Photo of Lisa Markwell, Counsellor
Lisa Markwell
Counsellor
Verified Verified
I specialise in working with couples where one or both partners are on the autism spectrum (or Asperger's Syndrome).
Are you struggling to communicate with your partner? Feel like your partner doesn't understand you? Do you wish you could turn the clock back to happier times in your relationship? Many couples face difficulties in their relationship at some time or other, and this can often be a stressful experience, leaving one or both partners feeling hurt, lonely or rejected. Relationship counselling can help you re-connect with each other, reduce conflict in the relationship, and regain the closeness and intimacy you once had.
I specialise in working with couples where one or both partners are on the autism spectrum (or Asperger's Syndrome).
Are you struggling to communicate with your partner? Feel like your partner doesn't understand you? Do you wish you could turn the clock back to happier times in your relationship? Many couples face difficulties in their relationship at some time or other, and this can often be a stressful experience, leaving one or both partners feeling hurt, lonely or rejected. Relationship counselling can help you re-connect with each other, reduce conflict in the relationship, and regain the closeness and intimacy you once had.
07428 538182 View 07428 538182
Photo of Rob Parkinson, MHGI, Psychotherapist
Rob Parkinson
Psychotherapist, MHGI
Verified Verified
My clients like the informal, friendly approach, tailored to their individual needs. My work is informed by the highly effective Human Givens framework, embodying thorough scientific but holistic understandings of how to help people make good changes. I've been a solution-focused psychotherapist/counsellor and clinical hypnotherapist for more than two decades. For the past four decades, I've also been a professional storyteller, chaired the Society for Storytelling in the 'nineties, often tell appropriate stories as part of therapy sessions with both adults and children.. Clients work with me to achieve specific goals.
My clients like the informal, friendly approach, tailored to their individual needs. My work is informed by the highly effective Human Givens framework, embodying thorough scientific but holistic understandings of how to help people make good changes. I've been a solution-focused psychotherapist/counsellor and clinical hypnotherapist for more than two decades. For the past four decades, I've also been a professional storyteller, chaired the Society for Storytelling in the 'nineties, often tell appropriate stories as part of therapy sessions with both adults and children.. Clients work with me to achieve specific goals.
01732 441363 View 01732 441363
Photo of Jon Costello, MBACP Accred, Counsellor
Jon Costello
Counsellor, MBACP Accred
Verified Verified
I am an integrative humanistic counsellor, mainly person centred but also using a combination of cognitive behavioural therapy, solution focused brief therapy and motivational interviewing where appropriate. For more than 20 years, I have worked with clients from many backgrounds, ages and identities and with a wide range of issues and concerns. I work with people offering short and long term counselling. I listen carefully and with empathy, providing a safe place for you to explore your feelings and experiences.
I am an integrative humanistic counsellor, mainly person centred but also using a combination of cognitive behavioural therapy, solution focused brief therapy and motivational interviewing where appropriate. For more than 20 years, I have worked with clients from many backgrounds, ages and identities and with a wide range of issues and concerns. I work with people offering short and long term counselling. I listen carefully and with empathy, providing a safe place for you to explore your feelings and experiences.
020 3826 8039 View 020 3826 8039
Photo of Sophia Papantoniou-McDonald, MBACP, Counsellor
Sophia Papantoniou-McDonald
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Banbury OX15
I offer a calm, confidential and non-judgmental space in which to talk over whatever's troubling you, either as an individual (£65) or as a couple (£80). I am also a clinical supervisor (£60). Sometimes, people think their problems aren't big enough to warrant counselling, or are too big for someone else to cope with, but if there’s something that’s getting in the way of you leading your life the way you want, we can look at that together. Or there may be one particular event in your life which is affecting you which we can explore so you get a good understanding of how it affects you, and the changes you might like to make.
I offer a calm, confidential and non-judgmental space in which to talk over whatever's troubling you, either as an individual (£65) or as a couple (£80). I am also a clinical supervisor (£60). Sometimes, people think their problems aren't big enough to warrant counselling, or are too big for someone else to cope with, but if there’s something that’s getting in the way of you leading your life the way you want, we can look at that together. Or there may be one particular event in your life which is affecting you which we can explore so you get a good understanding of how it affects you, and the changes you might like to make.
