Counselling in Edinburgh

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Photo of Dr Emma Williams - Dr Emma Williams (EmPsych Ltd), PhD, HCPC - Clin. Psych., Psychologist
Dr Emma Williams (EmPsych Ltd)
Psychologist, PhD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Verified Verified
Edinburgh EH2  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
Hi! I'm Dr Emma Williams, Clinical Psychologist and Director of EmPsych limited. People come to me for therapy for help to manage a range of emotional and physical difficulties. I specialise in trauma therapy, adjustment to physical health difficulties, adjustment to and rehabilitation from neurological conditions including Functional Neurological Disorder (FND).
Hi! I'm Dr Emma Williams, Clinical Psychologist and Director of EmPsych limited. People come to me for therapy for help to manage a range of emotional and physical difficulties. I specialise in trauma therapy, adjustment to physical health difficulties, adjustment to and rehabilitation from neurological conditions including Functional Neurological Disorder (FND).
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Photo of Shannon Jones, MA, BACP, Counsellor
Shannon Jones
Counsellor, MA, BACP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Edinburgh EH1  (Online Only)
I am a person-centered counsellor with a background in private practice and independent schools. I believe that healing happens in the context of relationships, and I am dedicated to cultivating a safe and welcoming environment where clients can come as they are and work collaboratively toward their goals. It takes great strength to decide to come to counselling and it has been a joy to witness the healing that happens when clients give themselves space to slow down and process.
I am a person-centered counsellor with a background in private practice and independent schools. I believe that healing happens in the context of relationships, and I am dedicated to cultivating a safe and welcoming environment where clients can come as they are and work collaboratively toward their goals. It takes great strength to decide to come to counselling and it has been a joy to witness the healing that happens when clients give themselves space to slow down and process.
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Photo of Greg Barton, MBACP, Counsellor
Greg Barton
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Edinburgh EH9
Working online and where possible face to face I seek to establish a space and time where you are able to explore those challenges in your life that keep you from moving forward or from leading the life that you aspire to have. ​"When we are no longer able to change a situation, we are challenged to change ourselves." ​ - Viktor Frankl
Working online and where possible face to face I seek to establish a space and time where you are able to explore those challenges in your life that keep you from moving forward or from leading the life that you aspire to have. ​"When we are no longer able to change a situation, we are challenged to change ourselves." ​ - Viktor Frankl
0131 357 3826 View 0131 357 3826
Photo of Craig Miller, MCOSCA, Counsellor
Craig Miller
Counsellor, MCOSCA
Verified Verified
Edinburgh EH1
Not accepting new clients
Anxiety, family/relationship struggles, traumatic past experiences, feeling low...there are lots of reasons that may have driven you in search of someone to speak with. I offer a safe, confidential and grounded space to share whatever might be concerning you. We will explore whatever has led you to seek counselling at whatever pace feels safest and easiest for you. In terms of how you might experience me...Open, warm, grounded, not afraid to have a laugh or shed a tear, sensitive, non-judgemental and welcoming of all regardless of race, age, gender, sexuality or history.
Anxiety, family/relationship struggles, traumatic past experiences, feeling low...there are lots of reasons that may have driven you in search of someone to speak with. I offer a safe, confidential and grounded space to share whatever might be concerning you. We will explore whatever has led you to seek counselling at whatever pace feels safest and easiest for you. In terms of how you might experience me...Open, warm, grounded, not afraid to have a laugh or shed a tear, sensitive, non-judgemental and welcoming of all regardless of race, age, gender, sexuality or history.
0131 381 0175 View 0131 381 0175
Photo of Carolyn Cassidy, MBACP, Counsellor
Carolyn Cassidy
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Edinburgh EH12
Hello and a warm welcome. Counselling is a process in which a trained therapist can help you to understand and deal with difficult emotions that you may be experiencing. These can be linked with previous difficult life experiences. People often seek counselling when they are going through challenging times in their lives. You may be feeling low, anxious or depressed. I can help you make sense of what is happening and try to help you to find ways of dealing with this.
Hello and a warm welcome. Counselling is a process in which a trained therapist can help you to understand and deal with difficult emotions that you may be experiencing. These can be linked with previous difficult life experiences. People often seek counselling when they are going through challenging times in their lives. You may be feeling low, anxious or depressed. I can help you make sense of what is happening and try to help you to find ways of dealing with this.
0131 510 4167 View 0131 510 4167
Photo of Stuart P Morgan-Ayrs Frssa Frsph, MSc
Stuart P Morgan-Ayrs Frssa Frsph
MSc
Verified Verified
Edinburgh EH2
My clients have experienced trauma, neglect, abuse or Adverse Childhood Experiences. Main specialism: Complex Trauma (C-PTSD) & disassociation, depression, NEAD, anxiety, OCD, eating & mood disorders, flashbacks, relationships. Many have multiple diagnosis, underpinned by trauma or emotional "lack". Many have ADHD or ASD. Welcome: students, LGB & poly, ex forces, domestic violence survivors. Specialist post grad certifications include; Trauma, Grief, Anxiety, Depression, ASD, ADHD, Mood Disorders & Integrative Therapy. Many have had therapy before & now want specialist help. I support LGB & Kink.
