Attachment-based Counselling in North London, London
![Photo of Cat Douglas - Dr Cat Douglas, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych., Psychologist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/f9c8436d-0b8c-49ce-b4d7-51df03fa38a6/2/320x400.jpeg)
Dr Cat Douglas
Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Verified Verified
North London, London N1 (Online Only)
I take a trauma informed and attachment-based approach to understanding the roots of these difficulties, and how they continue to impact in the present.
I am a Clinical Psychologist. I specialise in treating trauma, PTSD, and attachment related difficulties. I also provide therapy for a range of depression and anxiety related issues. I am registered with the HCPC and have over 10 years experience of working in mental health settings across the NHS and private practice. I have specialist training in relational and trauma therapies including Dynamic Interpersonal Therapy (DIT) and Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR) therapy. Everyone has their own unique challenges and struggles and so I provide a tailored approach to suit your individual needs.
I take a trauma informed and attachment-based approach to understanding the roots of these difficulties, and how they continue to impact in the present.
I am a Clinical Psychologist. I specialise in treating trauma, PTSD, and attachment related difficulties. I also provide therapy for a range of depression and anxiety related issues. I am registered with the HCPC and have over 10 years experience of working in mental health settings across the NHS and private practice. I have specialist training in relational and trauma therapies including Dynamic Interpersonal Therapy (DIT) and Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR) therapy. Everyone has their own unique challenges and struggles and so I provide a tailored approach to suit your individual needs.
![Photo of Sana Afsar, BACP, Counsellor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/bbea68ca-f67f-47be-bf3d-c8dd3550620f/1/320x400.jpeg)
I work with relationship difficulties, depression, grief, anxiety, identity-related issues (race, gender and sexuality), parenting struggles, stress and burnout, sexual abuse, suicidality, complex trauma, and other attachment-based wounding.
I am an Integrative Humanistic Therapist. I work with the understanding of intersectional complexities, neurodiversity and GSRD (gender, sexual, and relationship diversity). We explore all aspects of your lived experience to understand your current state of being. I utilise a trauma informed lens, as well as aim to re-establish connection with the body. Having lived in South Asia, the Middle East, America, France and now the UK, I am able to understand and acknowledge the social and cultural uniqueness of each person.
I work with relationship difficulties, depression, grief, anxiety, identity-related issues (race, gender and sexuality), parenting struggles, stress and burnout, sexual abuse, suicidality, complex trauma, and other attachment-based wounding.
I am an Integrative Humanistic Therapist. I work with the understanding of intersectional complexities, neurodiversity and GSRD (gender, sexual, and relationship diversity). We explore all aspects of your lived experience to understand your current state of being. I utilise a trauma informed lens, as well as aim to re-establish connection with the body. Having lived in South Asia, the Middle East, America, France and now the UK, I am able to understand and acknowledge the social and cultural uniqueness of each person.
![Photo of Miles Chinnachart Poola-Or, MA, MBACP, Psychotherapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/214211ad-444b-4f0c-95f9-6ecae7cb9cda/2/320x400.jpeg)
Miles Chinnachart Poola-Or
Psychotherapist, MA, MBACP
Verified Verified
North London, London N10 (Online Only)
I have experience working with sexual trauma, racial trauma, attachment-based trauma, boarding school survivors, and complex trauma.
As a therapist, I believe our personal experiences have a profound impact on how we perceive and interact with the world around us. We receive messages on how we should live our lives, and we learn to accommodate those messages in hopes to "fit in" with society. As an Asian gay man and being sent to boarding school, I understand the challenges of living authentically while also trying to honour the norms, values, and expectations of the community you come from.
I have experience working with sexual trauma, racial trauma, attachment-based trauma, boarding school survivors, and complex trauma.
As a therapist, I believe our personal experiences have a profound impact on how we perceive and interact with the world around us. We receive messages on how we should live our lives, and we learn to accommodate those messages in hopes to "fit in" with society. As an Asian gay man and being sent to boarding school, I understand the challenges of living authentically while also trying to honour the norms, values, and expectations of the community you come from.
