Humanistic Counselling in Scotland

Photo of Dr Fiona Rugg-Gunn, PsychD, HCPC - Couns. Psych., Psychologist
Dr Fiona Rugg-Gunn
Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Couns. Psych.
Verified Verified
Edinburgh EH5  (Online Only)
I am trained in CBT, CFT, ACT, Person-centered humanistic therapy and Schema-informed therapy.
My aim is to tailor therapy specifically to you, applying evidence-based approaches to help you achieve your goals in the shortest possible time, whilst exploring the origins of your difficulties to enable long-term change. I have experience working alongside people who may be struggling from a range of psychological difficulties including anxiety, depression, stress, PTSD and trauma across the NHS, third sector and private organisations.
I am trained in CBT, CFT, ACT, Person-centered humanistic therapy and Schema-informed therapy.
My aim is to tailor therapy specifically to you, applying evidence-based approaches to help you achieve your goals in the shortest possible time, whilst exploring the origins of your difficulties to enable long-term change. I have experience working alongside people who may be struggling from a range of psychological difficulties including anxiety, depression, stress, PTSD and trauma across the NHS, third sector and private organisations.
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Photo of Dr Derek Robertson, DCounsPsych, HCPC - Couns. Psych., Psychologist
Dr Derek Robertson
Psychologist, DCounsPsych, HCPC - Couns. Psych.
Verified Verified
I have over 8 years experience in providing psychological therapy and can provide Person Centred Therapy, CBT, ACT, Non-Violent Communication, Systemic Therapy, Hypnosis, EMDR and use various other psychological tools and aspects of different therapies as required. This is all provided within a humanistic framework valuing your uniqueness and strengths, within a therapeutic relationship emphasising respect, warmth and compassion. Within therapy this means empowering you and working as a team with equal power where you are always in control of the work and your are kept fully informed.
I have over 8 years experience in providing psychological therapy and can provide Person Centred Therapy, CBT, ACT, Non-Violent Communication, Systemic Therapy, Hypnosis, EMDR and use various other psychological tools and aspects of different therapies as required. This is all provided within a humanistic framework valuing your uniqueness and strengths, within a therapeutic relationship emphasising respect, warmth and compassion. Within therapy this means empowering you and working as a team with equal power where you are always in control of the work and your are kept fully informed.
01786 649317 View 01786 649317
Photo of Kasia McMorland, DCounsPsych, MBACP, Counsellor
Kasia McMorland
Counsellor, DCounsPsych, MBACP
Verified Verified
Kyle IV40  (Online Only)
I am an experienced counsellor and psychotherapist. My approach to psychotherapy is deeply rooted in the humanistic values of person-centred and emotion-focused modalities. I provide a safe environment for each client to explore their concerns by offering acceptance, respect, and empathy. I believe one of the key purposes of psychotherapy is to increase each client’s self-awareness, which consequently aids personal growth and the fulfilment of innate potential. I am also passionate about the current findings of interpersonal neurobiology (IPNB) and its application to psychotherapy.
I am an experienced counsellor and psychotherapist. My approach to psychotherapy is deeply rooted in the humanistic values of person-centred and emotion-focused modalities. I provide a safe environment for each client to explore their concerns by offering acceptance, respect, and empathy. I believe one of the key purposes of psychotherapy is to increase each client’s self-awareness, which consequently aids personal growth and the fulfilment of innate potential. I am also passionate about the current findings of interpersonal neurobiology (IPNB) and its application to psychotherapy.
01599 230330 View 01599 230330
Photo of Alana Breen - Alana Breen Psychotherapy, MSc, GMBPsS, Psychotherapist
Alana Breen Psychotherapy
Psychotherapist, MSc, GMBPsS
Verified Verified
I combine my specialism in Cognitive-Behaviour Therapy (CBT) with a compassionate and humanistic approach.
Living with depression and/or anxiety symptoms can make daily life incredibly difficult. I am here to support you with the challenges you are going through and help you live the life you want. I am a qualified psychological therapist working in both NHS and private practice. I have extensive experience working with adults and adolescents (12+) with a wide range of mental health issues including depression/low mood; anxiety-related issues; self-harm; low self-esteem; and obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD).