My clients have experienced trauma, neglect, abuse or Adverse Childhood Experiences. Main specialism: Complex Trauma (C-PTSD) & disassociation, depression, NEAD, anxiety, OCD, eating & mood disorders, flashbacks, relationships. Many have multiple diagnosis, underpinned by trauma or emotional "lack". Many have ADHD or ASD. Welcome: students, LGB & poly, ex forces, domestic violence survivors. Specialist post grad certifications include; Trauma, Grief, Anxiety, Depression, ASD, ADHD, Mood Disorders & Integrative Therapy. Many have had therapy before & now want specialist help. I support LGB & Kink.
0131 322 1320 View 0131 322 1320
Photo of Constantinos Leftheriotis, MBACP, Counsellor
Constantinos Leftheriotis
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Edinburgh EH10
If you’re feeling stressed, worried, depressed or angry; looking for a therapist is a big step and I’m so proud of you. My name is Constantinos and I’d be honoured to embark on this healing journey with you. My approach is based on Cognitive Behavioural Therapy. It’s a scientifically-backed talking therapy that helps you overcome the challenges of life. If you’re ready to take control and develop your resilience for a happier, healthier you - I’m here to support you. You’re not alone. I’ll remove every barrier to your growth, offering affordable therapy services at a time that suits you - including nights and weekends.
If you’re feeling stressed, worried, depressed or angry; looking for a therapist is a big step and I’m so proud of you. My name is Constantinos and I’d be honoured to embark on this healing journey with you. My approach is based on Cognitive Behavioural Therapy. It’s a scientifically-backed talking therapy that helps you overcome the challenges of life. If you’re ready to take control and develop your resilience for a happier, healthier you - I’m here to support you. You’re not alone. I’ll remove every barrier to your growth, offering affordable therapy services at a time that suits you - including nights and weekends.
0131 381 1755 View 0131 381 1755
Photo of Monika Knitter, MBACP, Counsellor
Monika Knitter
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Edinburgh EH1
Are you struggling with feeling powerless? Is sadness or depression weighing you down? It may be that constant anxiety, worry, or low self-esteem prevents you from progressing in life. You may feel that your past is continually replayed in the present, causing confusion. Whatever the problem, you may find that your usual way of coping and addressing issues may not be effective, leaving you feeling helpless. I have found profound relief and liberation through my therapeutic journey. Today, as a fully qualified Integrative Counsellor, with passion and tenderness, I offer this support to you.
Are you struggling with feeling powerless? Is sadness or depression weighing you down? It may be that constant anxiety, worry, or low self-esteem prevents you from progressing in life. You may feel that your past is continually replayed in the present, causing confusion. Whatever the problem, you may find that your usual way of coping and addressing issues may not be effective, leaving you feeling helpless. I have found profound relief and liberation through my therapeutic journey. Today, as a fully qualified Integrative Counsellor, with passion and tenderness, I offer this support to you.
01764 915875 View 01764 915875
Photo of Dr George Reid, PsychD, HCPC - Couns. Psych., Psychologist
Dr George Reid
Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Couns. Psych.
Verified Verified
Edinburgh EH2
Having the right fit (“therapeutic alliance”) with your psychologist is viewed as the most crucial factor in the healing process. I would encourage you to choose a practitioner with a broad life experience as well as a clinical training in a range of evidence-based psychological therapies. A former lawyer, I practised human rights & social justice law for years in the courts in the UK. This led to my interest in psychology & trauma & therapies to overcome psychological difficulties. I’ve lived in Canada, France, Italy & Scotland and have travelled all over the world, so I hope to have a background which may help you.
Having the right fit (“therapeutic alliance”) with your psychologist is viewed as the most crucial factor in the healing process. I would encourage you to choose a practitioner with a broad life experience as well as a clinical training in a range of evidence-based psychological therapies. A former lawyer, I practised human rights & social justice law for years in the courts in the UK. This led to my interest in psychology & trauma & therapies to overcome psychological difficulties. I’ve lived in Canada, France, Italy & Scotland and have travelled all over the world, so I hope to have a background which may help you.
0131 381 0397 View 0131 381 0397
Photo of Evangelia Botsaki, MBACP, Counsellor
Evangelia Botsaki
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Edinburgh EH1
I am a CBT, Trauma-Focused therapist and I have experience working with clients who have experienced anxiety, depression, trauma, PTSD, life changes, loss, relationship issues, self-confidence issues. My goal is to help you find your own solutions – whether that is making effective changes in your life or change the way you view yourself and others and experience relationships. Therapy is a safe and confidential space for you to talk about any issues or concerns you might have.
I am a CBT, Trauma-Focused therapist and I have experience working with clients who have experienced anxiety, depression, trauma, PTSD, life changes, loss, relationship issues, self-confidence issues. My goal is to help you find your own solutions – whether that is making effective changes in your life or change the way you view yourself and others and experience relationships. Therapy is a safe and confidential space for you to talk about any issues or concerns you might have.
0131 381 4705 View 0131 381 4705
Photo of Mary Lira, MNCPS Acc., Counsellor
Mary Lira
