Counselling in Nunthorpe

Photo of Jan Reeve, MUKCP, Psychotherapist
Jan Reeve
Psychotherapist, MUKCP
Verified Verified
Nunthorpe TS7
Hello, I’m Jan…welcome! As an experienced psychotherapist and counsellor, I've helped many people over the years, both individuals and couples, with a wide range of issues. I am pleased to offer Face to Face sessions, or online using Zoom, or telephone, where you can be in your own surroundings wherever you may live. "I saw Jan for 6 months and cannot recommend her enough. She is incredibly supportive, professional, and non-judgmental. Jan enabled me to learn about myself and action the changes needed with reduced fear and anxiety. I am very grateful to have worked with Jan, I felt truly seen, heard and safe with her."
Hello, I’m Jan…welcome! As an experienced psychotherapist and counsellor, I've helped many people over the years, both individuals and couples, with a wide range of issues. I am pleased to offer Face to Face sessions, or online using Zoom, or telephone, where you can be in your own surroundings wherever you may live. "I saw Jan for 6 months and cannot recommend her enough. She is incredibly supportive, professional, and non-judgmental. Jan enabled me to learn about myself and action the changes needed with reduced fear and anxiety. I am very grateful to have worked with Jan, I felt truly seen, heard and safe with her."
01642 668025 View 01642 668025

