Counselling in Glasgow

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Photo of Joanne Hogan - Joanne Hogan Counselling, MSc, MBACP, Psychotherapist
Joanne Hogan Counselling
Psychotherapist, MSc, MBACP
Verified Verified
Glasgow G33
Are you feeling that things have recently become too much or that you keep having the same issues with relationships coming up again and again? Or are you finding you're just struggling to make any decisions, are you feeling exhausted all the time? Or maybe your Doctor has suggested counselling and before you have dismissed the idea? Now feels like a time you are looking to talk to someone? Taking the step to call me and have a free short consultation may be the best thing you do for yourself today.
Are you feeling that things have recently become too much or that you keep having the same issues with relationships coming up again and again? Or are you finding you're just struggling to make any decisions, are you feeling exhausted all the time? Or maybe your Doctor has suggested counselling and before you have dismissed the idea? Now feels like a time you are looking to talk to someone? Taking the step to call me and have a free short consultation may be the best thing you do for yourself today.
0141 673 0412 View 0141 673 0412
Photo of Selena Meechan, MCOSCA, Psychotherapist
Selena Meechan
Psychotherapist, MCOSCA
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Glasgow G41
Are you feeling disconnected from yourself and your relationship with others? Have you lost your sense of self? I am an integrative Cognitive Behavioural Therapist and I am passionate about working collaboratively with my clients to support them in their journey to a happier, calmer and more fulfilling life. I have experience working with all anxiety based conditions low mood (depression and grief) and low self esteem issues as well as trauma led work, my approach is compassion based and led by my clients needs and goals and also how to maintain the changes they make during their therapeutic journey with me.
Are you feeling disconnected from yourself and your relationship with others? Have you lost your sense of self? I am an integrative Cognitive Behavioural Therapist and I am passionate about working collaboratively with my clients to support them in their journey to a happier, calmer and more fulfilling life. I have experience working with all anxiety based conditions low mood (depression and grief) and low self esteem issues as well as trauma led work, my approach is compassion based and led by my clients needs and goals and also how to maintain the changes they make during their therapeutic journey with me.
0141 673 3118 View 0141 673 3118
Photo of Fiona Perkins, MBACP, Psychotherapist
Fiona Perkins
Psychotherapist, MBACP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Glasgow G33
Waitlist for new clients
Do you feel right now that you're struggling with your problems or just feeling stuck with your direction in life? Be rest assured that my approach comes from a place of compassion, understanding and support which helps to provide a good start to help implement change and enhance personal growth. I'm sure you will find our sessions friendly and authentic to find the best solution to help move you forward in life. Or perhaps you're just needing a safe space to offload right now and seeking a different perspective with no solutions just yet but with someone impartial just to gain a clearer view in life.
Do you feel right now that you're struggling with your problems or just feeling stuck with your direction in life? Be rest assured that my approach comes from a place of compassion, understanding and support which helps to provide a good start to help implement change and enhance personal growth. I'm sure you will find our sessions friendly and authentic to find the best solution to help move you forward in life. Or perhaps you're just needing a safe space to offload right now and seeking a different perspective with no solutions just yet but with someone impartial just to gain a clearer view in life.
0141 280 1640 View 0141 280 1640
Photo of Ellis Reddick, MSc, MBABCP, Counsellor
Ellis Reddick
Counsellor, MSc, MBABCP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Glasgow G51  (Online Only)
I'm an integrative CBT therapist based in Glasgow. I specialise in helping people with anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, and relationship issues. My gentle and non-judgmental approach creates a safe environment for self-exploration.
I'm an integrative CBT therapist based in Glasgow. I specialise in helping people with anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, and relationship issues. My gentle and non-judgmental approach creates a safe environment for self-exploration.
0141 673 1657 View 0141 673 1657
Photo of Dr Cameron Cunningham, DCounsPsych, HCPC - Couns. Psych., Psychologist
Dr Cameron Cunningham
Psychologist, DCounsPsych, HCPC - Couns. Psych.
Verified Verified
Glasgow G2
Waitlist for new clients
Thanks for checking my profile! I work with clients presenting with all types of difficulties. My experiences include but are not limited to working with clients with OCD presentations, depression and generalized anxiety, traumatic childhoods, problems in relationships, in addition to self-harm and suicidal ideation. I am also skilled in trauma-informed approaches to therapy through years of working with refugee and asylum seeker populations. Most importantly, I am here to help you discover your true potential and support you through difficulties you may be experiencing in your life
Thanks for checking my profile! I work with clients presenting with all types of difficulties. My experiences include but are not limited to working with clients with OCD presentations, depression and generalized anxiety, traumatic childhoods, problems in relationships, in addition to self-harm and suicidal ideation. I am also skilled in trauma-informed approaches to therapy through years of working with refugee and asylum seeker populations. Most importantly, I am here to help you discover your true potential and support you through difficulties you may be experiencing in your life
