna Christina Jackson, MNCPS Acc., Psychotherapist
Anna Christina Jackson
Psychotherapist, MNCPS Acc.
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
London SW13
I am an integrative psychotherapist. I work across a range of modalities including rational emotive behavioural therapy, cognitive behavioural therapy, parts work, theta healing and interpersonal therapy. I believe it’s important to address the underlying cause first and then to add in some of the evidence based approaches which is why I lean towards to an integrative style in my practice. It also allows for adaptability depending on the patient and the presenting issue(s). In addition to the modern psychological modalities, I am also trained in some of the ancient spiritual practices and mindfulness work.
I am an integrative psychotherapist. I work across a range of modalities including rational emotive behavioural therapy, cognitive behavioural therapy, parts work, theta healing and interpersonal therapy. I believe it’s important to address the underlying cause first and then to add in some of the evidence based approaches which is why I lean towards to an integrative style in my practice. It also allows for adaptability depending on the patient and the presenting issue(s). In addition to the modern psychological modalities, I am also trained in some of the ancient spiritual practices and mindfulness work.
01491 529979 View 01491 529979
Photo of Christian Opyrchal, MA, HCPC-Art Therap., Psychotherapist
Christian Opyrchal
Psychotherapist, MA, HCPC-Art Therap.
Verified Verified
London N19
Hi, I'm Chris. I'm an HCPC accredited arts psychotherapist specialising in helping adults with issues including anxiety, depression, trauma, low self-esteem, and finding meaning in life. My approach integrates various therapeutic techniques tailored to your needs, and as a registered arts psychotherapist, I will often offer creative methods to help you work through challenging processes when words aren't enough. I am a neurodiversity and LGBTQIA+/GSRD affirming practitioner. My fees are on a sliding scale based on affordability, and I maintain a small number spaces for people with low income.
Hi, I'm Chris. I'm an HCPC accredited arts psychotherapist specialising in helping adults with issues including anxiety, depression, trauma, low self-esteem, and finding meaning in life. My approach integrates various therapeutic techniques tailored to your needs, and as a registered arts psychotherapist, I will often offer creative methods to help you work through challenging processes when words aren't enough. I am a neurodiversity and LGBTQIA+/GSRD affirming practitioner. My fees are on a sliding scale based on affordability, and I maintain a small number spaces for people with low income.
020 3376 7956 View 020 3376 7956
Photo of Jo-Anne Karlsson, MSc, GMBPsS, Psychologist
Jo-Anne Karlsson
Psychologist, MSc, GMBPsS
Verified Verified
London SW7
A confidential, non-judgmental space where you can explore positive and challenging aspects of your life and any change you wish to explore or make. I have personal experience in sexual, physical, emotional and mental abuse; divorce; living with a Narcissist; step-parenting and living in an Ex-pat community. The approaches I predominantly use are Solution Focused, Bowenian Systemic approach, Brainspotting or Equine Facilitated Psychotherapy (EFP). All approaches work with clients, though I have found 'Walk and Talk' or EFP best for adolescents or those suffering with PTSD or Trauma, along with Brainspotting.
A confidential, non-judgmental space where you can explore positive and challenging aspects of your life and any change you wish to explore or make. I have personal experience in sexual, physical, emotional and mental abuse; divorce; living with a Narcissist; step-parenting and living in an Ex-pat community. The approaches I predominantly use are Solution Focused, Bowenian Systemic approach, Brainspotting or Equine Facilitated Psychotherapy (EFP). All approaches work with clients, though I have found 'Walk and Talk' or EFP best for adolescents or those suffering with PTSD or Trauma, along with Brainspotting.
01344 567575 View 01344 567575
Photo of Anastasia Moraiti, MA, Psychotherapist
Anastasia Moraiti
Psychotherapist, MA
Verified Verified
London NW1
Making the first step into therapy could sometimes feels hard, however you have made this first step by visiting this page. My experience working with adults and children over the last 8 years allows me to be able to support you to explore your feelings and thoughts and find how they may be impacting your life. My work is focused on trauma, relationships, mental health issues, depression, addictions, anxiety, anger, career, eating disorder and family issues. I am a fully qualified and registered psychotherapist who works in a holistic way taking into consideration all the dynamics.
Making the first step into therapy could sometimes feels hard, however you have made this first step by visiting this page. My experience working with adults and children over the last 8 years allows me to be able to support you to explore your feelings and thoughts and find how they may be impacting your life. My work is focused on trauma, relationships, mental health issues, depression, addictions, anxiety, anger, career, eating disorder and family issues. I am a fully qualified and registered psychotherapist who works in a holistic way taking into consideration all the dynamics.
020 3667 9849 View 020 3667 9849
Photo of Charlie Maguire-King, MBACP, Counsellor
Charlie Maguire-King
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
London SW18  (Online Only)
I help people who are feeling lost, in pain and increasingly unable to cope. I work with people who suffer from debilitating anxiety, depression and trauma and all of the many manifestations these can have in your life such as alcohol and drug abuse, eating disorders and self harm, relationship difficulties, social anxiety, codependency and suicidal thoughts and feelings. Clients I see often, above all else, just want some peace of mind. This often comes alongside self acceptance, healthy relationships with friends and family and a satisfying work life balance.
I help people who are feeling lost, in pain and increasingly unable to cope. I work with people who suffer from debilitating anxiety, depression and trauma and all of the many manifestations these can have in your life such as alcohol and drug abuse, eating disorders and self harm, relationship difficulties, social anxiety, codependency and suicidal thoughts and feelings. Clients I see often, above all else, just want some peace of mind. This often comes alongside self acceptance, healthy relationships with friends and family and a satisfying work life balance.
020 8059 2172 View 020 8059 2172
Photo of Daniel Hutton Liens, MBACP, Counsellor
Daniel Hutton Liens
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
London N7  (Online Only)
I have been working as a therapist for five years, working with a diverse client base and range of presenting issues including depression, anxiety, relationship difficulties and more. I have extensive experience working with Black and Asian clients, as well as with those identifying as LGBTQIA+ and/or neurodiverse.
I have been working as a therapist for five years, working with a diverse client base and range of presenting issues including depression, anxiety, relationship difficulties and more. I have extensive experience working with Black and Asian clients, as well as with those identifying as LGBTQIA+ and/or neurodiverse.
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Photo of Christine Andreasen, MBACP, Counsellor
Christine Andreasen
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
London SE1
People seek counselling for many reasons. There is no rule for what you should and should not attend counselling for. Whether you are facing a challenging phase in your life, suffer from anxiety or depression, want to improve your emotional health, change recurring patterns of thought or behaviour, have relationship or sexual issues or perhaps need to talk to someone in a non-judgemental and confidential environment - counselling can help.