![Photo of Matt Wotton - CBT & Coaching for Couples & Individuals , MSc, MBACP, Psychotherapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/9cbc1376-60a1-4248-b3d9-b5c4179f8a1a/2/320x400.jpeg)
CBT & Coaching for Couples & Individuals
Psychotherapist, MSc, MBACP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
North London, London N10
Getting the right help at the right time can change your life. I offer evidence-based therapy & coaching, drawing on the latest research into what works. Whatever issues you’re facing, my aim is to help relieve your distress as quickly as possible. I do that by drawing on approaches backed by decades of research. I am a previous Chair of The Bowlby Centre (leading body in the UK for attachment-based therapy) and the co-Director of The London Centre for Applied Psychology (providing training to other mental health professional and consulting to business about wellbeing in the workplace). I am also an ILM-accredited Coach.
Getting the right help at the right time can change your life. I offer evidence-based therapy & coaching, drawing on the latest research into what works. Whatever issues you’re facing, my aim is to help relieve your distress as quickly as possible. I do that by drawing on approaches backed by decades of research. I am a previous Chair of The Bowlby Centre (leading body in the UK for attachment-based therapy) and the co-Director of The London Centre for Applied Psychology (providing training to other mental health professional and consulting to business about wellbeing in the workplace). I am also an ILM-accredited Coach.
![Photo of Beverley Marais - The Eating Disorder Psychologist, DCounsPsych, AFBPSsS, Psychologist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/c450de2f-8370-4977-9a7a-24764c4cf2a1/2/320x400.jpeg)
The Eating Disorder Psychologist
Psychologist, DCounsPsych, AFBPSsS
Verified Verified
North London, London N1
Our therapeutic approach encompasses the following models of therapy: Cognitive Behavioural Therapy; Schema Therapy: Attachment-based Therapy; MANTRA, SSCM and Integrative Psychotherapy.
Recovery from an eating disorder is hard work. Working through daily challenges takes courage, strength and persistence. We are a team of eating disorder specialists consisting of psychologists, psychotherapists, dietitians, recovery workers and body movement therapists who provide holistic evidence-based treatment for children, adolescents, adults and families. We employ a virtual treatment platform that enables our partnerships to grow and work together effortlessly. Through the use of technology, we are able to implement solutions to help clients access specialist treatment and support at any locality.
Our therapeutic approach encompasses the following models of therapy: Cognitive Behavioural Therapy; Schema Therapy: Attachment-based Therapy; MANTRA, SSCM and Integrative Psychotherapy.
Recovery from an eating disorder is hard work. Working through daily challenges takes courage, strength and persistence. We are a team of eating disorder specialists consisting of psychologists, psychotherapists, dietitians, recovery workers and body movement therapists who provide holistic evidence-based treatment for children, adolescents, adults and families. We employ a virtual treatment platform that enables our partnerships to grow and work together effortlessly. Through the use of technology, we are able to implement solutions to help clients access specialist treatment and support at any locality.
![Photo of Humera Egan](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/3f141502-01ad-4db4-913e-fca4891eb19b/3/320x400.jpeg)
My name is Humera and I would like to tell you little bit about who I am and what I offer. I hope to offer a safe, confidential and comfortable environment to allow the mind and body to heal. I work from an attachment-based perspective and my practice is located in Berkshire however I am also able to offer sessions in London. My journey began as a qualified social worker and am passionate about supporting individuals to understand the route of their difficulties and finding a way forward. I have over 10 years of experience working in a variety of settings consisting of charities, local authorities and NHS.
My name is Humera and I would like to tell you little bit about who I am and what I offer. I hope to offer a safe, confidential and comfortable environment to allow the mind and body to heal. I work from an attachment-based perspective and my practice is located in Berkshire however I am also able to offer sessions in London. My journey began as a qualified social worker and am passionate about supporting individuals to understand the route of their difficulties and finding a way forward. I have over 10 years of experience working in a variety of settings consisting of charities, local authorities and NHS.