I combine my specialism in Cognitive-Behaviour Therapy (CBT) with a compassionate and humanistic approach.
Living with depression and/or anxiety symptoms can make daily life incredibly difficult. I am here to support you with the challenges you are going through and help you live the life you want. I am a qualified psychological therapist working in both NHS and private practice. I have extensive experience working with adults and adolescents (12+) with a wide range of mental health issues including depression/low mood; anxiety-related issues; self-harm; low self-esteem; and obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD).
01620 670499 View 01620 670499
Photo of Nurturing Hearts Lisa Ann Harkins, MBACP, Counsellor
Nurturing Hearts Lisa Ann Harkins
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Hi there, thank you for visiting my profile. I am Lisa Ann, an Integrative Humanistic Counsellor. My practice is grounded in a person centred approach and I believe that we are all unique, that we are experts in our own story! Being Integrative allows me to draw from a range of different modalities, and apply them to best suit your needs as the client. Sometimes life can be very difficult and can leave us feeling stuck between a rock and a hard place. If you want to seek some help getting out of that hard place, then please get in touch and lets see if I can help you. Being human is tough, but rest assured your not alone!
Hi there, thank you for visiting my profile. I am Lisa Ann, an Integrative Humanistic Counsellor. My practice is grounded in a person centred approach and I believe that we are all unique, that we are experts in our own story! Being Integrative allows me to draw from a range of different modalities, and apply them to best suit your needs as the client. Sometimes life can be very difficult and can leave us feeling stuck between a rock and a hard place. If you want to seek some help getting out of that hard place, then please get in touch and lets see if I can help you. Being human is tough, but rest assured your not alone!
0141 465 5221 View 0141 465 5221
Photo of Alex Oliver, PhD, CPsychol, Psychologist
Alex Oliver
Psychologist, PhD, CPsychol
Verified Verified
I hold humanistic beliefs which means I believe in your potential and that you are the true expert on yourself.
As a Sports and Exercise Psychologist (in training), I support and empower my clients to overcome challenges faced. Challenges may be anxiety and motivation to engage in exercise or may relate to sporting performance.
I hold humanistic beliefs which means I believe in your potential and that you are the true expert on yourself.
As a Sports and Exercise Psychologist (in training), I support and empower my clients to overcome challenges faced. Challenges may be anxiety and motivation to engage in exercise or may relate to sporting performance.
0121 817 3720 View 0121 817 3720
Photo of Dr Richard Golsworthy, PsychD, HCPC - Couns. Psych., Psychologist
Dr Richard Golsworthy
Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Couns. Psych.
Verified Verified
Glasgow G3  (Online Only)
I trained in three primary models - CBT, Psychodynamic and Humanistic approaches.
Hello and welcome. If you are reading this, you are likely feeling in a stuck, difficult or distressing place in your life. We all bring a unique history and mind-set to the life difficulties we encounter. These will have given us strengths to help manage problems, but sometimes we need to discover new ways we might feel, think or act. I think of my specialism as 'stuckness' - whether in emotions, relationships or unhelpful behaviours - which is often expressed in terms such as: anxiety, depression, stress, fear, trauma, low self-esteem, sleep problems, bulimia and binge eating, adjustment to loss, illness & major life changes.
I trained in three primary models - CBT, Psychodynamic and Humanistic approaches.
Hello and welcome. If you are reading this, you are likely feeling in a stuck, difficult or distressing place in your life. We all bring a unique history and mind-set to the life difficulties we encounter. These will have given us strengths to help manage problems, but sometimes we need to discover new ways we might feel, think or act. I think of my specialism as 'stuckness' - whether in emotions, relationships or unhelpful behaviours - which is often expressed in terms such as: anxiety, depression, stress, fear, trauma, low self-esteem, sleep problems, bulimia and binge eating, adjustment to loss, illness & major life changes.
0141 280 4485 View 0141 280 4485
Photo of Eliot Keirl, MSc, MBACP, Psychotherapist
Eliot Keirl
Psychotherapist, MSc, MBACP
Verified Verified
Originally from Manchester, I now live in Glasgow. I started my counselling training in London on Goldsmith University’s Graduate Certificate in Humanistic & Psychodynamic Counselling, before completing the University of Strathclyde’s MSc, Counselling & Psychotherapy. At Strathclyde I trained in Person-Centred Therapy and this forms the basis of my practice. I have experience working with a wide variety of people, I’m particularly familiar with autism and neurodiversity, and I work with all kinds of issues including depression and anxiety, as well as those vague feelings of just not being what you ought to be.