Counsellor, MNCPS Acc.
Verified Verified
Edinburgh EH4
My name is Mary, and I am a Pluralistic counsellor who tailors counselling to your unique situation. I blend various methods, adapting to your pace and preferences. We are all unique, and your circumstances, finding your strengths, and exploring your potential are vital aspects of embracing your journey into wellness. The core of my work centres around adapting to your pace and what feels most comfortable for you. Your feedback and preferences are so important!
My name is Mary, and I am a Pluralistic counsellor who tailors counselling to your unique situation. I blend various methods, adapting to your pace and preferences. We are all unique, and your circumstances, finding your strengths, and exploring your potential are vital aspects of embracing your journey into wellness. The core of my work centres around adapting to your pace and what feels most comfortable for you. Your feedback and preferences are so important!
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Photo of Julie Ramage - Julie Ramage CBT, MSc, MBACP Accred, Psychotherapist
Julie Ramage CBT
Psychotherapist, MSc, MBACP Accred
Verified Verified
Edinburgh EH10  (Online Only)
CBT therapist specialising in anxiety, panic and stress. I work with clients to learn techniques and strategies to feel and/or cope better - perhaps after a crisis or trauma; dealing with issues from childhood; or when they are feeling overwhelmed by anxiety, panic or stress. Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) is recommended by the NHS and supported by research. At present I am doing appointments online and by phone.
CBT therapist specialising in anxiety, panic and stress. I work with clients to learn techniques and strategies to feel and/or cope better - perhaps after a crisis or trauma; dealing with issues from childhood; or when they are feeling overwhelmed by anxiety, panic or stress. Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) is recommended by the NHS and supported by research. At present I am doing appointments online and by phone.
0131 510 6124 View 0131 510 6124
Photo of Ruth Micallef - Eating Disorder Specialist, MBACP, Counsellor
Ruth Micallef - Eating Disorder Specialist
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Edinburgh EH3
Do you often feel a sense of guilt or shame around food? Do thoughts of food become intrusive or overwhelming? Are you often binging or eating until you feel uncomfortable or sick? Perhaps you are fixated on 'healthy' or 'clean' eating? Maybe you 'purge' by excessively exercising, restricting, making yourself sick, using laxatives, or have a history of yo-yo dieting? Perhaps you avoid whole food groups and are often called a 'fussy' or 'picky' eater? Or a combination of any of the above? It sounds like you are struggling with an Eating Disorder!
Do you often feel a sense of guilt or shame around food? Do thoughts of food become intrusive or overwhelming? Are you often binging or eating until you feel uncomfortable or sick? Perhaps you are fixated on 'healthy' or 'clean' eating? Maybe you 'purge' by excessively exercising, restricting, making yourself sick, using laxatives, or have a history of yo-yo dieting? Perhaps you avoid whole food groups and are often called a 'fussy' or 'picky' eater? Or a combination of any of the above? It sounds like you are struggling with an Eating Disorder!
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Photo of Iyetomi Adenekan, MBACP Accred, Psychotherapist
Iyetomi Adenekan
Psychotherapist, MBACP Accred
Verified Verified
Edinburgh EH6
Hello and welcome. You’re probably considering making some changes in your life, or you are looking for help to address some difficulties that may be hindering your personal growth. It may be that you are not yet sure what you are looking for. My aim is to support you with compassion and empathy, and help you explore and better understand whatever is going on for you. I will stay alongside you and help you to challenge yourself as you come to terms with past decisions and make some new ones.
Hello and welcome. You’re probably considering making some changes in your life, or you are looking for help to address some difficulties that may be hindering your personal growth. It may be that you are not yet sure what you are looking for. My aim is to support you with compassion and empathy, and help you explore and better understand whatever is going on for you. I will stay alongside you and help you to challenge yourself as you come to terms with past decisions and make some new ones.
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Photo of Eva Chmelikova, MNCPS Acc., Counsellor
Eva Chmelikova
Counsellor, MNCPS Acc.
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Edinburgh EH3
Sometimes all we are looking for is to be really heard. I provide therapeutic counselling for adults, young people and children in non-judgmental way where one can feel truly heard. I offer compassion and insight in collaborative way by integrating a variety of approaches based on needs of the individual client. Maybe you experience low moods and don’t know why. Maybe anxiety and stress takes up too much of your space. Maybe something significant has changed, you moved, lost someone, are on a crossroad and suddenly it feels harder even much harder than ever before. I believe in working in a collaborative partnership.
Sometimes all we are looking for is to be really heard. I provide therapeutic counselling for adults, young people and children in non-judgmental way where one can feel truly heard. I offer compassion and insight in collaborative way by integrating a variety of approaches based on needs of the individual client. Maybe you experience low moods and don’t know why. Maybe anxiety and stress takes up too much of your space. Maybe something significant has changed, you moved, lost someone, are on a crossroad and suddenly it feels harder even much harder than ever before. I believe in working in a collaborative partnership.
0131 381 8441 View 0131 381 8441
Photo of Fiwasade Onifade, DCounsPsych, MBACP, Psychotherapist
Fiwasade Onifade
Psychotherapist, DCounsPsych, MBACP
