Hypnotherapists in St Albans, ENG

Photo of Kate Wiggs, MA, HCPC-Art Therap., Psychotherapist
Kate Wiggs
Psychotherapist, MA, HCPC-Art Therap.
Verified Verified
St Albans AL1
People who sincerely want change and are willing to look within will find a committed cheerleader in me. Identifying unconscious patterns is often uncomfortable work. Learning to have grace and self-compassion in those tight spots ought to be taught in schools. Until then, there's person centred therapy. (Search 'Carl Rogers and Gloria' for a fantastic, if grainy intro to Unconditional Positive Regard)
People who sincerely want change and are willing to look within will find a committed cheerleader in me. Identifying unconscious patterns is often uncomfortable work. Learning to have grace and self-compassion in those tight spots ought to be taught in schools. Until then, there's person centred therapy. (Search 'Carl Rogers and Gloria' for a fantastic, if grainy intro to Unconditional Positive Regard)
020 3910 8367 View 020 3910 8367
Photo of Sharon Twydell, PsychD, MBACP, Psychotherapist
Sharon Twydell
Psychotherapist, PsychD, MBACP
Verified Verified
St Albans AL1
Life is so tough at the moment! Are you feeling completely overwhelmed with things you feel you 'should' be doing?- Feeling anxious or not good enough? Trying so desperately hard to look ok but inside feeling you are really not? We can work together to figure out how you would like your life to look. How you are going to get there and why this feeling is happening now? We can keep this totally in the present or look back at your past to see if there are recurring patterns or issues that might be making you feel this way. I can help you unpick all of this at your own pace in confidence.
Life is so tough at the moment! Are you feeling completely overwhelmed with things you feel you 'should' be doing?- Feeling anxious or not good enough? Trying so desperately hard to look ok but inside feeling you are really not? We can work together to figure out how you would like your life to look. How you are going to get there and why this feeling is happening now? We can keep this totally in the present or look back at your past to see if there are recurring patterns or issues that might be making you feel this way. I can help you unpick all of this at your own pace in confidence.
01727 648477 View 01727 648477
Photo of Lisa Claire Rodger, PNCPS Acc., Psychotherapist
Lisa Claire Rodger
Psychotherapist, PNCPS Acc.
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
St Albans AL3
Are you struggling? We all experience challenges and difficult times in our lives. During these times it can feel as if nobody understands us or knows what we are going through. This can feel isolating and lonely. But you are not alone. As a qualified and experienced therapist, I can provide a safe space where together we can explore what is troubling you and make sense of it - giving you the time and space to reflect on your needs. I can help you to recognise what strengthens you and what weakens you, enabling you to make positive choices to ensure these needs are met in the future.
Are you struggling? We all experience challenges and difficult times in our lives. During these times it can feel as if nobody understands us or knows what we are going through. This can feel isolating and lonely. But you are not alone. As a qualified and experienced therapist, I can provide a safe space where together we can explore what is troubling you and make sense of it - giving you the time and space to reflect on your needs. I can help you to recognise what strengthens you and what weakens you, enabling you to make positive choices to ensure these needs are met in the future.
01727 648574 View 01727 648574
Photo of Milo Brandon - Integrative Trauma Therapy, MSc, MBACP, Psychotherapist
Milo Brandon - Integrative Trauma Therapy
Psychotherapist, MSc, MBACP
Verified Verified
St Albans AL1
Are you experiencing the symptoms of trauma: flashbacks, panic attacks, intrusive thoughts, anger, disrupted relationships and difficulties in your working life? Perhaps, you are suffering with disrupted sleep, dissociation (mental and physical). Maybe you have lived with some of these symptoms for a long time and have grown to consider them normal. You may now be at the point where you want to and feel able to do something about this because you want to get on and enjoy your life.
Are you experiencing the symptoms of trauma: flashbacks, panic attacks, intrusive thoughts, anger, disrupted relationships and difficulties in your working life? Perhaps, you are suffering with disrupted sleep, dissociation (mental and physical). Maybe you have lived with some of these symptoms for a long time and have grown to consider them normal. You may now be at the point where you want to and feel able to do something about this because you want to get on and enjoy your life.
020 8138 8872 View 020 8138 8872
Photo of Bernie Wooder, DCounsPsych, MUKCP, Psychotherapist
Bernie Wooder
Psychotherapist, DCounsPsych, MUKCP
Verified Verified
St Albans AL4  (Online Only)
My focus is to truly understand your problem and we work together as a team to end your suffering. To do that I use my 30 years of professional experience to help you get peace of mind and heart. I am a qualified Psychotherapist and Counsellor registered with the UKCP, with 30 years of experience which has included counselling and training therapists at Guys to Hospital, London. I am also a trained Hypnotherapist - specialising in confidence, self esteem, setting goals for your future and dealing with any kind of fear or failure.