Originally from Manchester, I now live in Glasgow. I started my counselling training in London on Goldsmith University’s Graduate Certificate in Humanistic & Psychodynamic Counselling, before completing the University of Strathclyde’s MSc, Counselling & Psychotherapy. At Strathclyde I trained in Person-Centred Therapy and this forms the basis of my practice. I have experience working with a wide variety of people, I’m particularly familiar with autism and neurodiversity, and I work with all kinds of issues including depression and anxiety, as well as those vague feelings of just not being what you ought to be.
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Photo of Linda Mooney, MNCPS Acc., Psychotherapist
Linda Mooney
Psychotherapist, MNCPS Acc.
Verified Verified
As a fully qualified Psychotherapist/Hypnotherapist with experience working with individuals, both adults as well as children and young people, I am able to adapt to a humanistic and person centred approach, I use a range of counselling skills and tools to support each individual.
As we face some of the most difficult times, the pressures of everyday life has become more challenging. Mental Health, employment, relationships, financial pressures are just some of the most difficult experiences people face and it is these and more I relate to and want to devote and give my time to supporting you, being present and walking alongside you.
As a fully qualified Psychotherapist/Hypnotherapist with experience working with individuals, both adults as well as children and young people, I am able to adapt to a humanistic and person centred approach, I use a range of counselling skills and tools to support each individual.
As we face some of the most difficult times, the pressures of everyday life has become more challenging. Mental Health, employment, relationships, financial pressures are just some of the most difficult experiences people face and it is these and more I relate to and want to devote and give my time to supporting you, being present and walking alongside you.
0141 673 1996 View 0141 673 1996
Photo of Tracey Bradford - Tracey Bradford - Phoenix Therapy, BACP, Counsellor
Tracey Bradford - Phoenix Therapy
Counsellor, BACP
Verified Verified
Cumnock KA18
Although my main modality is CBT I will often incorporate a Humanistic/Integrative approach in order to provide my clients with a completely individual, holistic and personal treatment plan specific to their own personal needs and goals.
Sometimes the most challenging step is the first one... Well done for deciding to take it. My name is Tracey and I am a psychotherapist, specialising in Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT), with a special interest in Childhood Trauma and Attachment issues. Here at Phoenix Therapy, we aim to provide a safe, welcoming, and comfortable space in order for you to feel able to challenge yourself and become the best version of yourself that you can be.
Although my main modality is CBT I will often incorporate a Humanistic/Integrative approach in order to provide my clients with a completely individual, holistic and personal treatment plan specific to their own personal needs and goals.
Sometimes the most challenging step is the first one... Well done for deciding to take it. My name is Tracey and I am a psychotherapist, specialising in Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT), with a special interest in Childhood Trauma and Attachment issues. Here at Phoenix Therapy, we aim to provide a safe, welcoming, and comfortable space in order for you to feel able to challenge yourself and become the best version of yourself that you can be.
01290 430575 View 01290 430575
Photo of Dr Cameron Cunningham, DCounsPsych, HCPC - Couns. Psych., Psychologist
Dr Cameron Cunningham
Psychologist, DCounsPsych, HCPC - Couns. Psych.
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Waitlist for new clients
I am a humanistic counselling psychologist which means my practice is centred on forming a collaborative relationship with you and discovering your unique needs for therapy.
Thanks for checking my profile! I work with clients presenting with all types of difficulties. My experiences include but are not limited to working with clients with OCD presentations, depression and generalized anxiety, traumatic childhoods, problems in relationships, in addition to self-harm and suicidal ideation. I am also skilled in trauma-informed approaches to therapy through years of working with refugee and asylum seeker populations. Most importantly, I am here to help you discover your true potential and support you through difficulties you may be experiencing in your life
I am a humanistic counselling psychologist which means my practice is centred on forming a collaborative relationship with you and discovering your unique needs for therapy.