01295 235608 View 01295 235608
Photo of Dr Ilan Ben-Zion, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych., Psychologist
Dr Ilan Ben-Zion
Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Verified Verified
Hi, I’m Ilan! I’m a Clinical Psychologist and Director of The Oak Tree Practice. I want to tell you a bit more about myself, as I realise selecting a psychologist can be a tough task! I feel very privileged to be able to say I love what I do and always have, ever since I started volunteering for ChildLine in 2007. Following this, I’ve had experience working with a wide variety of clients including children, young people, adults, older adults, military personnel, individuals with learning disabilities, neurodevelopmental disorders and neurological conditions. I have also furthered my studies through the completion of undergraduate, masters and doctoral degrees. All this aside, one of the most important parts of my work is building relationships with those sitting opposite me. I have always believed that you can have all the training and knowledge in the world, but if the client doesn’t return, none of this can be put into action. Therefore, my first aim is always to provide a warm, compassionate and non-judgmental space where we can work on the clients’ difficulties together.
Hi, I’m Ilan! I’m a Clinical Psychologist and Director of The Oak Tree Practice. I want to tell you a bit more about myself, as I realise selecting a psychologist can be a tough task! I feel very privileged to be able to say I love what I do and always have, ever since I started volunteering for ChildLine in 2007. Following this, I’ve had experience working with a wide variety of clients including children, young people, adults, older adults, military personnel, individuals with learning disabilities, neurodevelopmental disorders and neurological conditions. I have also furthered my studies through the completion of undergraduate, masters and doctoral degrees. All this aside, one of the most important parts of my work is building relationships with those sitting opposite me. I have always believed that you can have all the training and knowledge in the world, but if the client doesn’t return, none of this can be put into action. Therefore, my first aim is always to provide a warm, compassionate and non-judgmental space where we can work on the clients’ difficulties together.
020 3974 2820 View 020 3974 2820
Photo of Caroline Bottrill - CBT for Healthy Minds ( Caroline Bottrill ), MSc, MBABCP, Psychotherapist
CBT for Healthy Minds ( Caroline Bottrill )
Psychotherapist, MSc, MBABCP
Verified Verified
I'm a professional and caring Psychotherapist with 15 years experience of helping my clients overcome depression, anxiety and trauma. If you are feeling anxious, fearful, low or alone, please do not suffer in silence, as my services can provide you with a helping hand. I treat all mental health problems. I have spent 15 years working with GP practices offering private therapy services to their patients . I provide alcohol and drug addiction rehabilitation programmes. I provide programmes for eating disorder recovery . I specialise in binge eating disorder and provide recovery programmes . I offer weight management programmes .
I'm a professional and caring Psychotherapist with 15 years experience of helping my clients overcome depression, anxiety and trauma. If you are feeling anxious, fearful, low or alone, please do not suffer in silence, as my services can provide you with a helping hand. I treat all mental health problems. I have spent 15 years working with GP practices offering private therapy services to their patients . I provide alcohol and drug addiction rehabilitation programmes. I provide programmes for eating disorder recovery . I specialise in binge eating disorder and provide recovery programmes . I offer weight management programmes .
0121 817 3868 View 0121 817 3868
Photo of Jayne Daniels - Jayne Daniels Counselling & Supervision Services, MBACP, Counsellor
Jayne Daniels Counselling & Supervision Services
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Heanor DE75
ARE YOU SUFFERING WITH ANXIETY, DEPRESSED, WORTHLESS, IN CRISIS, UNABLE TO COPE BUT DON'T KNOW WHY? DO YOU NEED SOMEONE TO TALK TO AND LISTEN TO YOU? I CAN HELP. CONTACT ME NOW FOR A FREE INITIAL CONSULTATION. My name is Jayne Daniels; I am an experienced, qualified integrative counsellor and Clinical Supervisor. I offer different ways of working to suit your individual needs, including CBT, person centered and psycho dynamic. Counselling can help you make sense of what is happening in your life, support you through difficult and traumatic times and help you to live a happy and fulfilling life.