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Donatella Elena Severi - Harmony Hut Counselling & Hypnotherapy, MBACP, Counsellor
Harmony Hut Counselling & Hypnotherapy
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Middlesbrough TS4
My name is Dona, and I understand how difficult it must feel to find a therapist who understands what you are going through. I can offer you a safe and confidential space to explore your thoughts and feelings, with genuine concern, empathy and a non-judgemental approach. I have had many years of my own personal life challenges and professional experience, to feel confident in supporting you with whatever difficulties you are facing. I consider myself a warm caring and compassionate person, who will listen carefully, guiding you as we work together to help bring about the changes you are looking for. A fresh start begins today!
My name is Dona, and I understand how difficult it must feel to find a therapist who understands what you are going through. I can offer you a safe and confidential space to explore your thoughts and feelings, with genuine concern, empathy and a non-judgemental approach. I have had many years of my own personal life challenges and professional experience, to feel confident in supporting you with whatever difficulties you are facing. I consider myself a warm caring and compassionate person, who will listen carefully, guiding you as we work together to help bring about the changes you are looking for. A fresh start begins today!
01287 555629 View 01287 555629
Photo of Jo Weir, MBACP, Counsellor
Jo Weir
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Middlesbrough TS5
I consider myself to be an integrative therapist drawing from different modalities to provide a bespoke pathway to the clients needs as each journey is completely individual. I provide a trusted, supportive and safe space for the client (s) to heard and explored. When working with couples I acknowledge every relationship is unique, as are the individuals in the partnership. I work with issues such as ineffective communication, escalating arguments, infidelity, loss of intimacy, the impact of a loss of a child has on a relationship, coping with a separation or divorce and co dependency.
I consider myself to be an integrative therapist drawing from different modalities to provide a bespoke pathway to the clients needs as each journey is completely individual. I provide a trusted, supportive and safe space for the client (s) to heard and explored. When working with couples I acknowledge every relationship is unique, as are the individuals in the partnership. I work with issues such as ineffective communication, escalating arguments, infidelity, loss of intimacy, the impact of a loss of a child has on a relationship, coping with a separation or divorce and co dependency.
01287 550644 View 01287 550644
Photo of Kay Bowman - Peace of Mind counselling services, MA, MBACP, Counsellor
Peace of Mind counselling services
Counsellor, MA, MBACP
Verified Verified
Middlesbrough TS3
As an integrative counsellor specialising in attachment trauma, my approach can be tailored to meet the needs of those who are seeking a deeper exploration of their history to understand the complex terrain that influences emotional well-being, relationships, and overall quality of life. Progressing from this, I also offer a solution-focused and strengths-based approach believing in the transformative power of focusing on solutions rather than problems by fostering a sense of empowerment and self-efficacy by identifying strengths, resources and goals to address stress, anxiety, depression, life changes, and self-development.
As an integrative counsellor specialising in attachment trauma, my approach can be tailored to meet the needs of those who are seeking a deeper exploration of their history to understand the complex terrain that influences emotional well-being, relationships, and overall quality of life. Progressing from this, I also offer a solution-focused and strengths-based approach believing in the transformative power of focusing on solutions rather than problems by fostering a sense of empowerment and self-efficacy by identifying strengths, resources and goals to address stress, anxiety, depression, life changes, and self-development.
01642 424088 View 01642 424088
Photo of Hayley Harle - Hayley Harle - BU Therapy , MNCPS Acc., Counsellor
Hayley Harle - BU Therapy
Counsellor, MNCPS Acc.
Verified Verified
Middlesbrough TS6
Hello and welcome to my page! After being a part of the military community for over 10 years, I was in close contact with individuals suffering with post-traumatic stress; Flashbacks and nightmares; triggers such as smells, social situations and physical sensations. These symptoms can then cause anxiety, depression, overwhelming feelings of anger and frustration, numbness, lack of sleep, relationship difficulties, substance use, isolation and sadly in some cases suicidal thoughts and attempts.. does any of these sound familiar? Then keep reading see if you think I could be the right fit for you
Hello and welcome to my page! After being a part of the military community for over 10 years, I was in close contact with individuals suffering with post-traumatic stress; Flashbacks and nightmares; triggers such as smells, social situations and physical sensations. These symptoms can then cause anxiety, depression, overwhelming feelings of anger and frustration, numbness, lack of sleep, relationship difficulties, substance use, isolation and sadly in some cases suicidal thoughts and attempts.. does any of these sound familiar? Then keep reading see if you think I could be the right fit for you
01287 550548 View 01287 550548
Photo of Raj Muirhead, MSc, MBACP Accred, Psychotherapist
Raj Muirhead
Psychotherapist, MSc, MBACP Accred
Verified Verified
Middlesbrough TS5
I am an experienced psychotherapist and have worked with a wide range of complex trauma, abuse, loss, work related stress and mental health issues. I have an integrative approach to my work and tailor the work to suit your needs. I have a strong belief in every individual being able to manage themselves with the appropriate resources and being able to change the repeating negative patterns or behaviours in their lives, personal and work relationships.
I am an experienced psychotherapist and have worked with a wide range of complex trauma, abuse, loss, work related stress and mental health issues. I have an integrative approach to my work and tailor the work to suit your needs. I have a strong belief in every individual being able to manage themselves with the appropriate resources and being able to change the repeating negative patterns or behaviours in their lives, personal and work relationships.
01642 573297 View 01642 573297
Photo of Cheryl Parkes, MBACP Accred, Counsellor
Cheryl Parkes
Counsellor, MBACP Accred
Verified Verified
Middlesbrough TS5
Hello, and welcome. I am an BACP (British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy) Accredited Counsellor. I specialise in Anxiety, Depression, Stress, Panic, Low Self-Esteem, Oncology, End of Life and Grief.
Hello, and welcome. I am an BACP (British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy) Accredited Counsellor. I specialise in Anxiety, Depression, Stress, Panic, Low Self-Esteem, Oncology, End of Life and Grief.
01642 937762 View 01642 937762
Photo of Rosalind Pollard - RP Therapies, MSc, HCPC - Clin. Psych., Psychologist
RP Therapies
Psychologist, MSc, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Verified Verified
Middlesbrough TS7