Thanks for checking my profile! I work with clients presenting with all types of difficulties. My experiences include but are not limited to working with clients with OCD presentations, depression and generalized anxiety, traumatic childhoods, problems in relationships, in addition to self-harm and suicidal ideation. I am also skilled in trauma-informed approaches to therapy through years of working with refugee and asylum seeker populations. Most importantly, I am here to help you discover your true potential and support you through difficulties you may be experiencing in your life
0141 673 5617 View 0141 673 5617
Photo of Linda Coates - Linda Coates Counselling , MBACP, Counsellor
Linda Coates Counselling
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
I work in an integrative humanistic way, with a person-centred approach.
Hi there, welcome. It can be difficult and often daunting sometimes to reach out for help. I can provide you with calm reassurance that I understand this, and importantly, I will listen to you. I have a Diploma in Counselling and have gained valuable experience over several years working in the charitable third sector and now in my private practice. I am a registered member of the British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy, (BACP). In a safe, non-judgmental, confidential space, I provide the opportunity to explore experiences, troubles and difficulties that you are having in your life and how you feel.
I work in an integrative humanistic way, with a person-centred approach.
Hi there, welcome. It can be difficult and often daunting sometimes to reach out for help. I can provide you with calm reassurance that I understand this, and importantly, I will listen to you. I have a Diploma in Counselling and have gained valuable experience over several years working in the charitable third sector and now in my private practice. I am a registered member of the British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy, (BACP). In a safe, non-judgmental, confidential space, I provide the opportunity to explore experiences, troubles and difficulties that you are having in your life and how you feel.
01289 540089 View 01289 540089
Photo of Dr Samantha Baradhi, PsychD, HCPC - Couns. Psych., Psychologist
Dr Samantha Baradhi
Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Couns. Psych.
Verified Verified
Dr Samantha Baradhi (CPsychol) is a Chartered and HCPC Registered Psychologist and COSRT Accredited Psychosexual Therapist offering psychological therapy and psychosexual therapy to adults, couples and young people above 14 years. As a counselling psychologist her approach is relational and attachment focused. A thorough psychological assessment, a humanistic stance and in-depth formulation underpin the therapy relationship, whilst an integration of therapeutic models allows Samantha to work with each individual's specific needs and goals. She has been established here at The Broughty Practice, Dundee since 2006.
Dr Samantha Baradhi (CPsychol) is a Chartered and HCPC Registered Psychologist and COSRT Accredited Psychosexual Therapist offering psychological therapy and psychosexual therapy to adults, couples and young people above 14 years. As a counselling psychologist her approach is relational and attachment focused. A thorough psychological assessment, a humanistic stance and in-depth formulation underpin the therapy relationship, whilst an integration of therapeutic models allows Samantha to work with each individual's specific needs and goals. She has been established here at The Broughty Practice, Dundee since 2006.
01382 933250 View 01382 933250
Photo of Deborah K Cooper - Help To Heal Counselling and Supervision Services., MBABCP, Counsellor
Help To Heal Counselling and Supervision Services.
Counsellor, MBABCP
Verified Verified
Glenrothes KY6  (Online Only)
I am a BACP Accredited Humanistic Integrative Counsellor and have worked with young and adult clients for some time. Being an Integrative Counsellor means I draw upon several different theories, so I may offer a seamless and tailor made approach for each individual client. I have full Indemnity Insurance and take monthly supervision for both my Online and telephone services. Working with clients is my passion, I am able to offer a space where the client can be free to express themselves without judgement or pressure. I take great care to maintain my client's confidentiality at all times and adhere to the BACP's ethical framework.
I am a BACP Accredited Humanistic Integrative Counsellor and have worked with young and adult clients for some time. Being an Integrative Counsellor means I draw upon several different theories, so I may offer a seamless and tailor made approach for each individual client. I have full Indemnity Insurance and take monthly supervision for both my Online and telephone services. Working with clients is my passion, I am able to offer a space where the client can be free to express themselves without judgement or pressure. I take great care to maintain my client's confidentiality at all times and adhere to the BACP's ethical framework.
01592 809974 View 01592 809974
Photo of Eleanor Parris, MSc, MNCPS Acc., Counsellor
Eleanor Parris
Counsellor, MSc, MNCPS Acc.