ARE YOU SUFFERING WITH ANXIETY, DEPRESSED, WORTHLESS, IN CRISIS, UNABLE TO COPE BUT DON'T KNOW WHY? DO YOU NEED SOMEONE TO TALK TO AND LISTEN TO YOU? I CAN HELP. CONTACT ME NOW FOR A FREE INITIAL CONSULTATION. My name is Jayne Daniels; I am an experienced, qualified integrative counsellor and Clinical Supervisor. I offer different ways of working to suit your individual needs, including CBT, person centered and psycho dynamic. Counselling can help you make sense of what is happening in your life, support you through difficult and traumatic times and help you to live a happy and fulfilling life.
07480 786480 View 07480 786480
Photo of Rebecca Hitch, MA, HCPC-Art Therap., Psychotherapist
Rebecca Hitch
Psychotherapist, MA, HCPC-Art Therap.
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Hi. You're probably here because you are finding life tough. Life can be so hard, and it can feel even harder finding help. After years of working in Education and the NHS, I know how tricky it can be to access support. I aim to fill that gap. I work particularly with neurodivergence (ADHD, autism etc): with young people struggling + using tricky coping strategies; with parents who feel lost + overwhelmed; and with adults who are for the first time learning who they are + need help to figure that all out. I also specialise in eating disorders, self harm, body image, anxiety, OCD, trauma. Maybe I can help?
Hi. You're probably here because you are finding life tough. Life can be so hard, and it can feel even harder finding help. After years of working in Education and the NHS, I know how tricky it can be to access support. I aim to fill that gap. I work particularly with neurodivergence (ADHD, autism etc): with young people struggling + using tricky coping strategies; with parents who feel lost + overwhelmed; and with adults who are for the first time learning who they are + need help to figure that all out. I also specialise in eating disorders, self harm, body image, anxiety, OCD, trauma. Maybe I can help?
01483 968083 View 01483 968083
Photo of Sally Smith - Revive Therapy, MBACP, Psychotherapist
Revive Therapy
Psychotherapist, MBACP
Verified Verified
Are you struggling with anxiety, depression, trauma, grief/loss or relationship difficulties? At Revive Therapy we provide a warm and inviting space for you to explore your challenges and changes that you want to make in your life. Our sessions are non-judgmental, where you are free to be yourself and to discover your potential. We understand that life can be challenging at times and that we all go through periods of difficulty. Whatever the issue that you are facing, you are not alone. Revive Therapy is experienced in supporting our clients to make that transformational change.
Are you struggling with anxiety, depression, trauma, grief/loss or relationship difficulties? At Revive Therapy we provide a warm and inviting space for you to explore your challenges and changes that you want to make in your life. Our sessions are non-judgmental, where you are free to be yourself and to discover your potential. We understand that life can be challenging at times and that we all go through periods of difficulty. Whatever the issue that you are facing, you are not alone. Revive Therapy is experienced in supporting our clients to make that transformational change.
020 4538 6940 View 020 4538 6940
Photo of Clare Faulkner, MA, HCPC-Art Therap., Psychotherapist
Clare Faulkner
Psychotherapist, MA, HCPC-Art Therap.
Verified Verified
Waitlist for new clients
Offering a safe and secure private studio space and also online and telephone sessions where you can explore thoughts and feelings not only through the medium of art and creativity, but also through spoken communication in an non judgemental and welcoming environment. My experience and expertise can help to facilitate your journey, however long or short, to understanding, making sense and acceptance of the issues that may be presenting to you. I aim to provide and facilitate a healing and creative space to bring about change and understanding.
Offering a safe and secure private studio space and also online and telephone sessions where you can explore thoughts and feelings not only through the medium of art and creativity, but also through spoken communication in an non judgemental and welcoming environment. My experience and expertise can help to facilitate your journey, however long or short, to understanding, making sense and acceptance of the issues that may be presenting to you. I aim to provide and facilitate a healing and creative space to bring about change and understanding.
01767 668783 View 01767 668783
Photo of Grace McIntyre, MA, HCPC-Art Therap., Psychotherapist
Grace McIntyre
Psychotherapist, MA, HCPC-Art Therap.
Verified Verified
Coach + Mediator + Therapist "I am a passionate creative, and have committed a decade working therapeutically in private residential trauma clinics, the NHS, secondary schools and my own business Resonate Therapy LTD. I bring all the skills of a specialist trauma therapist, that has worked extensively with neurodiversity and complex needs. By harmonising together a robust psychologically informed somatic based therapy programme. I specialise in supporting building meta-perspective of individual and collective systems. Are you ready to shift your life on a cellular, neuroplastic dimension?"