My focus is to truly understand your problem and we work together as a team to end your suffering. To do that I use my 30 years of professional experience to help you get peace of mind and heart. I am a qualified Psychotherapist and Counsellor registered with the UKCP, with 30 years of experience which has included counselling and training therapists at Guys to Hospital, London. I am also a trained Hypnotherapist - specialising in confidence, self esteem, setting goals for your future and dealing with any kind of fear or failure.
020 3974 2065 View 020 3974 2065
Photo of Suneeta Gogna - Oceanic Counselling, PsychD, MNCPS Acc., Counsellor
Oceanic Counselling
Counsellor, PsychD, MNCPS Acc.
Verified Verified
St Albans AL1
This time of the year can be a struggle and a challenging time for many of us for so many reasons; it can remind us of loss or we can have difficulty connecting with family or friends. I offer a professional counselling service for Teenagers and Adults in Hertfordshire (Radlett), working in person or online/phone sessions. I have a certified therapy dog (Labrador) to assist in sessions if you would like. Working with children and parents in schools for 20 year, specialising in neurodiversity and SEND, I hold an enhanced DBS (Disclosure and Barring Checking Service) Certificate.
This time of the year can be a struggle and a challenging time for many of us for so many reasons; it can remind us of loss or we can have difficulty connecting with family or friends. I offer a professional counselling service for Teenagers and Adults in Hertfordshire (Radlett), working in person or online/phone sessions. I have a certified therapy dog (Labrador) to assist in sessions if you would like. Working with children and parents in schools for 20 year, specialising in neurodiversity and SEND, I hold an enhanced DBS (Disclosure and Barring Checking Service) Certificate.
01923 920465 View 01923 920465
Photo of Lee Payton, MBACP Accred, Counsellor
Lee Payton
Counsellor, MBACP Accred
Verified Verified
St Albans AL1
Hello, I'm Lee and thanks for visiting my profile. I work with a range of differing clients from age 18 to older-age adult. I have a special interest in anxiety and related issues, such as panic attacks and stress. My training in counselling and psychotherapy is available to help you understand what is taking place when experiencing strong feelings and emotions, whether they be due to anxiety, stress, panic attacks, low mood, self-harm or a range of many other areas I can help with. An initial phone chat or Zoom costs you nothing: I'm always happy to chat through where I can help you.
Hello, I'm Lee and thanks for visiting my profile. I work with a range of differing clients from age 18 to older-age adult. I have a special interest in anxiety and related issues, such as panic attacks and stress. My training in counselling and psychotherapy is available to help you understand what is taking place when experiencing strong feelings and emotions, whether they be due to anxiety, stress, panic attacks, low mood, self-harm or a range of many other areas I can help with. An initial phone chat or Zoom costs you nothing: I'm always happy to chat through where I can help you.
01442 953441 View 01442 953441
Photo of Isobel Hall, MNCPS Acc., Psychotherapist
Isobel Hall
Psychotherapist, MNCPS Acc.
Verified Verified
St Albans AL1
Hi, I'm Isobel. My clients would describe me as warm, honest and direct. I offer non-judgmental psychotherapy for a broad range of issues, many of which center around anxieties, self esteem, self defeating behaviors, relationships, abuse and trauma. I'm an integrative therapist, which means I draw from a few different styles of therapy- please ask if you'd like to know more about this. I currently offer both short term and long term therapy online and in person. My client base consists of individuals with a really mixed range of issues. I am also a Psychosexual specialist (I can provide therapy for sexual issues).
Hi, I'm Isobel. My clients would describe me as warm, honest and direct. I offer non-judgmental psychotherapy for a broad range of issues, many of which center around anxieties, self esteem, self defeating behaviors, relationships, abuse and trauma. I'm an integrative therapist, which means I draw from a few different styles of therapy- please ask if you'd like to know more about this. I currently offer both short term and long term therapy online and in person. My client base consists of individuals with a really mixed range of issues. I am also a Psychosexual specialist (I can provide therapy for sexual issues).
01235 639486 View 01235 639486
Photo of Lee Martin Mbacp(Sen Accred) Emdr(Accred) Ma Ba(Hons) Pg-Dip, MA, MBACP Snr. Accred, Psychotherapist
Lee Martin Mbacp(Sen Accred) Emdr(Accred) Ma Ba(Hons) Pg-Dip
Psychotherapist, MA, MBACP Snr. Accred
Verified Verified
St Albans AL3  (Online Only)
Hello and Welcome, Life has indeed become complex. Many of us are now struggling with our mental health in ways that are no longer manageable. Our past and present hurts, our unprocessed feelings have risen to the surface. We find ourselves thinking, feeling and acting in ways that do not reflect who we want to be. Some of us have Grief, Trauma or Addiction that we just can’t seem to work through. As a Senior Accredited Psychotherapist with a Master Degree and EMDR Accredited, I've seen thousands come through my door, with various presenting issues and undergo genuine transformation, healing and leave with hope for the future.