![Photo of Dr Hannah Alghali, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych., Psychologist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/d629d6cb-10c2-4e81-9387-4000e89764a3/1/320x400.png)
Dr Hannah Alghali
Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Verified Verified
North London, London N4
Not accepting new clients
Taking the initial steps to seeking therapy can be daunting. Therefore, building a trusting therapeutic relationship, in a safe and empathetic environment, is key to my approach. I am committed to providing bespoke psychological therapy that is tailored to the individual, and focuses on clients’ strengths and skills in order to help them overcome challenges they face and work towards holistic wellbeing. I am experienced in working with clients from a range of cultural backgrounds and sexualities, and I tailor the support I offer accordingly.
Taking the initial steps to seeking therapy can be daunting. Therefore, building a trusting therapeutic relationship, in a safe and empathetic environment, is key to my approach. I am committed to providing bespoke psychological therapy that is tailored to the individual, and focuses on clients’ strengths and skills in order to help them overcome challenges they face and work towards holistic wellbeing. I am experienced in working with clients from a range of cultural backgrounds and sexualities, and I tailor the support I offer accordingly.
![Photo of James Angel, MBACP, Psychotherapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/2e66c9d0-27f9-4567-81ed-478acc515b2f/1/320x400.jpeg)
I am an attachment-based psychotherapist based in Old Street, Islington.
I believe that psychotherapy has the potential to get to the root of distress. Through a safe and confidential therapeutic relationship, we can come to understand ourselves better and live with more fulfilment, freedom and self-acceptance. Having been in therapy myself, I know first-hand that the process and effects can be profound. Part of this means looking at how experiences and relationships from earlier in your life are affecting things now. And part of this means learning to be with your present-day experience in a different way – becoming more mindful and curious about your emotions, your mind and your body.
I am an attachment-based psychotherapist based in Old Street, Islington.
I believe that psychotherapy has the potential to get to the root of distress. Through a safe and confidential therapeutic relationship, we can come to understand ourselves better and live with more fulfilment, freedom and self-acceptance. Having been in therapy myself, I know first-hand that the process and effects can be profound. Part of this means looking at how experiences and relationships from earlier in your life are affecting things now. And part of this means learning to be with your present-day experience in a different way – becoming more mindful and curious about your emotions, your mind and your body.
![Photo of Shae Harmon, COSRT General, Psychotherapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/73a79acd-7cdd-4474-88e6-8bc901887686/1/320x400.jpeg)
I am Shae (they/them), a Queer Sex & Relationship Therapist working with LGBTQIA+ individuals and partners. As LGBTQIA+ people that can be really hard and scary to unpack how to make sustainable change in our lives. This is why, together, we can choose a pace that works for you. I can help you understand the parts that make you - YOU - reducing shame and increasing connection with yourself and others.
I am Shae (they/them), a Queer Sex & Relationship Therapist working with LGBTQIA+ individuals and partners. As LGBTQIA+ people that can be really hard and scary to unpack how to make sustainable change in our lives. This is why, together, we can choose a pace that works for you. I can help you understand the parts that make you - YOU - reducing shame and increasing connection with yourself and others.
![Photo of Rebecca Jones, BACP, Counsellor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/33e757bf-9d43-4d56-9577-e240a520b072/3/320x400.jpeg)
In life, we all encounter moments of uncertainty, challenges, and emotions that can leave us feeling overwhelmed. If you've found yourself here, it's likely you're seeking support and guidance through such times, and I want to extend a heartfelt welcome to you. Whether you're struggling with bereavement, relationship issues, self-esteem challenges, neurodiversity, exploring difference or simply seeking greater self-awareness and personal growth, I am here to walk alongside you with unwavering support and guidance.
In life, we all encounter moments of uncertainty, challenges, and emotions that can leave us feeling overwhelmed. If you've found yourself here, it's likely you're seeking support and guidance through such times, and I want to extend a heartfelt welcome to you. Whether you're struggling with bereavement, relationship issues, self-esteem challenges, neurodiversity, exploring difference or simply seeking greater self-awareness and personal growth, I am here to walk alongside you with unwavering support and guidance.