Coach + Mediator + Therapist "I am a passionate creative, and have committed a decade working therapeutically in private residential trauma clinics, the NHS, secondary schools and my own business Resonate Therapy LTD. I bring all the skills of a specialist trauma therapist, that has worked extensively with neurodiversity and complex needs. By harmonising together a robust psychologically informed somatic based therapy programme. I specialise in supporting building meta-perspective of individual and collective systems. Are you ready to shift your life on a cellular, neuroplastic dimension?"
01235 424339 View 01235 424339
Photo of Ravi Sankar, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych., Psychologist
Ravi Sankar
Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Verified Verified
I am a senior clinical psychologist and psychological therapist with over 15 years NHS experience and currently work in private practice. Most of us have experienced hardship. Have you been overwhelmed with what life has thrown at you? Do you easily overreact? I will help you to develop a deep understanding of your emotional problems, to learn what has made you stuck, and how to respond more flexibly to move forward. How we think makes a big difference to what we feel and then do. I treat many problems including anxiety disorders, PTSD and depression. I have access to several psychotherapists and a health psychologist who can help.
I am a senior clinical psychologist and psychological therapist with over 15 years NHS experience and currently work in private practice. Most of us have experienced hardship. Have you been overwhelmed with what life has thrown at you? Do you easily overreact? I will help you to develop a deep understanding of your emotional problems, to learn what has made you stuck, and how to respond more flexibly to move forward. How we think makes a big difference to what we feel and then do. I treat many problems including anxiety disorders, PTSD and depression. I have access to several psychotherapists and a health psychologist who can help.
01908 015917 View 01908 015917
Photo of Malak B Niakan, MA, MNCPS Acc., Counsellor
Malak B Niakan
Counsellor, MA, MNCPS Acc.
Verified Verified
London NW4  (Online Only)
I work with adults and couples from different backgrounds. With 18 years of experience in this field I’ll be there to support you to look into your issue/s and make a better sense of it. Together we will focus on your life experiences that are still raw, and resurface when they are triggered. I will make sure that you will feel safe and comfortable enough to touch on your experiences and difficult feelings and will help you to get to the root causes of your problems and release your bottled up emotions, clear your mind and bring back joy and happiness into your life.
I work with adults and couples from different backgrounds. With 18 years of experience in this field I’ll be there to support you to look into your issue/s and make a better sense of it. Together we will focus on your life experiences that are still raw, and resurface when they are triggered. I will make sure that you will feel safe and comfortable enough to touch on your experiences and difficult feelings and will help you to get to the root causes of your problems and release your bottled up emotions, clear your mind and bring back joy and happiness into your life.
07449 058303 View 07449 058303
Photo of Janey Pike - The Psychotherapeutic Counsellor, MBACP, Counsellor
The Psychotherapeutic Counsellor
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
I work with many issues from anxiety & depression, to grief & loneliness. My specialities lie in relationships. This may be in the form of couples or marriage counselling or it may be an individual coming to therapy to talk about the key relationships in their lives. This could be past relationships, family, current relationships or maybe even future relationships? I will help you to understand your attachment style, communication on ways of relating to others. I will help you to see your life from many different angles and help you to challenge your own preconceived ideas of your limitations.
I work with many issues from anxiety & depression, to grief & loneliness. My specialities lie in relationships. This may be in the form of couples or marriage counselling or it may be an individual coming to therapy to talk about the key relationships in their lives. This could be past relationships, family, current relationships or maybe even future relationships? I will help you to understand your attachment style, communication on ways of relating to others. I will help you to see your life from many different angles and help you to challenge your own preconceived ideas of your limitations.
View
Photo of Lizzy Oakley - Blue Amber Counselling, MBACP Accred, Psychotherapist
Blue Amber Counselling
Psychotherapist, MBACP Accred
Verified Verified
Hello my name is Lizzy and I work from my own private practice in Brent Knoll Somerset. I offer a kind, caring and confidential counselling service, working with individuals, children & adolescents, couples and the elderly. I offer my counselling sessions as either open-ended or for an agreed time period. I usually work from my therapy room in Brent Knoll but can work within the community and offer home visits to housebound or disabled clients. I take referrals from outside agencies and employers.
