Psychodynamic Counselling in Liverpool

Photo of Helen Newman, MNCPS Acc., Counsellor
Helen Newman
Counsellor, MNCPS Acc.
Verified Verified
Liverpool L17
My person-centred approach to counselling integrates aspects of psychotherapy from the humanistic, psychodynamic and behaviourist disciplines.
We all experience difficulties and challenges at some point in our lives which can leave us feeling anxious, stressed and worried. We all have past experiences that can still affect us in the here and now. Trying to make sense of these issues and experiences and trying to find our place in the world can often feel overwhelming and frightening, especially if we believe that we are the only ones feeling this way. Effective counselling can give you the time and space you need to help you to explore and begin to make sense of the issues affecting your life and allow you to focus on the changes you may want to make.
My person-centred approach to counselling integrates aspects of psychotherapy from the humanistic, psychodynamic and behaviourist disciplines.
We all experience difficulties and challenges at some point in our lives which can leave us feeling anxious, stressed and worried. We all have past experiences that can still affect us in the here and now. Trying to make sense of these issues and experiences and trying to find our place in the world can often feel overwhelming and frightening, especially if we believe that we are the only ones feeling this way. Effective counselling can give you the time and space you need to help you to explore and begin to make sense of the issues affecting your life and allow you to focus on the changes you may want to make.
01923 961195 View 01923 961195
Photo of Linda Helena Boutet, MBACP, Psychotherapist
Linda Helena Boutet
Psychotherapist, MBACP
Verified Verified
Liverpool L1
I am trained in both psychodynamic and integrative therapy.
With 30 years of experience as a BACP registered therapist, I provide authentic, compassionate and insightful support. You may be feeling unhappy and 'stuck' at this point in your life, or may be confused about your life in general. Our past has influenced our present but does not have to determine our future. With support, we can move on and understand ourselves and this is why talking therapy is so useful. We all experience difficulties in life and although you may feel alone, be assured that others have felt the way that you do. I am aware that finding the right therapist can be confusing, hence my low-cost introductory session
I am trained in both psychodynamic and integrative therapy.
With 30 years of experience as a BACP registered therapist, I provide authentic, compassionate and insightful support. You may be feeling unhappy and 'stuck' at this point in your life, or may be confused about your life in general. Our past has influenced our present but does not have to determine our future. With support, we can move on and understand ourselves and this is why talking therapy is so useful. We all experience difficulties in life and although you may feel alone, be assured that others have felt the way that you do. I am aware that finding the right therapist can be confusing, hence my low-cost introductory session
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Photo of Irene Marshall, DCounsPsych, MBACP Accred, Counsellor
Irene Marshall
Counsellor, DCounsPsych, MBACP Accred
Verified Verified
Liverpool L15
Therapy offers a safe and confidential place where you can talk to a professional about the difficult events in your life, your relationships and emotions or about thoughts and behaviours you want to change. I adopt a client centred approach offering a non judgemental and empathic place believing in my clients potential for self growth. I am an integrative counsellor offering a variety of methods including Psychodynamic, person centred and CBT to meet the needs of the individual.
Therapy offers a safe and confidential place where you can talk to a professional about the difficult events in your life, your relationships and emotions or about thoughts and behaviours you want to change. I adopt a client centred approach offering a non judgemental and empathic place believing in my clients potential for self growth. I am an integrative counsellor offering a variety of methods including Psychodynamic, person centred and CBT to meet the needs of the individual.
0161 543 1140 View 0161 543 1140
Photo of Heidi Larner, MA, MBACP Accred, Psychotherapist
Heidi Larner
Psychotherapist, MA, MBACP Accred
Verified Verified
Liverpool L3  (Online Only)
My approach draws on techniques and training in humanistic therapy, transpersonal psychology, mindfulness based therapy, psychodynamic therapy, DBT, CBT, interpersonal neurobiology, and internal family systems.
I am an Integrative Psychotherapist with 15 years of work experience in the field of mental health. I have extensive experience with complex trauma, PTSD, anxiety, depression, grief and loss, and feelings of fear, anger, shame, and low self-esteem. Maybe you’re feeling anxious, sad, or confused, and it seems too much to face alone. I am here to help you develop self-understanding, and encourage you to adopt new feelings, attitudes, and behaviours towards life situations. My integrative approach is therapeutically adaptive to your unique individual needs, and empowers you to develop trust and confidence in your own inner guidance.