![Photo of Louise Neervoort - Louise Therapy , MBABCP, Psychotherapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/79013eb8-1794-4ed3-bb24-8f3488d8f15e/1/320x400.jpeg)
I am a compassionate and empathic CBT and EMDR therapist with over a decade of experience helping individuals overcome psychological distress and navigate through difficult challenges. I have over 10 years experience helping people overcome a range of psychological difficulties including PTSD, cPTSD, OCD, depression, anxiety issues, low self esteem, attachment issues, disordered eating and more. I believe that every person is an individual, has resilience and will have found remarkable ways to cope with life's difficulties.
I am a compassionate and empathic CBT and EMDR therapist with over a decade of experience helping individuals overcome psychological distress and navigate through difficult challenges. I have over 10 years experience helping people overcome a range of psychological difficulties including PTSD, cPTSD, OCD, depression, anxiety issues, low self esteem, attachment issues, disordered eating and more. I believe that every person is an individual, has resilience and will have found remarkable ways to cope with life's difficulties.
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![Photo of Joel Robinson - Joel Robinson Counselling, MBACP, Counsellor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/2a10daeb-26d8-4d0e-92c0-d43e06342d61/2/320x400.jpeg)
I offer counselling to people who are in some sort of transition in their lives. Often people come to me when they're feeling stuck, isolated or low. I often work with people in their twenties, thirties and forties who are facing some sort of mid-life transition. You might be weighing up what is important to you, and how to take the next steps in your life. I work with people who are often from marginalised groups, for example, LGBTQ+ people and/or people from Black and ethnic minorities. You might want to find out a way to live your life that feels authentic and unblock energy to achieve your goals.
I offer counselling to people who are in some sort of transition in their lives. Often people come to me when they're feeling stuck, isolated or low. I often work with people in their twenties, thirties and forties who are facing some sort of mid-life transition. You might be weighing up what is important to you, and how to take the next steps in your life. I work with people who are often from marginalised groups, for example, LGBTQ+ people and/or people from Black and ethnic minorities. You might want to find out a way to live your life that feels authentic and unblock energy to achieve your goals.
![Photo of Elaine Lim, BACP, Counsellor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/4652d7c9-6e90-421b-a8d4-ab397249ee7e/3/320x400.jpeg)
Do you struggle with anxiety, depression or loneliness? Or do you perhaps suffer from low self-esteem, and struggle to find purpose in life? Are your relationships fulfilling for you, or do you struggle to have meaningful and satisfying connections with others? Perhaps you've experienced loss of some kind, and are nursing a broken heart. Whatever it is, life sometimes has a way of throwing us challenges that can make us feel small or inadequate. The important thing is that you desire to take the first step on the path towards healing and self-discovery.
Do you struggle with anxiety, depression or loneliness? Or do you perhaps suffer from low self-esteem, and struggle to find purpose in life? Are your relationships fulfilling for you, or do you struggle to have meaningful and satisfying connections with others? Perhaps you've experienced loss of some kind, and are nursing a broken heart. Whatever it is, life sometimes has a way of throwing us challenges that can make us feel small or inadequate. The important thing is that you desire to take the first step on the path towards healing and self-discovery.
![Photo of Samia Quddus, MBACP, Counsellor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/390d268a-3a75-4316-8af6-dbd4b8d0e00e/2/320x400.png)
Welcome, I’m Samia. Life's journey can sometimes prompt us to seek support. If you're facing personal issues that concern you or have areas you'd like to explore, I am here to help. In my private practice, I see clients of various ages and backgrounds commonly exploring issues related to family systems, family related abuse, family and in-law dynamics, relationships, school pressures, relocation transitions, anxiety and depression. I also provide parent/ carer support. My extensive clinical counselling background includes schools, non-profit organisations and collaborative working with NHS mental health specialists.
Welcome, I’m Samia. Life's journey can sometimes prompt us to seek support. If you're facing personal issues that concern you or have areas you'd like to explore, I am here to help. In my private practice, I see clients of various ages and backgrounds commonly exploring issues related to family systems, family related abuse, family and in-law dynamics, relationships, school pressures, relocation transitions, anxiety and depression. I also provide parent/ carer support. My extensive clinical counselling background includes schools, non-profit organisations and collaborative working with NHS mental health specialists.