Verified Verified
Edinburgh EH16
At times issues and difficulties in your life might be causing you to feel unfulfilled or distressed, or even just a sense of unhappiness within you. Counselling is a process of talking about these issues and working through them confidentially with a Counsellor. Counselling also helps you address your problems in a positive way, enabling you to clarify these issues, explore options and increase self-awareness. I will offer you a confidential time and space to explore all of these in a very supportive way. I aim to work with you in a way which offers understanding, support and enables you have new perspectives.
At times issues and difficulties in your life might be causing you to feel unfulfilled or distressed, or even just a sense of unhappiness within you. Counselling is a process of talking about these issues and working through them confidentially with a Counsellor. Counselling also helps you address your problems in a positive way, enabling you to clarify these issues, explore options and increase self-awareness. I will offer you a confidential time and space to explore all of these in a very supportive way. I aim to work with you in a way which offers understanding, support and enables you have new perspectives.
01764 915912 View 01764 915912
Photo of Dr Anna Bak-Klimek, PhD, Counsellor
Dr Anna Bak-Klimek
Counsellor, PhD
Verified Verified
Edinburgh EH12  (Online Only)
Thank you for reading my profile. I am a qualified Cognitive-Behavioural Therapist and Chartered Psychologist currently involved in part-time teaching and research in Higher Education. I have experience in delivering cognitive behavioural interventions under supervision for university students and migrants/refugees. I regularly undertake additional training to strengthen and update my knowledge and skills in the field (e.g. CBT for Children and Adolescents and Adapting CBT to Neurodiverse Individuals). I'm also currently involved in supervising PhD student in the area of acceptability of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy.
Thank you for reading my profile. I am a qualified Cognitive-Behavioural Therapist and Chartered Psychologist currently involved in part-time teaching and research in Higher Education. I have experience in delivering cognitive behavioural interventions under supervision for university students and migrants/refugees. I regularly undertake additional training to strengthen and update my knowledge and skills in the field (e.g. CBT for Children and Adolescents and Adapting CBT to Neurodiverse Individuals). I'm also currently involved in supervising PhD student in the area of acceptability of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy.
0131 381 2496 View 0131 381 2496
Photo of Gary Smith, MUKCP, Psychotherapist
Gary Smith
Psychotherapist, MUKCP
Verified Verified
Edinburgh EH6
Welcome to my personal statement. I am an experienced Psychotherapist and Counsellor, with over 30 years involvement in the personal development field. I bring the breadth and depth of my life experience, and aim to work in collaboration with you to explore the challenges and joys that you face in your life.
Welcome to my personal statement. I am an experienced Psychotherapist and Counsellor, with over 30 years involvement in the personal development field. I bring the breadth and depth of my life experience, and aim to work in collaboration with you to explore the challenges and joys that you face in your life.
0131 381 8214 View 0131 381 8214
Photo of Maggi Scott, BACP, Counsellor
Maggi Scott
Counsellor, BACP
Verified Verified
Edinburgh EH12
From my own life experience & personal development trainings and counselling career, I have a deep compassion and understanding that underpins my work as a therapist supporting people experiencing emotional suffering and difficult circumstances.I have supported clients with many different issues and situations and can offer a wide range of helpful things such as teaching breathwork and visualisations for practising outside sessions. i have extensive experience working with clients experiencing struggles with bereavement, chronic illness, depression, anxiety and trauma.
From my own life experience & personal development trainings and counselling career, I have a deep compassion and understanding that underpins my work as a therapist supporting people experiencing emotional suffering and difficult circumstances.I have supported clients with many different issues and situations and can offer a wide range of helpful things such as teaching breathwork and visualisations for practising outside sessions. i have extensive experience working with clients experiencing struggles with bereavement, chronic illness, depression, anxiety and trauma.
0131 381 0006 View 0131 381 0006
Photo of Noam Simon, MA, MNCPS Acc., Psychotherapist
Noam Simon
Psychotherapist, MA, MNCPS Acc.
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Edinburgh EH1
So often our difficulties make us feel stuck, bound in place. Sometimes we can see we are caught in a loop, but don't know how to get free. Or we know what to do, but just can't seem to do it. And sometimes we don't even know what is making us feel stuck and where to start. Problems with our health, mood, traumatic experiences, changes to our life circumstances such as our employment or living arrangement, relationships, achievements, habits- any of these can make us feel stuck. Even good things such as weddings or promotions can be a stressor that gets us feeling this way.
So often our difficulties make us feel stuck, bound in place. Sometimes we can see we are caught in a loop, but don't know how to get free. Or we know what to do, but just can't seem to do it. And sometimes we don't even know what is making us feel stuck and where to start. Problems with our health, mood, traumatic experiences, changes to our life circumstances such as our employment or living arrangement, relationships, achievements, habits- any of these can make us feel stuck. Even good things such as weddings or promotions can be a stressor that gets us feeling this way.
0131 381 3592 View 0131 381 3592