My approach draws on techniques and training in humanistic therapy, transpersonal psychology, mindfulness based therapy, psychodynamic therapy, DBT, CBT, interpersonal neurobiology, and internal family systems.
I am an Integrative Psychotherapist with 15 years of work experience in the field of mental health. I have extensive experience with complex trauma, PTSD, anxiety, depression, grief and loss, and feelings of fear, anger, shame, and low self-esteem. Maybe you’re feeling anxious, sad, or confused, and it seems too much to face alone. I am here to help you develop self-understanding, and encourage you to adopt new feelings, attitudes, and behaviours towards life situations. My integrative approach is therapeutically adaptive to your unique individual needs, and empowers you to develop trust and confidence in your own inner guidance.
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Photo of Haylea Archer, MA, HCPC-Art Therap., Psychotherapist
Haylea Archer
Psychotherapist, MA, HCPC-Art Therap.
Verified Verified
Liverpool L1
Hello, my name is Haylea and I'm an Art Psychotherapist and EMDR Therapist. Perhaps you are struggling with anxiety, depression or have experienced trauma. Or maybe you dont seem to be reaching your goals but you cant put your finger on why. Together we can work together in creating a sense of trust and safety, because when people feel safe, they can do anything. There is such a deep and rich experience that can be had, when art materials and body based practises are involved in therapy. My work is informed by psychodynamic, attachment theory, polyvagal theory and the neurosequential model. I look forward to meeting you.
Hello, my name is Haylea and I'm an Art Psychotherapist and EMDR Therapist. Perhaps you are struggling with anxiety, depression or have experienced trauma. Or maybe you dont seem to be reaching your goals but you cant put your finger on why. Together we can work together in creating a sense of trust and safety, because when people feel safe, they can do anything. There is such a deep and rich experience that can be had, when art materials and body based practises are involved in therapy. My work is informed by psychodynamic, attachment theory, polyvagal theory and the neurosequential model. I look forward to meeting you.
0151 453 3257 View 0151 453 3257
Photo of Gill Gillespie, MBACP, Counsellor
Gill Gillespie
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Liverpool L25
I have experience of working with Adults and Children aged 12+ using modalities such as Cognitive Therapy Behaviour (CBT), Person-Centred, Psychodynamic, Solution-Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT), and Transactional Analysis (TA).
My name is Gill, and I am an integrative counsellor who will greet you with warmth, empathy, acceptance and understanding from the first moment we meet, providing you a safe place to share and explore your emotions or behaviours. Reaching out to seek support is the first step to making sense of your thoughts or feelings or are ready to make changes to your life. If you feel you need help with any mental health concerns such as with anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, family issues, work issues bereavement or setting personal goals, else please get in touch.
I have experience of working with Adults and Children aged 12+ using modalities such as Cognitive Therapy Behaviour (CBT), Person-Centred, Psychodynamic, Solution-Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT), and Transactional Analysis (TA).
My name is Gill, and I am an integrative counsellor who will greet you with warmth, empathy, acceptance and understanding from the first moment we meet, providing you a safe place to share and explore your emotions or behaviours. Reaching out to seek support is the first step to making sense of your thoughts or feelings or are ready to make changes to your life. If you feel you need help with any mental health concerns such as with anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, family issues, work issues bereavement or setting personal goals, else please get in touch.
01928 249635 View 01928 249635
Photo of Natasha Groves, MSc, MBACP, Counsellor
Natasha Groves
Counsellor, MSc, MBACP
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Liverpool L1  (Online Only)
I have been trained in Person Centred Theory, Cognitive Behavioural Therapies and Psychodynamic therapy. I also have accessed substance misuse training, Sexual Violence, Trauma and NHS ACT training. I have a psychology degree and a masters in counselling, where I completed a dissertation examining relational depth and delivery of counselling. I am trained in mindfulness, and this can be integrated into therapy in a variety of ways, and I can provide resources for you to access.
I have been trained in Person Centred Theory, Cognitive Behavioural Therapies and Psychodynamic therapy. I also have accessed substance misuse training, Sexual Violence, Trauma and NHS ACT training. I have a psychology degree and a masters in counselling, where I completed a dissertation examining relational depth and delivery of counselling. I am trained in mindfulness, and this can be integrated into therapy in a variety of ways, and I can provide resources for you to access.