I help clients with difficulties including depression, anxiety, sleep, relationship issues, stress, bereavement, loss and living with long term physical health conditions. I use cognitive behaviour therapy, acceptance and commitment therapy, psychodynamic therapy, motivational interviewing, and attachment theory to gain an understanding of the issues you are bringing to therapy. I also offer EMDR - a specialised and effective therapy to treat trauma, and other difficulties.
I help clients with difficulties including depression, anxiety, sleep, relationship issues, stress, bereavement, loss and living with long term physical health conditions. I use cognitive behaviour therapy, acceptance and commitment therapy, psychodynamic therapy, motivational interviewing, and attachment theory to gain an understanding of the issues you are bringing to therapy. I also offer EMDR - a specialised and effective therapy to treat trauma, and other difficulties.
01642 929975 View 01642 929975
Photo of Ayisha Abigail Mahama - Safetherapywithyou , BACP, Counsellor
Safetherapywithyou
Counsellor, BACP
Verified Verified
Middlesbrough TS3
Hi, and thank you for viewing my profile. My name is Ayisha, I am a  qualified Counsellor and  an individual member of the British Association for Counsellors and Psychotherapists (BACP). Having engaged in my own personal therapy, as part of counselling process, I can appreciate just how scary and challenging taking the first steps into therapy can be. It's not easy but I'll be here to walk through the whole journey with you. I provide a warm, empathic and non-judgemental approach to my therapeutic work and offer confidential, safe environment for clients to explore and gain an understanding of any issues affecting their wellbeing.
Hi, and thank you for viewing my profile. My name is Ayisha, I am a  qualified Counsellor and  an individual member of the British Association for Counsellors and Psychotherapists (BACP). Having engaged in my own personal therapy, as part of counselling process, I can appreciate just how scary and challenging taking the first steps into therapy can be. It's not easy but I'll be here to walk through the whole journey with you. I provide a warm, empathic and non-judgemental approach to my therapeutic work and offer confidential, safe environment for clients to explore and gain an understanding of any issues affecting their wellbeing.
01287 555561 View 01287 555561
Photo of Nichola F Martin - Nicky's Therapy Space, PsychD, MBACP, Counsellor
Nicky's Therapy Space
Counsellor, PsychD, MBACP
Verified Verified
Coulby Newham TS8
Hi my name is Nicky Martin and I am friendly professional BACP registered Child & Young Person Counsellor located in Saltburn by the Sea and Stokesley and easily accessible for children and young people coming from the surrounding areas of Teesside and North Yorkshire. I am experienced in helping children and young people who have experienced personal difficulties, including anxiety, depression, life transitions, home insecurity, feelings of loss, grief and bereavement, trauma, child traumatic grief, problems with family or school life, self-harm, and with neuro-divergent children and young people with ASD & ADHD.
Hi my name is Nicky Martin and I am friendly professional BACP registered Child & Young Person Counsellor located in Saltburn by the Sea and Stokesley and easily accessible for children and young people coming from the surrounding areas of Teesside and North Yorkshire. I am experienced in helping children and young people who have experienced personal difficulties, including anxiety, depression, life transitions, home insecurity, feelings of loss, grief and bereavement, trauma, child traumatic grief, problems with family or school life, self-harm, and with neuro-divergent children and young people with ASD & ADHD.
01287 555612 View 01287 555612
Photo of Dr Jane Bourne, PhD, MBABCP, Psychotherapist
Dr Jane Bourne
Psychotherapist, PhD, MBABCP
Verified Verified
Middlesbrough TS7
I am a psychotherapist, BABCP registered Cognitive Behaviour Therapist (CBT) and HCPC registered Arts therapist and. I work for the NHS and run a private practice specialising in mental health and well being. I am able to work creatively to help my clients to engage even if the talking therapies are difficult. I have a good track record with low mood and anxiety and getting my clients back on their feet and living their lives to the full.
I am a psychotherapist, BABCP registered Cognitive Behaviour Therapist (CBT) and HCPC registered Arts therapist and. I work for the NHS and run a private practice specialising in mental health and well being. I am able to work creatively to help my clients to engage even if the talking therapies are difficult. I have a good track record with low mood and anxiety and getting my clients back on their feet and living their lives to the full.
01642 688422 View 01642 688422
Photo of Tracy Walker - Just Be Counselling Service, MBACP, Counsellor
Just Be Counselling Service
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Middlesbrough TS3
Hello, thank you for viewing my profile. I am a counsellor and I work with a range of issues: anxiety, depression, OCD, grief and bereavement, addiction, stress, relationship issues. Together we will address what brings you to therapy and what you would like to achieve from therapy before collaborating a formulation and treatment plan with a view to achieving your goals.
Hello, thank you for viewing my profile. I am a counsellor and I work with a range of issues: anxiety, depression, OCD, grief and bereavement, addiction, stress, relationship issues. Together we will address what brings you to therapy and what you would like to achieve from therapy before collaborating a formulation and treatment plan with a view to achieving your goals.
01642 130039 View 01642 130039
Photo of Jessica Eason - JessEasonCBT, MBABCP, Psychotherapist
JessEasonCBT
Psychotherapist, MBABCP
Verified Verified
Middlesbrough TS5  (Online Only)
Are you, or someone in your family, struggling with anxiety, depression, PTSD, OCD and/or stress? Perhaps you're struggling to keep up with day-to-day tasks, socializing and you have a goal of where you'd like to get to? I am a CBT Therapist with full accreditation from the BABCP, specializing in treating a range of anxiety presentations and depression. I'm here to help you further understand your difficulties, understand what's keeping them going and support you in making changes that help you to move closer to those goals.
Are you, or someone in your family, struggling with anxiety, depression, PTSD, OCD and/or stress? Perhaps you're struggling to keep up with day-to-day tasks, socializing and you have a goal of where you'd like to get to? I am a CBT Therapist with full accreditation from the BABCP, specializing in treating a range of anxiety presentations and depression. I'm here to help you further understand your difficulties, understand what's keeping them going and support you in making changes that help you to move closer to those goals.
01287 555622 View 01287 555622
Photo of Sarah Moran, MBACP Accred, Counsellor
Sarah Moran
Counsellor, MBACP Accred
Verified Verified
Middlesbrough TS5
Hi there, I'm Sarah A qualified Person-Centred Counsellor, and an Imago Relationship Therapist. Using an integrative method - I am experienced in supporting people deal with a number of diverse issues including relationship issues, family issues, low self-esteem, stress, anxiety, depression, bereavement, communication and marital problems.
Hi there, I'm Sarah A qualified Person-Centred Counsellor, and an Imago Relationship Therapist. Using an integrative method - I am experienced in supporting people deal with a number of diverse issues including relationship issues, family issues, low self-esteem, stress, anxiety, depression, bereavement, communication and marital problems.