Hello and Welcome, Life has indeed become complex. Many of us are now struggling with our mental health in ways that are no longer manageable. Our past and present hurts, our unprocessed feelings have risen to the surface. We find ourselves thinking, feeling and acting in ways that do not reflect who we want to be. Some of us have Grief, Trauma or Addiction that we just can’t seem to work through. As a Senior Accredited Psychotherapist with a Master Degree and EMDR Accredited, I've seen thousands come through my door, with various presenting issues and undergo genuine transformation, healing and leave with hope for the future.
020 4538 6806 View 020 4538 6806
Photo of Debbie Hague, DCounsPsych, MBACP, Counsellor
Debbie Hague
Counsellor, DCounsPsych, MBACP
Verified Verified
St Albans AL1
Hi, I’m Debbie and I have expertise and proven experience of helping clients, from all walks of life and diversity, move forward with their lives. Perhaps your issues come from a difficult past or childhood abuse or trauma? I help with self esteem and identity, stress and sleep issues. Or maybe you are struggling with your relationship or the aftermath of COVID 19? I provide a calm and safe environment in which to explore what is important to you and at your own pace.
Hi, I’m Debbie and I have expertise and proven experience of helping clients, from all walks of life and diversity, move forward with their lives. Perhaps your issues come from a difficult past or childhood abuse or trauma? I help with self esteem and identity, stress and sleep issues. Or maybe you are struggling with your relationship or the aftermath of COVID 19? I provide a calm and safe environment in which to explore what is important to you and at your own pace.
01438 584449 View 01438 584449
Photo of Dr Margaret Jordan, AFBPSsS, Psychologist
Dr Margaret Jordan
Psychologist, AFBPSsS
Verified Verified
St Albans AL1
I work with most presenting issues in children & adults. I specialise in brain-based therapies that I integrate with talking therapies. My specialist area is psychological trauma and emotional regulation found in most issues. I have 38 years experience in the NHS, Private & Voluntary sectors with children, couples & adults.
I work with most presenting issues in children & adults. I specialise in brain-based therapies that I integrate with talking therapies. My specialist area is psychological trauma and emotional regulation found in most issues. I have 38 years experience in the NHS, Private & Voluntary sectors with children, couples & adults.
020 4538 5340 View 020 4538 5340
Photo of Susan Woolnough, MBACP Accred, Counsellor
Susan Woolnough
Counsellor, MBACP Accred
Verified Verified
St Albans AL1
I know that it can be daunting reaching out for help and that many people never do reach out, perhaps because they are the strong ones who are supporting everyone else around them so their needs are at the bottom of the long list of things to do and people to look after. Please know that you are important too. And in helping yourself, you are also helping those around you. If you are feeling troubled, I'm here to listen without judgement and I can help and support you to work towards feeling better. Remember tomorrow is a bright new day and there is always hope.
I know that it can be daunting reaching out for help and that many people never do reach out, perhaps because they are the strong ones who are supporting everyone else around them so their needs are at the bottom of the long list of things to do and people to look after. Please know that you are important too. And in helping yourself, you are also helping those around you. If you are feeling troubled, I'm here to listen without judgement and I can help and support you to work towards feeling better. Remember tomorrow is a bright new day and there is always hope.
01923 961209 View 01923 961209
Photo of Trisha Henson, DCounsPsych, MBACP, Counsellor
Trisha Henson
Counsellor, DCounsPsych, MBACP
Verified Verified
St Albans AL4
Not accepting new clients
I am an experienced advanced qualified psychodynamic counsellor. My client base ranges from adolescents through to the older adult. I offer a safe, ethical and professional environment whereby present day life situations can be thought about in relation to felt anxieties. I draw upon my professional expertise to help explore what as yet may not be understood or known, but may be experienced personally as confusing and overwhelming. With exploration, patterns are understood and a new sense self awareness develops. With care, guidance, time, patience and practice a mental thinking space can start to be experienced.
I am an experienced advanced qualified psychodynamic counsellor. My client base ranges from adolescents through to the older adult. I offer a safe, ethical and professional environment whereby present day life situations can be thought about in relation to felt anxieties. I draw upon my professional expertise to help explore what as yet may not be understood or known, but may be experienced personally as confusing and overwhelming. With exploration, patterns are understood and a new sense self awareness develops. With care, guidance, time, patience and practice a mental thinking space can start to be experienced.
01442 953135 View 01442 953135