01457 605934 View 01457 605934
Photo of Dr Kate Williams-Markey, PhD, HCPC - Clin. Psych., Psychologist
Dr Kate Williams-Markey
Psychologist, PhD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Verified Verified
Liverpool L18  (Online Only)
My approaches include: relational working including Psychodynamic Interpersonal Therapy, Mindfulness-based Cognitive Therapy, Compassion-Focused Therapy, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, and Cognitive Behavioural Therapy.
Hello! I work as a Clinical Psychologist part-time in the NHS, and part-time from home. Fundamentally, I enjoy meeting people and working alongside people to help process and understand their experiences. Sometimes our life experiences and difficulties we encounter can feel overwhelming, and we may not know where to start. I can help you start to make sense of your experiences through talking about them and applying a range of therapeutic approaches along the way.
My approaches include: relational working including Psychodynamic Interpersonal Therapy, Mindfulness-based Cognitive Therapy, Compassion-Focused Therapy, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, and Cognitive Behavioural Therapy.
Hello! I work as a Clinical Psychologist part-time in the NHS, and part-time from home. Fundamentally, I enjoy meeting people and working alongside people to help process and understand their experiences. Sometimes our life experiences and difficulties we encounter can feel overwhelming, and we may not know where to start. I can help you start to make sense of your experiences through talking about them and applying a range of therapeutic approaches along the way.
01663 790542 View 01663 790542
Photo of Sondous Korsan - Sondous @ yatb.uk (English/Farsi), MA, BACP, Counsellor
Sondous @ yatb.uk (English/Farsi)
Counsellor, MA, BACP
Verified Verified
Liverpool L1
Are you seeking assistance to improve your relationship as a couple? With over a decade of experience as a certified Integrative Counselor, specializing in Person-Centered, Psychodynamic, and Humanistic approaches since 2009, I possess a comprehensive skill set to support you. I also bring expertise in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Neuro-Linguistic Programming (NLP), and Life Coaching. I offer interventions on both an individual and group basis, accessible via phone, Skype, Zoom, and WhatsApp, in English and Farsi. For more information, visit www.yatb.uk, a platform promoting self-development and unleashing your "best self."
Are you seeking assistance to improve your relationship as a couple? With over a decade of experience as a certified Integrative Counselor, specializing in Person-Centered, Psychodynamic, and Humanistic approaches since 2009, I possess a comprehensive skill set to support you. I also bring expertise in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Neuro-Linguistic Programming (NLP), and Life Coaching. I offer interventions on both an individual and group basis, accessible via phone, Skype, Zoom, and WhatsApp, in English and Farsi. For more information, visit www.yatb.uk, a platform promoting self-development and unleashing your "best self."
020 3095 4703 View 020 3095 4703
Photo of Robert Fielding - Robert Fielding, MBACP, Psychotherapist
Robert Fielding
Psychotherapist, MBACP
Verified Verified
Liverpool L1
My training combined psychodynamic methods (listening to subconscious drives and patterns) with the humanistic (providing ideal conditions for your unique psychological growth) and existential approaches (your whole being).
I provide compassionate, confidential, professionally accredited counselling psychotherapy for your unique Self... Strength to thrive ...embrace change with courage... An holistic approach
My training combined psychodynamic methods (listening to subconscious drives and patterns) with the humanistic (providing ideal conditions for your unique psychological growth) and existential approaches (your whole being).
I provide compassionate, confidential, professionally accredited counselling psychotherapy for your unique Self... Strength to thrive ...embrace change with courage... An holistic approach
01254 946861 View 01254 946861
Photo of Damian Joseph Wilde - Wilde Psychology , PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych., Psychologist
Wilde Psychology
Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Verified Verified
Liverpool L1
My main specialism is psychodynamic psychotherapy.
Hi, I'm Dr Damian Wilde, a Consultant Clinical Psychologist with several years experience of working with children and adults in the NHS and privately. I work with people who have unfortunately experienced trauma and other difficult life events. Adverse events often lead to psychological health problems, which can be very distressing and detrimental to a person.
My main specialism is psychodynamic psychotherapy.
Hi, I'm Dr Damian Wilde, a Consultant Clinical Psychologist with several years experience of working with children and adults in the NHS and privately. I work with people who have unfortunately experienced trauma and other difficult life events. Adverse events often lead to psychological health problems, which can be very distressing and detrimental to a person.
0151 453 2906 View 0151 453 2906
Photo of David Traynor, MBACP, Counsellor
David Traynor
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Liverpool L23
I am an Integrative counsellor, so I am qualified and experienced in various theories allowing me to offer one that suits you, including Cognitive behavioural therapy, Person-centred therapy, Solution focused therapy, Psychodynamic therapy and mindfulness techniques.