0141 673 5617 View 0141 673 5617
Photo of Cat Graham, MBACP Accred, Counsellor
Cat Graham
Counsellor, MBACP Accred
Verified Verified
Glasgow G12
You may have arrived here because someone has suggested counselling to help you with a difficulty you are experiencing. You may be looking on behalf of a loved one. A health professional may have recommended counselling or perhaps you are feeling lost in your life and wonder if talking therapy might be the answer. Whatever the reason, I will endeavour to help you make the best decision for you and if you choose to enter into counselling with me I will help you to overcome the distress you are currently experiencing.
You may have arrived here because someone has suggested counselling to help you with a difficulty you are experiencing. You may be looking on behalf of a loved one. A health professional may have recommended counselling or perhaps you are feeling lost in your life and wonder if talking therapy might be the answer. Whatever the reason, I will endeavour to help you make the best decision for you and if you choose to enter into counselling with me I will help you to overcome the distress you are currently experiencing.
0141 465 5426 View 0141 465 5426
Photo of Dr Joanna C Livingstone, HCPC - Clin. Psych., Psychologist
Dr Joanna C Livingstone
Psychologist, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Verified Verified
Glasgow G2
If you are struggling and need some advice, someone to talk to, or to understand what you are experiencing then hopefully I can help. It may be that you are struggling with your mood, or a specific problem that is impacting on your everyday life. I can help you to find the answers, structure a programme for you and work with you to help you make the changes that will help you lead a better and more fulfilled life, with an understanding of the issues that are affecting you now. I offer Psychology and coaching sessions depending on your presenting problem.
If you are struggling and need some advice, someone to talk to, or to understand what you are experiencing then hopefully I can help. It may be that you are struggling with your mood, or a specific problem that is impacting on your everyday life. I can help you to find the answers, structure a programme for you and work with you to help you make the changes that will help you lead a better and more fulfilled life, with an understanding of the issues that are affecting you now. I offer Psychology and coaching sessions depending on your presenting problem.
0141 673 8397 View 0141 673 8397
Photo of Martin Cameron Frater - Martin Frater - CampfireCounselling , MBACP, Counsellor
Martin Frater - CampfireCounselling
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Glasgow G44
Hi my name is Martin and my key belief is that the outdoor environment is healing and can add real depth to counselling sessions.I specialise in providing counselling sessions in the natural world. Our daily lives are often so busy that we don’t have a moment too think of the bigger picture. Counselling does not provide any magic wands. What counselling can do is offer a safe space in the storm where you can pause and really take stock of what is happening.
Hi my name is Martin and my key belief is that the outdoor environment is healing and can add real depth to counselling sessions.I specialise in providing counselling sessions in the natural world. Our daily lives are often so busy that we don’t have a moment too think of the bigger picture. Counselling does not provide any magic wands. What counselling can do is offer a safe space in the storm where you can pause and really take stock of what is happening.
0141 673 5469 View 0141 673 5469
Photo of Lisa MacCallum, MCOSCA, Counsellor
Lisa MacCallum
Counsellor, MCOSCA
Verified Verified
Glasgow G14  (Online Only)
I am a qualified Cognitive Behavioural Therapist (CBT) providing therapy for a range of issues which affect individuals. I work collaboratively with clients to identify and work towards goals to make positive and lasting changes. Life can be hard sometimes and it can be difficult to take steps to get help. My role is to sit alongside you, support you, encourage you and help you to achieve what you choose.
I am a qualified Cognitive Behavioural Therapist (CBT) providing therapy for a range of issues which affect individuals. I work collaboratively with clients to identify and work towards goals to make positive and lasting changes. Life can be hard sometimes and it can be difficult to take steps to get help. My role is to sit alongside you, support you, encourage you and help you to achieve what you choose.
0141 673 6674 View 0141 673 6674
Photo of Shoma Mazumder, MBACP, Counsellor
Shoma Mazumder
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Glasgow G41
I offer a safe and confidential space to explore new perspectives on current or recurring issues you may be aware of experiencing in relationships – personal, professional, self - which have maybe made you feel stuck or unsure of how to make meaningful change, as you move through life. Sometimes, we notice discomfort or pain in the body, which can be ways that suppressed emotions can show up in us. I aim to build a secure, safe, professional therapeutic relationship that will allow you to explore these aspects at your own pace.
I offer a safe and confidential space to explore new perspectives on current or recurring issues you may be aware of experiencing in relationships – personal, professional, self - which have maybe made you feel stuck or unsure of how to make meaningful change, as you move through life. Sometimes, we notice discomfort or pain in the body, which can be ways that suppressed emotions can show up in us. I aim to build a secure, safe, professional therapeutic relationship that will allow you to explore these aspects at your own pace.
0141 465 5498 View 0141 465 5498
Photo of Denise Tierney, MSc, MBACP, Counsellor
Denise Tierney
Counsellor, MSc, MBACP
Verified Verified
Glasgow G12  (Online Only)