Hello my name is Lizzy and I work from my own private practice in Brent Knoll Somerset. I offer a kind, caring and confidential counselling service, working with individuals, children & adolescents, couples and the elderly. I offer my counselling sessions as either open-ended or for an agreed time period. I usually work from my therapy room in Brent Knoll but can work within the community and offer home visits to housebound or disabled clients. I take referrals from outside agencies and employers.
01278 760680 View 01278 760680
Photo of Karen Hautz, Psychotherapist
Karen Hautz
Psychotherapist
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
These are some of the things people may be thinking or saying when they decide to seek professional support: "I experience awful feelings of panic." "I feel anxious a lot of the time. "I feel tearful a lot." "I can feel angry all day and it feels bad." "Life appears very confusing and complicated" I offer professional counselling, support and strategies to help you navigate your way through whatever your issues may be, already in the first session. I hold a professional psychotherapy diploma from the Human Givens Institute. This approach helped a family member with anxiety very much which is why I chose to train in it also.
These are some of the things people may be thinking or saying when they decide to seek professional support: "I experience awful feelings of panic." "I feel anxious a lot of the time. "I feel tearful a lot." "I can feel angry all day and it feels bad." "Life appears very confusing and complicated" I offer professional counselling, support and strategies to help you navigate your way through whatever your issues may be, already in the first session. I hold a professional psychotherapy diploma from the Human Givens Institute. This approach helped a family member with anxiety very much which is why I chose to train in it also.
020 8167 3641 View 020 8167 3641
Photo of Dr Cristian A Nica, MSc, HCPC - Clin. Psych., Psychologist
Dr Cristian A Nica
Psychologist, MSc, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Verified Verified
My goal is to enable a strong mental foundation where mindful skills will help you keep your life in reach. Progress means change, rehearsing new ways of thinking or a range of strategies to iterate development safely. The result, a genuine approach for you to always find a better way forward. I am HCPC-registered in clinical, counselling, health and occupational psychology. Supervisor, providing services for individuals, couples and organisations beginning from eclectic CBT interventions (ACT, DBT, ST) - the most effective and intuitive psychological framework.
My goal is to enable a strong mental foundation where mindful skills will help you keep your life in reach. Progress means change, rehearsing new ways of thinking or a range of strategies to iterate development safely. The result, a genuine approach for you to always find a better way forward. I am HCPC-registered in clinical, counselling, health and occupational psychology. Supervisor, providing services for individuals, couples and organisations beginning from eclectic CBT interventions (ACT, DBT, ST) - the most effective and intuitive psychological framework.
View
Photo of Tim Harvard-Sweeting - Tim Harvard Psychotherapy, MA, MBACP, Psychotherapist
Tim Harvard Psychotherapy
Psychotherapist, MA, MBACP
Verified Verified
Hi, I hope your search for a therapist is going well. It can be a difficult process, but it is important to find a therapist who feels right for you. The relationship with your therapist is, on average, more helpful than their training and experience. Person-centred therapy is a relationship. It is not dependent on medical diagnoses, yet can help with all conditions. It is as effective as other leading therapies, but uniquely it puts the client at the centre of the process. There is no 'you should do this'. The questions, and the answers, will come from within during our conversations.
Hi, I hope your search for a therapist is going well. It can be a difficult process, but it is important to find a therapist who feels right for you. The relationship with your therapist is, on average, more helpful than their training and experience. Person-centred therapy is a relationship. It is not dependent on medical diagnoses, yet can help with all conditions. It is as effective as other leading therapies, but uniquely it puts the client at the centre of the process. There is no 'you should do this'. The questions, and the answers, will come from within during our conversations.
01736 803971 View 01736 803971
Photo of Leigh Brannon, MA, MBACP Accred, Counsellor
Leigh Brannon
Counsellor, MA, MBACP Accred
Verified Verified
When relationships (business, family or personal) are troubled, we can feel anxious or depressed. Whether its lack of, ending of, difficulties with or changes in relationships, at work or home, our need for human closeness both brings pleasure and causes problems. Maybe change is driven by others, maybe you need something to change but don't know the best way to go about it. Perhaps you’re finding that you’re stuck in a destructive communication pattern and feel like you’re going round in circles. Maybe you don’t really know what you want, but would like to find out. I can help.