![Photo of Mehmet Erdil, MA, MBACP, Psychotherapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/50775248-46cd-11ea-a6ad-06142c356176/2/320x400.jpeg)
I am an experienced relationship therapist. I hold Masters Degree (MA) in Relationship Therapy. I provide short and long term counselling and psychotherapy for couples, families and individuals with relationship issues. In addition to my private practice I also work for Relate. I specialise in relationship issues such as; communication problems, trust issues, affairs, intimacy issues, low self-esteem, past relationship difficulties, separation and divorce, difficulty forming relationship, family and parenting style issues, anger issues, porn addiction and sexual difficulties.
I am an experienced relationship therapist. I hold Masters Degree (MA) in Relationship Therapy. I provide short and long term counselling and psychotherapy for couples, families and individuals with relationship issues. In addition to my private practice I also work for Relate. I specialise in relationship issues such as; communication problems, trust issues, affairs, intimacy issues, low self-esteem, past relationship difficulties, separation and divorce, difficulty forming relationship, family and parenting style issues, anger issues, porn addiction and sexual difficulties.
![Photo of Denise Richards, MBACP, Counsellor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/54c05c76-46cd-11ea-a6ad-06142c356176/2/320x400.jpeg)
Deciding to start counselling can be daunting, but with me, you'll be safe. I'll walk with you on your journey of self-discovery! While you explore the tangle of emotions, thoughts and feelings you may be experiencing, I'll support you in the safe place, the therapy room. Together we'll carefully uncover underlying, hidden memories and patterns of behaviour, enabling you to understand the impact these have had and may still be having on your life. It's a bit like peeling the layers off an onion! You may laugh, cry and experience a plethora of other emotions, but you won't be alone, I'll be peeling your onion with you!
Deciding to start counselling can be daunting, but with me, you'll be safe. I'll walk with you on your journey of self-discovery! While you explore the tangle of emotions, thoughts and feelings you may be experiencing, I'll support you in the safe place, the therapy room. Together we'll carefully uncover underlying, hidden memories and patterns of behaviour, enabling you to understand the impact these have had and may still be having on your life. It's a bit like peeling the layers off an onion! You may laugh, cry and experience a plethora of other emotions, but you won't be alone, I'll be peeling your onion with you!
![Photo of Ophra Gilead - Ophra Gilead Therapy, MSc, MBACP Snr. Accred, Psychotherapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/c14e6333-10b7-4a99-a46c-cf44c778daa3/1/320x400.jpeg)
Ophra Gilead Therapy
Psychotherapist, MSc, MBACP Snr. Accred
Verified Verified
North London, London N12
I have worked with issues such as relationships, depression and anxiety, bereavement and loss, family, childhood experiences, gender and cultural identity, infertility and significant life changes such as losing a job or relocation. I have worked for many years for the NHS and in private setting. I work with individuals, couples and family members. I am a qualified and experienced generic, DIT and Infertility supervisor.
I have worked with issues such as relationships, depression and anxiety, bereavement and loss, family, childhood experiences, gender and cultural identity, infertility and significant life changes such as losing a job or relocation. I have worked for many years for the NHS and in private setting. I work with individuals, couples and family members. I am a qualified and experienced generic, DIT and Infertility supervisor.
![Photo of Dr Stephanie Minchin, PhD, HCPC - Clin. Psych., Psychologist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/cfd3edee-caff-4bf1-9006-40f0240e4029/2/320x400.jpeg)
Dr Stephanie Minchin
Psychologist, PhD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Verified Verified
North London, London N16
Psychological therapy involves exploring one’s life story, the current difficulties and their contexts, making sense of the difficulties together, identifying what you would like help and support with, defining individualised goals, applying specialist therapeutic interventions to help transform, heal and make change, with regular review of progress. Yoga Therapy is the science of applying yoga to overcome health difficulties, integrating mind, body, emotional and spiritual influences through breathing techniques, embodied movement, yoga postures, meditation, mindfulness-based approaches and lifestyle guidance.
Psychological therapy involves exploring one’s life story, the current difficulties and their contexts, making sense of the difficulties together, identifying what you would like help and support with, defining individualised goals, applying specialist therapeutic interventions to help transform, heal and make change, with regular review of progress. Yoga Therapy is the science of applying yoga to overcome health difficulties, integrating mind, body, emotional and spiritual influences through breathing techniques, embodied movement, yoga postures, meditation, mindfulness-based approaches and lifestyle guidance.