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Sarah Hammond, UKCP Trainee, Psychotherapist
Sarah Hammond
Psychotherapist, UKCP Trainee
Verified Verified
Welwyn Garden City AL7  (Online Only)
I’m Sarah. I’m a registered Integrative Psychotherapist and Hypnotherapist. I integrate Hypnotherapy and Psychotherapy to help with issues including Anxiety, Depression, Relationship problems, Low Self-esteem, Overwhelming emotions, Compulsive Disorders, Eating disorders, Panic attacks, Phobias, Addictive behaviours and more. Taking a healing-oriented approach means that therapy we do together targets symptoms and neurological pathways in the brain by focusing on the core emotions, body sensations and nervous system responses that are connected to them.
I’m Sarah. I’m a registered Integrative Psychotherapist and Hypnotherapist. I integrate Hypnotherapy and Psychotherapy to help with issues including Anxiety, Depression, Relationship problems, Low Self-esteem, Overwhelming emotions, Compulsive Disorders, Eating disorders, Panic attacks, Phobias, Addictive behaviours and more. Taking a healing-oriented approach means that therapy we do together targets symptoms and neurological pathways in the brain by focusing on the core emotions, body sensations and nervous system responses that are connected to them.
01438 906539 View 01438 906539
Photo of Gemma Bailey, GMBPsS, Psychologist
Gemma Bailey
Psychologist, GMBPsS
Verified Verified
Hemel Hempstead HP1
I have trained practitioners throughout the country who continue to receive training, mentoring and support through People Building and NLP4Kids (for children & young people) using the modalities of NLP, CBT and Hypnotherapy.
I am a therapist and trainer for the People Building and NLP4Kids team. I work with people who have a range of anxiety-related problems such as phobias and persistent negative thoughts. I offer coaching to help people achieve their life goals such as losing weight and stopping smoking.
I have trained practitioners throughout the country who continue to receive training, mentoring and support through People Building and NLP4Kids (for children & young people) using the modalities of NLP, CBT and Hypnotherapy.
I am a therapist and trainer for the People Building and NLP4Kids team. I work with people who have a range of anxiety-related problems such as phobias and persistent negative thoughts. I offer coaching to help people achieve their life goals such as losing weight and stopping smoking.
01628 969885 View 01628 969885
Photo of Dr Belynder Walia - Dr Belynder Walia - Serene Lifestyles, GMBPsS, Psychotherapist
Dr Belynder Walia - Serene Lifestyles
Psychotherapist, GMBPsS
Verified Verified
Hemel Hempstead HP1  (Online Only)
Services I provide: therapy, hypnotherapy, DBT, CBT, NLP, psychotherapy, self-reflective therapy, Mindfulness Coaching, relational therapy,  and transformational therapy.
I am the founder of Serene Lifestyles, an online psychotherapy practice. I am accepting new clients and offering virtual appointments. I help people feel less anxiety or stress by transforming their mind to build confidence and self-esteem, so they feel amazing in their professional and personal relationships. I am passionate about helping people with their mental and emotional well-being.
Services I provide: therapy, hypnotherapy, DBT, CBT, NLP, psychotherapy, self-reflective therapy, Mindfulness Coaching, relational therapy,  and transformational therapy.
I am the founder of Serene Lifestyles, an online psychotherapy practice. I am accepting new clients and offering virtual appointments. I help people feel less anxiety or stress by transforming their mind to build confidence and self-esteem, so they feel amazing in their professional and personal relationships. I am passionate about helping people with their mental and emotional well-being.
020 3870 2993 View 020 3870 2993
Photo of Jacqui Webb, MBACP, Psychotherapist
Jacqui Webb
Psychotherapist, MBACP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Kings Langley WD4
As a qualified counsellor/psychotherapist who also works with hypnotherapy and Brainspotting, I will respond to your individual needs, working in a way that feels right for you.
Have you experienced distress and upset or loss ? Unresolved issues that trouble you ? Do you suffer from anxiety, panic attacks, PTS or depression ? Do you want to feel differently about the life you live or the person that you are. Perhaps you want to change aspects of you life for it to be more rewarding. Maybe you know that things are unlikely to change. Do you require a safe space where you can be heard, a place to share your thoughts and be understood. A place where being you is good enough. If you are 16 years old or heading into your 99th year, wanting to explore your world then it would be a privilege to support you.
As a qualified counsellor/psychotherapist who also works with hypnotherapy and Brainspotting, I will respond to your individual needs, working in a way that feels right for you.