People come to therapy for a number of different reasons and it's important you feel you find the right therapist for you. Maybe you are fed up with constantly feeling tired, worried, under pressure or thinking no matter what you do, you still feel the same? Or maybe you recognise a behaviour or pattern that's holding you back in your career or personal life? Perhaps its affecting your relationships with the people you care most about? Maybe you feel disconnected from who you are? I get it. And I appreciate how overwhelming it can be to reach out for therapy and begin the process, so thank you for making that first step today.
People come to therapy for a number of different reasons and it's important you feel you find the right therapist for you. Maybe you are fed up with constantly feeling tired, worried, under pressure or thinking no matter what you do, you still feel the same? Or maybe you recognise a behaviour or pattern that's holding you back in your career or personal life? Perhaps its affecting your relationships with the people you care most about? Maybe you feel disconnected from who you are? I get it. And I appreciate how overwhelming it can be to reach out for therapy and begin the process, so thank you for making that first step today.
0141 673 3529 View 0141 673 3529
Photo of Olivia Keller - Olivia Keller Wellbeing Services, MSc, MBABCP, Psychotherapist
Olivia Keller Wellbeing Services
Psychotherapist, MSc, MBABCP
Verified Verified
Glasgow G2  (Online Only)
Are you looking for help with adjusting to change? Maybe you're living abroad and struggling with culture shock. Or maybe your new role at work is causing you anxiety. I'm here to help you navigate these transitions. I have worked with business professionals from different industries (healthcare, start-ups, global organisations, academia) on topics such as stress management, anxiety, adjusting to a new culture, dealing with workplace issues, work-life balance, living according to your values, and building up your self-esteem. I can support you with making key changes so you can achieve your personal and professional goals.
Are you looking for help with adjusting to change? Maybe you're living abroad and struggling with culture shock. Or maybe your new role at work is causing you anxiety. I'm here to help you navigate these transitions. I have worked with business professionals from different industries (healthcare, start-ups, global organisations, academia) on topics such as stress management, anxiety, adjusting to a new culture, dealing with workplace issues, work-life balance, living according to your values, and building up your self-esteem. I can support you with making key changes so you can achieve your personal and professional goals.
0141 673 6862 View 0141 673 6862
Photo of Refana Saleem, MSc, PMCOSCA, Counsellor
Refana Saleem Saleem
Counsellor, MSc, PMCOSCA
Verified Verified
Glasgow G67
I have vast experience of working in areas such as: Affairs, Communication Breakdown, Conflict, Abuse, and Trauma. I work with each person's uniqueness in diverse situations including supporting each individual to find more satisfying ways to manage the challenges they are experiencing such as Anxiety, Low Mood, Depression or even Bereavement . I also offer Supervision to Counsellors and those in the helping professions. I also offer telephone and Online Counselling. I am a COSCA Practitioner Member. I have a Masters in Counselling from Abertay University. I have a Diploma in Relationship Counselling and I am also a Trainer.
I have vast experience of working in areas such as: Affairs, Communication Breakdown, Conflict, Abuse, and Trauma. I work with each person's uniqueness in diverse situations including supporting each individual to find more satisfying ways to manage the challenges they are experiencing such as Anxiety, Low Mood, Depression or even Bereavement . I also offer Supervision to Counsellors and those in the helping professions. I also offer telephone and Online Counselling. I am a COSCA Practitioner Member. I have a Masters in Counselling from Abertay University. I have a Diploma in Relationship Counselling and I am also a Trainer.
01236 914479 View 01236 914479
Photo of Kerimeh Mia Irvine - HolisticMe , Psychotherapist
HolisticMe
Psychotherapist
Verified Verified
Glasgow G12
I’m a qualified CBT therapist, Yoga instructor, and studied somatic psychotherapy (movement based). At times life can feel very over whelming, we can lose perspective and fall into a pattern of unhealthy habits. These behaviours may be your coping strategies to help you feel better but aren’t so helpful to your physical and mental well being resulting in feeling anxious and depressed. Having an outside perspective on what’s going on in your life can help refocus your mind and realign your life style with your core values so you can begin living with balance, integrity and autonomy.
I’m a qualified CBT therapist, Yoga instructor, and studied somatic psychotherapy (movement based). At times life can feel very over whelming, we can lose perspective and fall into a pattern of unhealthy habits. These behaviours may be your coping strategies to help you feel better but aren’t so helpful to your physical and mental well being resulting in feeling anxious and depressed. Having an outside perspective on what’s going on in your life can help refocus your mind and realign your life style with your core values so you can begin living with balance, integrity and autonomy.
01236 809211 View 01236 809211
Photo of Stacey-Jo Speirits - SJ Speirits CBT therapist , MBABCP, Psychotherapist
SJ Speirits CBT therapist
Psychotherapist, MBABCP
Verified Verified
Glasgow G33
Hi, I'm SJ a fully trained and insured Cognitive Behavioural Therapist. I believe that therapy is a collaborative process where clients and therapists work together. My approach is rooted in CBT, a proven method for addressing a wide range of life's challenges. I strive to create a safe and inspiring space where you can develop the skills and strategies to work on whatever you may be struggling with. I am committed to making you feel at ease and helping you reach your goals. I can help you with Anxiety - Worry - Fears & Phobias - ADHD - Addictions - Low Self Esteem - Loss- Low Mood - Depression - OCD - Frustration - Anger