See more therapy options for Edinburgh

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in Edinburgh

500+

Average cost per session

£60

Counsellors in Edinburgh who prioritize treating:

91% Anxiety
84% Self Esteem
82% Depression
78% Stress
75% Relationship Issues
69% Trauma and PTSD
59% Bereavement

Average years in practice

8 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

63% Aviva
56% AXA PPP
48% Vitality

How Counsellors in Edinburgh see their clients

67% In Person and Online
33% Online Only

Gender breakdown

78% Female
21% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in Edinburgh?

Search for nearby therapists or counsellors by inputting your city, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are members of the main professional associations, mainly the British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy (BACP) and the UK Council for Psychotherapy (UKCP). Most Psychologists in the directory are accredited members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and/or are registered in the Health and Care Professions Council (HPCP).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for psychotherapists and counsellors in the UK, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and experience that enable them to do so in the UK. Psychologists have earned a degree in psychology and many are members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and have completed a postgraduate qualification in a specialism. Counsellors and Psychotherapists are not required to have a psychology degree, but to belong to a professional organisation such as the BACP or UKCP, they are required to have completed a training course as well as clinical and supervision hours.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the UK could be between £30 - £60 when seeing a counsellor and £60 - £150 and up when seeing a clinical psychologist. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The NHS Talking therapies programme offers free of charge counselling for common mental health problems like anxiety and depression. The service is available to anyone registered with a GP, though you do not necessarily need to be referred by your GP and can refer yourself directly to a Talking therapies service. The service will provide different solutions, including group and individual therapy, for a limited number of sessions which are generally up to six.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the BACP, the UKCP, or BPS are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there has been participation in a criminal act or act of terror, or if there is potential or known harm to the client or others, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.