Have you experienced distress and upset or loss ? Unresolved issues that trouble you ? Do you suffer from anxiety, panic attacks, PTS or depression ? Do you want to feel differently about the life you live or the person that you are. Perhaps you want to change aspects of you life for it to be more rewarding. Maybe you know that things are unlikely to change. Do you require a safe space where you can be heard, a place to share your thoughts and be understood. A place where being you is good enough. If you are 16 years old or heading into your 99th year, wanting to explore your world then it would be a privilege to support you.
01442 617073 View 01442 617073
Photo of Susana Louise Perrin, MNCPS Acc., Psychotherapist
Susana Louise Perrin
Psychotherapist, MNCPS Acc.
Verified Verified
Watford WD17
I use hypnotherapy to reprogram the subconscious mind, implant more positive messages, and uncover the root causes for long lasting positive change and EMDR and IFS therapy for trauma.
Contacting a counsellor can be a daunting experience. They need to be qualified, accredited and ethical, but also someone you feel comfortable enough to open up to. I offer a free 15 minute phone consultation so you can see if I am the right person for you. I have nearly 15 years experience working with people of all ages and with all range of issues, from phobias & fears to deep seated anxieties, depression & self-defeating behaviours. I am a qualified psychotherapist, hypnotherapist, EMDR practitioner and Internal Family Systems (IFS) therapist, so specialise in trauma. Change is possible, it all starts with the first step.
I use hypnotherapy to reprogram the subconscious mind, implant more positive messages, and uncover the root causes for long lasting positive change and EMDR and IFS therapy for trauma.
Contacting a counsellor can be a daunting experience. They need to be qualified, accredited and ethical, but also someone you feel comfortable enough to open up to. I offer a free 15 minute phone consultation so you can see if I am the right person for you. I have nearly 15 years experience working with people of all ages and with all range of issues, from phobias & fears to deep seated anxieties, depression & self-defeating behaviours. I am a qualified psychotherapist, hypnotherapist, EMDR practitioner and Internal Family Systems (IFS) therapist, so specialise in trauma. Change is possible, it all starts with the first step.
07723 470449 View 07723 470449
Photo of Renata Karlinskaite, MNCPS Acc., Psychotherapist
Renata Karlinskaite
Psychotherapist, MNCPS Acc.
Verified Verified
Harpenden AL5
Helping You to Build Healthy Self-esteem, Feel Free From Past Constraints, and Make Positive Changes! Offering online video and phone counselling, self-esteem psychotherapy and hypnotherapy sessions. As a Counsellor, I use an integrative approach to counselling, which means I go according to the client's needs and keep the therapy client centred. Alongside counselling and self-esteem coaching, I offer hypnotherapy as an effective way for reaching out the subconscious mind and targeting a specific problem. You can find more info on my website www.renatatherapies.org
Helping You to Build Healthy Self-esteem, Feel Free From Past Constraints, and Make Positive Changes! Offering online video and phone counselling, self-esteem psychotherapy and hypnotherapy sessions. As a Counsellor, I use an integrative approach to counselling, which means I go according to the client's needs and keep the therapy client centred. Alongside counselling and self-esteem coaching, I offer hypnotherapy as an effective way for reaching out the subconscious mind and targeting a specific problem. You can find more info on my website www.renatatherapies.org
01582 377841 View 01582 377841
Photo of Nicholas James King - Nicholas King Counselling & Psychotherapy (CBT), MSc, MBABCP, Psychotherapist
Nicholas King Counselling & Psychotherapy (CBT)
Psychotherapist, MSc, MBABCP
Verified Verified
Edgware HA8
Thank you for reading my profile here on Psychology Today. I am a Counsellor and CBT Psychotherapist working in private practice in Pinner, NW London. I am an Accredited practitioner with the British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy (BACP). I am also an NHS trained, Cognitive Behavioural Therapist (CBT) accredited with the British Association for Behavioural & Cognitive Psychotherapies (BABCP). I am a registered Hypnotherapist with the General Hypnotherapy Register (GHR).
Thank you for reading my profile here on Psychology Today. I am a Counsellor and CBT Psychotherapist working in private practice in Pinner, NW London. I am an Accredited practitioner with the British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy (BACP). I am also an NHS trained, Cognitive Behavioural Therapist (CBT) accredited with the British Association for Behavioural & Cognitive Psychotherapies (BABCP). I am a registered Hypnotherapist with the General Hypnotherapy Register (GHR).
01895 545164 View 01895 545164