Verified Verified
I work predominatnly using psychodynamic and humanistic traditions, however I can include somatic practices to release trauma stored in your body.
Do you feel stuck? Struggle with addiction, anxiety, shame or overwhelm? Have experiences of abuse, sexual violence or unhealthy patterns in relationships? Do your past experiences impact on your wellbeing today? Do you need support establishing boundaries and healthy coping mechanisms? Counselling can help with all of these issues; I offer a safe space to explore your thoughts and feelings. Therapy helps to process and integrate the unresolved and unconscious aspects of yourself, so you can return to a sense of wholeness and wellbeing. It increases the control you have over your emotions and a sense of freedom in your own life.
I work predominatnly using psychodynamic and humanistic traditions, however I can include somatic practices to release trauma stored in your body.
Do you feel stuck? Struggle with addiction, anxiety, shame or overwhelm? Have experiences of abuse, sexual violence or unhealthy patterns in relationships? Do your past experiences impact on your wellbeing today? Do you need support establishing boundaries and healthy coping mechanisms? Counselling can help with all of these issues; I offer a safe space to explore your thoughts and feelings. Therapy helps to process and integrate the unresolved and unconscious aspects of yourself, so you can return to a sense of wholeness and wellbeing. It increases the control you have over your emotions and a sense of freedom in your own life.
0141 673 1149 View 0141 673 1149
Photo of Tracy Jill Dyer - Psychotherapy, Counselling & Consultancy, MSc, MUKCP, Psychotherapist
Psychotherapy, Counselling & Consultancy
Psychotherapist, MSc, MUKCP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Edinburgh EH12  (Online Only)
I am a fully qualified and accredited Integrative Psychotherapist, which includes early developmental self psychology, humanistic and psychodynamic understanding.
CBT, EMDR, Psychotherapy and Counselling are options you can choose from when working with me. Life can be hard. Sometimes events happen beyond our control, these could include financial worries, experiences of loss, health concerns, relationship issues or work stress. Maybe some difficulties are longer standing from early childhood issues, abuse, trauma or living with life changing, life limiting or long term conditions.
I am a fully qualified and accredited Integrative Psychotherapist, which includes early developmental self psychology, humanistic and psychodynamic understanding.
CBT, EMDR, Psychotherapy and Counselling are options you can choose from when working with me. Life can be hard. Sometimes events happen beyond our control, these could include financial worries, experiences of loss, health concerns, relationship issues or work stress. Maybe some difficulties are longer standing from early childhood issues, abuse, trauma or living with life changing, life limiting or long term conditions.
0116 497 6908 View 0116 497 6908
Photo of Suzanne Walton - Indigo Psychology, HCPC - Couns. Psych., Psychologist
Indigo Psychology
Psychologist, HCPC - Couns. Psych.
Verified Verified
I am an trained in multiple Psychological Therapies including Humanistic, Emotion Focused Therapy, CBT, Psychodynamic amongst other approaches.
I am experienced in working with a broad range of psychological issues and I specialise in anger, depression, anxiety, trauma and many other mental health issues. As people we learn through the experiences we have in the world. Our perceptions of ourselves then shape our relationships with other people, the world, but most importantly, how we think and feel about ourselves. We can develop defences and avoidant behaviours due to these experiences and our perceptions. Sometimes we may avoid our emotions as they seem too difficult, or overwhelming, or we feel out of control. Therapy is where these themes and emotions are explored.
I am an trained in multiple Psychological Therapies including Humanistic, Emotion Focused Therapy, CBT, Psychodynamic amongst other approaches.
I am experienced in working with a broad range of psychological issues and I specialise in anger, depression, anxiety, trauma and many other mental health issues. As people we learn through the experiences we have in the world. Our perceptions of ourselves then shape our relationships with other people, the world, but most importantly, how we think and feel about ourselves. We can develop defences and avoidant behaviours due to these experiences and our perceptions. Sometimes we may avoid our emotions as they seem too difficult, or overwhelming, or we feel out of control. Therapy is where these themes and emotions are explored.
0141 673 9463 View 0141 673 9463
Photo of Laura Thomson - Broomfield Psychology - Dr Laura Thomson , DCounsPsych, HCPC - Couns. Psych., Psychologist
Broomfield Psychology - Dr Laura Thomson
Psychologist, DCounsPsych, HCPC - Couns. Psych.