![Photo of Carla Di Falco, MSc, HCPC - Couns. Psych., Psychologist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/4f2dcdf8-51e9-406a-8c31-1bff6a1c6f49/2/320x400.jpeg)
You may decide to seek individual therapy for different reasons: you may be experiencing some difficulties or changes in your life affecting you and/or their family and significant others. You may also decide to come to therapy to have an opportunity to think about how you would like to improve your life, confidence and self-esteem. In our initial appointment, we will have a chance to discuss what your goals are and what change you would like to see and to assess if I am the right fit for you.
You may decide to seek individual therapy for different reasons: you may be experiencing some difficulties or changes in your life affecting you and/or their family and significant others. You may also decide to come to therapy to have an opportunity to think about how you would like to improve your life, confidence and self-esteem. In our initial appointment, we will have a chance to discuss what your goals are and what change you would like to see and to assess if I am the right fit for you.
![Photo of Carrie Beth Emery, DCounsPsych, HCPC - Couns. Psych., Psychologist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/f299230c-e220-4f34-8a86-5447ae3e2058/2/320x400.jpeg)
Carrie Beth Emery
Psychologist, DCounsPsych, HCPC - Couns. Psych.
Verified Verified
North London, London N8
I am passionate about empowering clients to develop or strengthen their own sense of agency in the world, so that they feel in control. In order to do this, I work collaboratively with clients rather than acting as an expert. I walk alongside my clients in their therapeutic journey, rather than taking the lead and instructing which can at times feel disempowering. Whilst I use my knowledge and expertise to help clients consider new ways of viewing the world and offer guidance on ways they may consider changing their behaviours to better suit their needs, I do not act as an "expert" as I believe each person knows themselves best.
I am passionate about empowering clients to develop or strengthen their own sense of agency in the world, so that they feel in control. In order to do this, I work collaboratively with clients rather than acting as an expert. I walk alongside my clients in their therapeutic journey, rather than taking the lead and instructing which can at times feel disempowering. Whilst I use my knowledge and expertise to help clients consider new ways of viewing the world and offer guidance on ways they may consider changing their behaviours to better suit their needs, I do not act as an "expert" as I believe each person knows themselves best.
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Nearby Searches for North London, London
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Attachment-based Counsellors
Is attachment-based therapy the same as attachment therapy?
Attachment-based therapy may be confused with what is called “attachment therapy” (sometimes called “holding therapy”), a discredited and dangerous approach to treating children with attachment disorders, autism, or other mental health concerns. Attachment therapy—not attachment-based therapy—may involve restraining a child, forcing eye contact, and other coercive or abusive techniques. None of these practices are used in attachment-based therapy and the two modalities are in no way related.
What should I expect from attachment-based therapy?
Attachment-based therapy is based on attachment theory, which posits that children’s early relationships with their caregivers strongly influence their ability to navigate the world later in life. Thus, adults who seek attachment-based therapy should expect to deeply explore their childhood, identifying the dynamics or experiences that disrupted their attachment and the steps necessary to overcome challenges that arose as a result. Parents and children should expect to explore the possible factors that disrupted the parent-child relationship and work toward restoring trust and connection.
How long does attachment-based therapy last?
Certain forms of attachment-based therapy, especially those designed for parents and children, last for a set number of sessions; for example, Attachment and Biobehavioural Catch-Up, a specific attachment-based approach for young children who have undergone early adversity, unfolds over 10 one-hour sessions. When attachment-based therapy is practiced on adults or combined with other modalities, it may not last a specific length of time; clients may wish to ask prospective therapists how long they expect treatment to take.
Does attachment-based therapy work?
Most of the research on attachment-based therapy focuses on children and adolescents. Some of this research shows a positive effect, especially for attachment-based family therapy (ABFT). Other studies, however, have found that attachment-based therapy is no more effective than other approaches to childhood depression, anxiety, or suicidality. Less is known about the therapy’s efficacy on adult populations.