Hi, I'm SJ a fully trained and insured Cognitive Behavioural Therapist. I believe that therapy is a collaborative process where clients and therapists work together. My approach is rooted in CBT, a proven method for addressing a wide range of life's challenges. I strive to create a safe and inspiring space where you can develop the skills and strategies to work on whatever you may be struggling with. I am committed to making you feel at ease and helping you reach your goals. I can help you with Anxiety - Worry - Fears & Phobias - ADHD - Addictions - Low Self Esteem - Loss- Low Mood - Depression - OCD - Frustration - Anger
0141 673 0799 View 0141 673 0799
Photo of Laura Hunter, MBACP Accred, Psychotherapist
Laura Hunter
Psychotherapist, MBACP Accred
Verified Verified
Glasgow G3  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
Hi I'm Laura & I am an experienced CBT therapist specialising in the treatment of anxiety and OCD. I am based in Glasgow city centre but offer online therapy to clients throughout the UK. Finding the right therapist can be a daunting task particularly if you are looking for a particular approach or skill set and it's so important to find someone you can trust and connect with. I help clients to identify, challenge and overcome their negative thought processes and unhelpful coping strategies that no longer serve them. I am also knowledgeable and experienced in using exposure response prevention techniques in the treatments of OCD.
Hi I'm Laura & I am an experienced CBT therapist specialising in the treatment of anxiety and OCD. I am based in Glasgow city centre but offer online therapy to clients throughout the UK. Finding the right therapist can be a daunting task particularly if you are looking for a particular approach or skill set and it's so important to find someone you can trust and connect with. I help clients to identify, challenge and overcome their negative thought processes and unhelpful coping strategies that no longer serve them. I am also knowledgeable and experienced in using exposure response prevention techniques in the treatments of OCD.
0141 465 5898 View 0141 465 5898
Photo of Saad Malik, MRes, MBACP, Counsellor
Saad Malik
Counsellor, MRes, MBACP
Verified Verified
Glasgow G42
Waitlist for new clients
I am a psychodynamic counsellor based in Glasgow. I offer both in-person and online therapy. I can support you with anxiety, depression, trauma, abuse and LGBTQI+ issues. Working with me will allow you to understand the impact of the past on your current situation and find creative ways for moving forward.
I am a psychodynamic counsellor based in Glasgow. I offer both in-person and online therapy. I can support you with anxiety, depression, trauma, abuse and LGBTQI+ issues. Working with me will allow you to understand the impact of the past on your current situation and find creative ways for moving forward.
0141 673 4833 View 0141 673 4833
Photo of Gayathri Rajaraman, MSc, MBACP, Counsellor
Gayathri Rajaraman
Counsellor, MSc, MBACP
Verified Verified
Glasgow G3
In my practice as a person-centred therapist, my philosophy is to consider and centre you as the experiencer, astute observer and active driver of your own life. For example, I believe that when you feel the life you have been living is causing you to experience discomfort, confusion, frustration and sadness, you may make a conscious choice to change it for yourself. One of the steps you may consider is choosing to have a space where you can think aloud, feel openly and talk freely. This is why the counselling practice I am part of is called “Think Feel Talk”. ​
In my practice as a person-centred therapist, my philosophy is to consider and centre you as the experiencer, astute observer and active driver of your own life. For example, I believe that when you feel the life you have been living is causing you to experience discomfort, confusion, frustration and sadness, you may make a conscious choice to change it for yourself. One of the steps you may consider is choosing to have a space where you can think aloud, feel openly and talk freely. This is why the counselling practice I am part of is called “Think Feel Talk”. ​
0141 673 0232 View 0141 673 0232
Photo of Amy Nelson, Counsellor
Amy Nelson
Counsellor
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Glasgow G3
I am an experienced therapist who works with clients of all ages with variety of issues and goals. Whether something has been troubling you for a long time of you are finding yourself faced with new difficulties, I can offer an approach tailored to your needs. Perhaps you are suffering from anxiety or depression, unable to break unhelpful patterns in thoughts, behaviours and relationships or you are seeking to raise your self-esteem and make positive changes? Working with a therapist in a safe, non-judgmental and confidential environment can empower you to regain control of your life.
I am an experienced therapist who works with clients of all ages with variety of issues and goals. Whether something has been troubling you for a long time of you are finding yourself faced with new difficulties, I can offer an approach tailored to your needs. Perhaps you are suffering from anxiety or depression, unable to break unhelpful patterns in thoughts, behaviours and relationships or you are seeking to raise your self-esteem and make positive changes? Working with a therapist in a safe, non-judgmental and confidential environment can empower you to regain control of your life.
0141 483 7468 View 0141 483 7468
Photo of Alice Caulfield, MBACP, Counsellor
Alice Caulfield
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Glasgow G33
Together, we will unravel your thoughts and feelings, and Cognitive Behavioural Therapy will teach you coping skills for dealing with different problems. Essentially, the aim is to teach you how to become your own therapist.
Together, we will unravel your thoughts and feelings, and Cognitive Behavioural Therapy will teach you coping skills for dealing with different problems. Essentially, the aim is to teach you how to become your own therapist.
01236 809217 View 01236 809217
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See more therapy options for Glasgow