People seek counselling for many reasons. There is no rule for what you should and should not attend counselling for. Whether you are facing a challenging phase in your life, suffer from anxiety or depression, want to improve your emotional health, change recurring patterns of thought or behaviour, have relationship or sexual issues or perhaps need to talk to someone in a non-judgemental and confidential environment - counselling can help.
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Photo of Emdr Treatment - EMDR Treatment , PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych., Psychologist
EMDR Treatment
Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Verified Verified
London W2
At EMDR Treatment we know how powerful EMDR is in treating many mental health problems. We understand how frustrating it can be to find an EMDR Therapist nearby and available and believe that EMDR should be easily accessible, convenient and of the highest quality. Our therapists are all EMDR trained, qualified to deliver the therapy and experienced. We are able to provide EMDR online and face to face in many clinic locations across the UK. We understand the link between experiences we have and the impact these have on our mental health. EMDR can break this link meaning clients can move forward.
At EMDR Treatment we know how powerful EMDR is in treating many mental health problems. We understand how frustrating it can be to find an EMDR Therapist nearby and available and believe that EMDR should be easily accessible, convenient and of the highest quality. Our therapists are all EMDR trained, qualified to deliver the therapy and experienced. We are able to provide EMDR online and face to face in many clinic locations across the UK. We understand the link between experiences we have and the impact these have on our mental health. EMDR can break this link meaning clients can move forward.
020 3974 1288 View 020 3974 1288
Photo of Daniella Shalev, MA, Psychotherapist
Daniella Shalev
Psychotherapist, MA
Verified Verified
London NW3
Life is rarely straightforward. If you’re having a difficult time, it can be helpful to talk with a professional outside your circle of friends and family. Whatever you are going through, I offer a safe, confidential and non-judgemental space for you to explore your life, your past and your present challenges. If you need support, I can help support you as you identify the areas of your life you wish to work on. If you’re seeking change, I can help you achieve it. If you’re living with trauma or a traumatic event, I can help you through the process, examining your choices to help you move forward more positively in your life.
Life is rarely straightforward. If you’re having a difficult time, it can be helpful to talk with a professional outside your circle of friends and family. Whatever you are going through, I offer a safe, confidential and non-judgemental space for you to explore your life, your past and your present challenges. If you need support, I can help support you as you identify the areas of your life you wish to work on. If you’re seeking change, I can help you achieve it. If you’re living with trauma or a traumatic event, I can help you through the process, examining your choices to help you move forward more positively in your life.
020 3960 5222 View 020 3960 5222
Photo of Stéphane Gérard Mayoux, MSc, MUKCP, Psychotherapist
Stéphane Gérard Mayoux
Psychotherapist, MSc, MUKCP
Verified Verified
London EC1R
Not accepting new clients
Our lives can sometimes feel overwhelming. Therapy is a time and a space to be heard, to build awareness, strength and spontaneity. The conversations between client and therapist are unique and precious. Beyond techniques, tools and training, research shows that a successful therapy tends to be based on a relationship, on trust, collaboration and true listening. As a psychotherapist, I am inviting you to explore your own story, in the presence of an attentive and reflective fellow traveller. I work both in English and in French, with clients from diverse countries, ethnicities and cultures.
Our lives can sometimes feel overwhelming. Therapy is a time and a space to be heard, to build awareness, strength and spontaneity. The conversations between client and therapist are unique and precious. Beyond techniques, tools and training, research shows that a successful therapy tends to be based on a relationship, on trust, collaboration and true listening. As a psychotherapist, I am inviting you to explore your own story, in the presence of an attentive and reflective fellow traveller. I work both in English and in French, with clients from diverse countries, ethnicities and cultures.
020 3962 1248 View 020 3962 1248
Photo of Michelle Bativala, MSc, MUKCP, Psychotherapist
Michelle Bativala
Psychotherapist, MSc, MUKCP
Verified Verified
London SW19
Anxiety and Depression can creep up on us at any time, sometimes you don't stop to notice the signs and triggers until you feel at a crisis point and life feels heavy, grey and without any positivity or colour. Counselling can offer a space and someone to listen and help you manage the effects of depression and find out more about the root of anxiety and how to notice triggers.
Anxiety and Depression can creep up on us at any time, sometimes you don't stop to notice the signs and triggers until you feel at a crisis point and life feels heavy, grey and without any positivity or colour. Counselling can offer a space and someone to listen and help you manage the effects of depression and find out more about the root of anxiety and how to notice triggers.
01260 544548 View 01260 544548
Photo of David John Kenrick, MUKCP, Psychotherapist
David John Kenrick
Psychotherapist, MUKCP
Verified Verified
London SW1E
I am a Psychoanalytic Psychotherapist who works in the London Victoria area. My training underlines my belief that sometimes our experiences can leave us feeling insecure or lacking in confidence, making it difficult to form or sustain healthy relationships or cope with everyday life. Talking this through with a psychotherapist can help you to understand and value yourself more. It is not the job of a psychotherapist to tell you what to do but to offer you different perspectives and a different experience of relating.
I am a Psychoanalytic Psychotherapist who works in the London Victoria area. My training underlines my belief that sometimes our experiences can leave us feeling insecure or lacking in confidence, making it difficult to form or sustain healthy relationships or cope with everyday life. Talking this through with a psychotherapist can help you to understand and value yourself more. It is not the job of a psychotherapist to tell you what to do but to offer you different perspectives and a different experience of relating.
020 3974 2839 View 020 3974 2839
Photo of Yossi Koffler, HCPC - Clin. Psych., Psychologist
Yossi Koffler
Psychologist, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Verified Verified
London W1G
My name is Yossi Koffler and I am a Clinical Psychologist, trained in UCL and based in London, UK. With over a decade of experience delivering psychology sessions, I have cultivated a deep understanding of various disciplines including Psychodynamic Psychotherapy, Cognitive Behavioural Therapy Compassion Focused Therapy, and Mindfulness. My aim is always to craft the most suitable solution for each client's unique needs. Whether you're contemplating a shift in your life, navigating past traumas, addressing emotional challenges, or pursuing personal growth, I am here to support you.
My name is Yossi Koffler and I am a Clinical Psychologist, trained in UCL and based in London, UK. With over a decade of experience delivering psychology sessions, I have cultivated a deep understanding of various disciplines including Psychodynamic Psychotherapy, Cognitive Behavioural Therapy Compassion Focused Therapy, and Mindfulness. My aim is always to craft the most suitable solution for each client's unique needs. Whether you're contemplating a shift in your life, navigating past traumas, addressing emotional challenges, or pursuing personal growth, I am here to support you.
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See more therapy options for London