01642 573268 View 01642 573268
Photo of Dr Lindsey Nicholson - Psychological Therapy And Supervision, HCPC - Clin. Psych., Psychologist
Dr Lindsey Nicholson - Psychological Therapy And Supervision
Psychologist, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Verified Verified
Middlesbrough TS4
I am a HCPC Registered Clinical Psychologist. I have 25 years of NHS and private healthcare experience. I have many years experience of treating a wide array of psychological difficulties, from day to day worries to complex psychological conditions. I provide safe and effective highly specialised psychological assessment and therapy which is tailored to your specific needs. I am highly experienced in using a variety of evidence-based psychological therapies for which I have received doctoral specialist training. I can help you to understand your difficulties and develop ways to move forward.
I am a HCPC Registered Clinical Psychologist. I have 25 years of NHS and private healthcare experience. I have many years experience of treating a wide array of psychological difficulties, from day to day worries to complex psychological conditions. I provide safe and effective highly specialised psychological assessment and therapy which is tailored to your specific needs. I am highly experienced in using a variety of evidence-based psychological therapies for which I have received doctoral specialist training. I can help you to understand your difficulties and develop ways to move forward.
01287 555540 View 01287 555540
Photo of Alan Jukes
Alan Jukes
Verified Verified
Middlesbrough TS5
Hi there, I am a Mental Health and Wellbeing Consultant and a Registered Nurse Mental Health. I have over 20 years’ experience supporting people complex mental health difficulties. I am an EMDR Therapist, Certified Mindfulness Teacher, Heart Math Coach and Breathing Therapist. I offer individuals time to focus on their well-being in a safe space which enables people to develop awareness, insight and an opportunity to heal and grow. Whether you are feeling anxious or stuck in life, I will sit with you to create a space where we can develop a journey of healing, insight and discovery towards your true potential
Hi there, I am a Mental Health and Wellbeing Consultant and a Registered Nurse Mental Health. I have over 20 years’ experience supporting people complex mental health difficulties. I am an EMDR Therapist, Certified Mindfulness Teacher, Heart Math Coach and Breathing Therapist. I offer individuals time to focus on their well-being in a safe space which enables people to develop awareness, insight and an opportunity to heal and grow. Whether you are feeling anxious or stuck in life, I will sit with you to create a space where we can develop a journey of healing, insight and discovery towards your true potential
01287 551067 View 01287 551067
Photo of Nicola Jayne Arceri, MBACP, Counsellor
Nicola Jayne Arceri
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Stainton TS17
My counselling style is warm and interactive. I believe in treating everyone with respect, sensitivity, and compassion, and I don't believe one size fits all! I am experienced in working with a wide range of issues including relationship issues, depression, anxiety, coping with addictions, attention-deficit disorder, trauma, bereavement and loss, anger management amongst other concerns I also help many people who have experienced sexual abuse, rape and domestic violence or that live with personality disorders
My counselling style is warm and interactive. I believe in treating everyone with respect, sensitivity, and compassion, and I don't believe one size fits all! I am experienced in working with a wide range of issues including relationship issues, depression, anxiety, coping with addictions, attention-deficit disorder, trauma, bereavement and loss, anger management amongst other concerns I also help many people who have experienced sexual abuse, rape and domestic violence or that live with personality disorders
01642 130408 View 01642 130408
Photo of David Benjamin, BACP, Counsellor
David Benjamin
Counsellor, BACP
Verified Verified
Middlesbrough TS5
As a Trauma Informed therapist and supervisor I offer confidential one to one sessions for issues including anxiety and trauma. Face to face or video call. As an adopted adult, I've experienced my own attachment issues that come with this and can work through these with you in a trauma informed way. You will be made to feel welcome and safe as we work together.
As a Trauma Informed therapist and supervisor I offer confidential one to one sessions for issues including anxiety and trauma. Face to face or video call. As an adopted adult, I've experienced my own attachment issues that come with this and can work through these with you in a trauma informed way. You will be made to feel welcome and safe as we work together.
01642 680994 View 01642 680994
Photo of Jade Baker, MNCPS Acc., Counsellor
Jade Baker
Counsellor, MNCPS Acc.
Verified Verified
Marton-in-Cleveland TS8
I hope you are ok, before I explained about my qualifications and the type of work I do, I wanted to explain how you get started. You have already done step one you are thinking about reaching out (I know how much courage this takes, so well done). I offer a safe, warm environment where you can open up without fear of judgement. I work with both adults and children, who have a variety of presenting issues from bereavement, anxiety, stress, low self-esteem and much more. I also have some therapy pets that can come into the sessions.
I hope you are ok, before I explained about my qualifications and the type of work I do, I wanted to explain how you get started. You have already done step one you are thinking about reaching out (I know how much courage this takes, so well done). I offer a safe, warm environment where you can open up without fear of judgement. I work with both adults and children, who have a variety of presenting issues from bereavement, anxiety, stress, low self-esteem and much more. I also have some therapy pets that can come into the sessions.
01642 668031 View 01642 668031
Photo of Helen Catherine Lynas, MA, MBACP, Counsellor
Helen Catherine Lynas
Counsellor, MA, MBACP
Verified Verified
Middlesbrough TS4
Hello, I am here to listen and for us to make sense of your experience. Life can be challenging and uncertain at times. We can feel worried and not very good about ourselves. I can support you. Sometimes in life we need some extra support and time to look after ourselves. I work with a range of issues that you may wish to discuss further. This includes; anxiety & depression, stress, anger, loss in your life, trust & relationship issues, self esteem & confidence, working with trauma and other distressing issues. I offer a person centred approach and integrate psycho-education, and focus on coping techniques and self care.
Hello, I am here to listen and for us to make sense of your experience. Life can be challenging and uncertain at times. We can feel worried and not very good about ourselves. I can support you. Sometimes in life we need some extra support and time to look after ourselves. I work with a range of issues that you may wish to discuss further. This includes; anxiety & depression, stress, anger, loss in your life, trust & relationship issues, self esteem & confidence, working with trauma and other distressing issues. I offer a person centred approach and integrate psycho-education, and focus on coping techniques and self care.
01287 550651 View 01287 550651