See more therapy options for St Albans

Hypnotherapy Counsellors

How does hypnotherapy work?

Hypnotherapy works by using guided hypnosis to help you reach a state of focus and concentration through mental imagery and soothing verbal repetition. The state is somewhat like being absorbed in a book, a film, or your own thoughts. You are not under a therapist’s “control,” but they can help you relax and turn your attention inward to discover the resources to achieve behaviour change or better manage psychological concerns. Therapy sessions may involve guiding you through recognising a problem, releasing problematic thoughts about it, and considering and accepting more productive alternatives before returning to normal awareness. Hypnotherapy is typically used by a therapist along with traditional forms of talk therapy. Eventually, your therapist can help you learn hypnotherapy techniques yourself, so you can establish a stronger sense of control on your own in stressful or challenging moments.

Is hypnotherapy the same as hypnosis?

Hypnotherapy, which is sometimes called hypnotic suggestion, is a therapeutic technique in which a therapist uses hypnosis to help patients. It is not the kind of hypnosis portrayed in stage shows, or in movies or on television. You will not be unconscious or asleep during hypnotherapy, you will not lose control of yourself, your thoughts, or your free will, and you will be able to fully recall your experience. And while you will hear your therapist’s suggestions, it is always up to you to decide whether to act on them. Hypnosis by a trained mental-health professional is not a form of mind control, which is impossible to achieve anyway.

Can everyone be hypnotised?

The most common challenge of hypnotherapy is that as many as one in four people cannot be hypnotised. Brain imaging has confirmed differences in patterns of brain connectivity between those who respond to hypnotism and those who do not. Other people who could potentially be hypnotised may not respond to the technique because of their scepticism or resistance to entering a hypnotic state. If a therapist’s “post-hypnotic suggestion” is effective, it’s because they are suggesting something you want to achieve.

Does hypnotherapy work?

Through hypnotherapy, you can achieve changes that are real and sustainable. Like other talk therapy techniques, when hypnotherapy succeeds, it’s a case of mind over matter. Effective hypnotherapy involves self-healing because you access resources you need to change inside of yourself and learn how to tap into them whenever you need. Hypnotherapy has been shown to be an effective therapy for anxiety, phobias, stress, panic attacks, post-traumatic stress disorder, sexual dysfunction, and undesirable behaviours like smoking. It can be used to help improve sleep or to address relationship challenges, and to aid with pain management, digestive disorders, skin conditions, and the gastrointestinal side effects of pregnancy or chemotherapy.