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in London

3,000+

Average cost per session

£75

Counsellors in London who prioritize treating:

90% Anxiety
85% Depression
84% Self Esteem
81% Relationship Issues
79% Stress
66% Trauma and PTSD
62% Bereavement

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

69% Aviva
64% AXA PPP
56% Vitality

How Counsellors in London see their clients

74% In Person and Online
26% Online Only

Gender breakdown

75% Female
24% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in London?

Search for nearby therapists or counsellors by inputting your city, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are members of the main professional associations, mainly the British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy (BACP) and the UK Council for Psychotherapy (UKCP). Most Psychologists in the directory are accredited members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and/or are registered in the Health and Care Professions Council (HPCP).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for psychotherapists and counsellors in the UK, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and experience that enable them to do so in the UK. Psychologists have earned a degree in psychology and many are members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and have completed a postgraduate qualification in a specialism. Counsellors and Psychotherapists are not required to have a psychology degree, but to belong to a professional organisation such as the BACP or UKCP, they are required to have completed a training course as well as clinical and supervision hours.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the UK could be between £30 - £60 when seeing a counsellor and £60 - £150 and up when seeing a clinical psychologist. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The NHS Talking therapies programme offers free of charge counselling for common mental health problems like anxiety and depression. The service is available to anyone registered with a GP, though you do not necessarily need to be referred by your GP and can refer yourself directly to a Talking therapies service. The service will provide different solutions, including group and individual therapy, for a limited number of sessions which are generally up to six.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the BACP, the UKCP, or BPS are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there has been participation in a criminal act or act of terror, or if there is potential or known harm to the client or others, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.