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in Nunthorpe

< 10

Counsellors in Nunthorpe who prioritize treating:

100% Relationship Issues
100% Depression
100% Anxiety
100% Addiction
100% Domestic Abuse
100% Life Coaching
100% Bereavement

Average years in practice

17 Years

Gender breakdown

100% Female

How Counsellors in Nunthorpe see their clients

100% In Person and Online
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in Nunthorpe?

Search for nearby therapists or counsellors by inputting your city, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are members of the main professional associations, mainly the British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy (BACP) and the UK Council for Psychotherapy (UKCP). Most Psychologists in the directory are accredited members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and/or are registered in the Health and Care Professions Council (HPCP).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for psychotherapists and counsellors in the UK, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and experience that enable them to do so in the UK. Psychologists have earned a degree in psychology and many are members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and have completed a postgraduate qualification in a specialism. Counsellors and Psychotherapists are not required to have a psychology degree, but to belong to a professional organisation such as the BACP or UKCP, they are required to have completed a training course as well as clinical and supervision hours.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the UK could be between £30 - £60 when seeing a counsellor and £60 - £150 and up when seeing a clinical psychologist. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The NHS Talking therapies programme offers free of charge counselling for common mental health problems like anxiety and depression. The service is available to anyone registered with a GP, though you do not necessarily need to be referred by your GP and can refer yourself directly to a Talking therapies service. The service will provide different solutions, including group and individual therapy, for a limited number of sessions which are generally up to six.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the BACP, the UKCP, or BPS are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there has been participation in a criminal act or act of terror, or if there is potential or known harm to the client or others, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.