When relationships (business, family or personal) are troubled, we can feel anxious or depressed. Whether its lack of, ending of, difficulties with or changes in relationships, at work or home, our need for human closeness both brings pleasure and causes problems. Maybe change is driven by others, maybe you need something to change but don't know the best way to go about it. Perhaps you’re finding that you’re stuck in a destructive communication pattern and feel like you’re going round in circles. Maybe you don’t really know what you want, but would like to find out. I can help.
0191 743 0339 View 0191 743 0339
Photo of Sandra Phillips, PsychD, MUKCP, Psychotherapist
Sandra Phillips
Psychotherapist, PsychD, MUKCP
Verified Verified
Psychotherapy literally means to nurse the soul deriving its name from the ancient Greeks understanding of human nature and the psyche. Psychotherapy occurs when a therapist meets with a client in a private and confidential setting to explore any difficulties the client is having or the distress he or she may be experiencing, a general dissatisfaction with life where an explanation is not readily known, a loss of a sense of direction or purpose. It is a common misconception that only individuals who experience mental health problems require psychotherapy. In fact Psychotherapy is of great value to anyone.
Psychotherapy literally means to nurse the soul deriving its name from the ancient Greeks understanding of human nature and the psyche. Psychotherapy occurs when a therapist meets with a client in a private and confidential setting to explore any difficulties the client is having or the distress he or she may be experiencing, a general dissatisfaction with life where an explanation is not readily known, a loss of a sense of direction or purpose. It is a common misconception that only individuals who experience mental health problems require psychotherapy. In fact Psychotherapy is of great value to anyone.
0151 318 0868 View 0151 318 0868

See more therapy options for England

Online Counsellors

Is online therapy as effective as in-person?

Numerous studies suggest that online therapy can be as effective as in-person therapy. However, further research is needed to determine if online therapy provides the same benefits across all client populations. Individuals with severe mental illnesses, such as schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, or those who may benefit from in-person check-ins, like those with eating disorders, may not experience the same level of benefit from online therapy. Nonetheless, the success of online therapy, much like in-person therapy, often hinges on the quality of the therapeutic relationship between the therapist and the client rather than the specific modality of therapy used.

What are the advantages and disadvantages of therapy conducted online?

One of the main advantages of online therapy is its convenience for both clients and therapists. It also allows clients who require specialised therapy to access a wider range of professionals than they could with only in-person sessions. Additionally, online therapy may be a more affordable option in some cases and often offers the same insurance benefits as in-person therapy. However, online therapy may not be suitable for everyone, especially those who value face-to-face interaction with a therapist. Therapists may find it more challenging to assess clients accurately in an online setting due to reduced nonverbal cues on camera. There is also the increased risk that disruptions caused by external factors, such as technology malfunctions, can hinder the therapy session. For these reasons, many therapists offer a "hybrid" therapeutic approach, alternating between seeing clients in-person and online.

Is online therapy suitable for children and adolescents?

Just like with adults, the accessibility and convenience of online therapy can greatly benefit children and adolescents. In fact, children and adolescents may be more accustomed to navigating online platforms than older adults, making online sessions feel more natural for them. Teens might also be interested in using additional online tools, such as therapist-recommended apps, as an adjunct to online therapy sessions. Apps for developing CBT skills, practicing mindfulness exercises, or tracking thoughts and moods can be helpful for teens receiving therapy. However, it's important to note that not all therapeutic modalities are well-suited to online therapy, especially those used with younger children. For example, play therapy, which helps younger children express their emotions, often requires in-person sessions to be fully effective.

Can I receive prescriptions and medication management with online therapy?

The ability for psychiatrists to prescribe medications through online therapy varies based on the medication and the states where the medical professional and client are located. While many prescribing regulations were relaxed during the COVID-19 pandemic, some states still enforce rules, especially concerning controlled substances, which may mandate an in-person visit before prescribing. Generally, however, medical professionals can prescribe non-controlled substances through online therapy sessions just as they do during in-person sessions.