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in Glasgow

500+

Average cost per session

£60

Counsellors in Glasgow who prioritize treating:

91% Anxiety
86% Depression
86% Self Esteem
82% Stress
74% Relationship Issues
65% Trauma and PTSD
61% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

7 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

66% Aviva
58% AXA PPP
52% Vitality

How Counsellors in Glasgow see their clients

70% In Person and Online
30% Online Only

Gender breakdown

78% Female
21% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in Glasgow?

Search for nearby therapists or counsellors by inputting your city, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are members of the main professional associations, mainly the British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy (BACP) and the UK Council for Psychotherapy (UKCP). Most Psychologists in the directory are accredited members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and/or are registered in the Health and Care Professions Council (HPCP).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for psychotherapists and counsellors in the UK, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and experience that enable them to do so in the UK. Psychologists have earned a degree in psychology and many are members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and have completed a postgraduate qualification in a specialism. Counsellors and Psychotherapists are not required to have a psychology degree, but to belong to a professional organisation such as the BACP or UKCP, they are required to have completed a training course as well as clinical and supervision hours.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the UK could be between £30 - £60 when seeing a counsellor and £60 - £150 and up when seeing a clinical psychologist. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The NHS Talking therapies programme offers free of charge counselling for common mental health problems like anxiety and depression. The service is available to anyone registered with a GP, though you do not necessarily need to be referred by your GP and can refer yourself directly to a Talking therapies service. The service will provide different solutions, including group and individual therapy, for a limited number of sessions which are generally up to six.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the BACP, the UKCP, or BPS are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there has been participation in a criminal act or act of terror, or if there is potential or known harm to the client or others, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.