Verified Verified
Perth PH1  (Online Only)
Laura is trained in psychodynamic, humanistic and CBT approaches, a relational approach underpins her work.
Welcome to Broomfield Psychology, we provide psychology and psychotherapy services to children and families, young people and adults. I am Dr Laura Thomson and I work with people experiencing a wide range of difficulties and mental health problems. I offer a professional, experienced and effective therapeutic approach and will work collaboratively with you and your goals for change. I have a caring and approachable style and together we can work through the issues that have led you to seek support.
Laura is trained in psychodynamic, humanistic and CBT approaches, a relational approach underpins her work.
Welcome to Broomfield Psychology, we provide psychology and psychotherapy services to children and families, young people and adults. I am Dr Laura Thomson and I work with people experiencing a wide range of difficulties and mental health problems. I offer a professional, experienced and effective therapeutic approach and will work collaboratively with you and your goals for change. I have a caring and approachable style and together we can work through the issues that have led you to seek support.
01250 718043 View 01250 718043
Photo of Michelle Dickie Mbacp, MBACP, Counsellor
Michelle Dickie Mbacp
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
I am a professionally qualified Humanistic Counsellor.
Hi my name is michelle and I am aware Choosing to start therapy can often feel daunting and terrifying.  I understand this journey, both from a personal and from a theoretical perspective. So, I just want to say thank you for putting yourself out there, even know you may have feelings of apprehension. 
I am a professionally qualified Humanistic Counsellor.
Hi my name is michelle and I am aware Choosing to start therapy can often feel daunting and terrifying.  I understand this journey, both from a personal and from a theoretical perspective. So, I just want to say thank you for putting yourself out there, even know you may have feelings of apprehension. 
01505 805889 View 01505 805889
Photo of Lorraine Martin, DCounsPsych, MBACP, Counsellor
Lorraine Martin
Counsellor, DCounsPsych, MBACP
Verified Verified
As your counsellor, I create a safe and confidential space to help you explore issues that may be troubling you today. You may have identified issues that are holding you back like trauma, low self-esteem, addiction, anger, depression, or relationship problems. I offer a warm presence and a safe and compassionate space for you to share what is happening for you. I am a highly skilled counsellor with 18 years clinical experience. My approach is practical, empathic, and humanistic. I work with people of all ages and backgrounds.
As your counsellor, I create a safe and confidential space to help you explore issues that may be troubling you today. You may have identified issues that are holding you back like trauma, low self-esteem, addiction, anger, depression, or relationship problems. I offer a warm presence and a safe and compassionate space for you to share what is happening for you. I am a highly skilled counsellor with 18 years clinical experience. My approach is practical, empathic, and humanistic. I work with people of all ages and backgrounds.
01592 809904 View 01592 809904
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See more therapy options for Scotland

Humanistic Counsellors

How does humanistic therapy work?

One tenet of humanistic therapy is that people are good. The humanistic approach is concerned with a person’s ability to accept oneself. It likewise encourages a person to overcome self-criticism and self-defeating tendencies, as well as disapproval from others. This approach also emphasizes self-actualisation and treating an individual as a whole person. A foundation of this therapy type: The patient is the expert in their life, and treatment often takes the individual’s lead.

Is humanistic therapy evidence-based?

Humanistic therapy is an evidence-based practice. Research has found that humanistic therapy can lead to significant improvement, and for some people it can be just as effective as other therapies, such as Cognitive behavioural therapy. The benefits of humanistic therapy are enduring.

How long does humanistic therapy last?

The goal of humanistic therapy is to understand a person’s day-to-day experiences. While sessions can be short-term and last over a few months, therapy can sometimes continue beyond that and last up to a year or more. And because patients learn the theory behind humanistic therapy during treatment, they can also practice its tenets throughout life after therapy sessions have been completed.

Is humanistic therapy effective?

According to research, many patients find success with humanistic therapy. Researchers note that the therapy is particularly useful in addressing poor self-esteem and self-sabotage, as well as improving conditions including anxiety and depression. Improvements in problem areas can be long standing, as individuals can continue working on themselves by using the tools they’ve learned during treatment.