Hi, my name is David. I believe it takes great courage to make the first step towards counselling. Life can be complex and we all hit points where we really can't see the woods through the trees, I can help you to work through this, in a safe and comfortable setting, that is non-judgemental and confidential. I work with issues such as anxiety, depression, relationship issues, anger, bereavement and loss, work related stress and low self esteem. My work helps you to identify emotions, work through your feelings and gain an understanding to make healthy choices, equipping you with the confidence and autonomy to find yourself.
I am an Integrative counsellor, so I am qualified and experienced in various theories allowing me to offer one that suits you, including Cognitive behavioural therapy, Person-centred therapy, Solution focused therapy, Psychodynamic therapy and mindfulness techniques.
Hi, my name is David. I believe it takes great courage to make the first step towards counselling. Life can be complex and we all hit points where we really can't see the woods through the trees, I can help you to work through this, in a safe and comfortable setting, that is non-judgemental and confidential. I work with issues such as anxiety, depression, relationship issues, anger, bereavement and loss, work related stress and low self esteem. My work helps you to identify emotions, work through your feelings and gain an understanding to make healthy choices, equipping you with the confidence and autonomy to find yourself.
01928 245598 View 01928 245598
Photo of Estelle Dooley - Estelle Dooley, MA, MBACP Accred, Psychotherapist
Estelle Dooley
Psychotherapist, MA, MBACP Accred
Verified Verified
Liverpool L18  (Online Only)
I am integrative and deliver different models of therapy including Solution-Focused, CBT, Psychodynamic, Person-Centred, Mindfulness, and Coaching.
I offer a warm, empathic, confidential space for you to explore safely a current situation, something from your past, or a future concern. I will help and support you through. Accredited Award-Winning Therapist and Coach with 18 years of experience in Mental health, Abuse, Grief, Addiction, & more just ask. You will gain a deeper understanding of yourself and your situation, with all the tools you need to make positive changes in your life leaving you feeling empowered, and strong. See my reviews from clients who already have by visiting my website www.estelledooley.com.
I am integrative and deliver different models of therapy including Solution-Focused, CBT, Psychodynamic, Person-Centred, Mindfulness, and Coaching.
I offer a warm, empathic, confidential space for you to explore safely a current situation, something from your past, or a future concern. I will help and support you through. Accredited Award-Winning Therapist and Coach with 18 years of experience in Mental health, Abuse, Grief, Addiction, & more just ask. You will gain a deeper understanding of yourself and your situation, with all the tools you need to make positive changes in your life leaving you feeling empowered, and strong. See my reviews from clients who already have by visiting my website www.estelledooley.com.
0151 317 2573 View 0151 317 2573
Photo of Zsofia Kaplar, MSc, MBACP, Psychotherapist
Zsofia Kaplar
Psychotherapist, MSc, MBACP
Verified Verified
Liverpool L10  (Online Only)
Having trained in person-centred and psychodynamic therapies, I added CBT and mindfulness skills, and a focus on compassion.
Some days it can feel a bit too much. Do you exhaust yourself trying to cope with whatever life throws at you? Even when you feel worn out, close to boiling point or increasingly flat inside? You may feel a need to show yourself strong and capable even when you don’t feel like that. You might treat others a lot better than yourself. This is likely to place a huge toll on your mind and body; perhaps even on the very relationships you put so much into. You can learn to carry less of life's burdens by yourself and get more out of your precious time. What dreams have you given up on? What would you do if you could?
Having trained in person-centred and psychodynamic therapies, I added CBT and mindfulness skills, and a focus on compassion.
Some days it can feel a bit too much. Do you exhaust yourself trying to cope with whatever life throws at you? Even when you feel worn out, close to boiling point or increasingly flat inside? You may feel a need to show yourself strong and capable even when you don’t feel like that. You might treat others a lot better than yourself. This is likely to place a huge toll on your mind and body; perhaps even on the very relationships you put so much into. You can learn to carry less of life's burdens by yourself and get more out of your precious time. What dreams have you given up on? What would you do if you could?
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Photo of Shaunagh Parkes, MBACP, Counsellor
Shaunagh Parkes
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Liverpool L17  (Online Only)
As an Integrative Therapist I work within a number of different modalities, such as person centred, CBT, psychodynamic, solution focused, family systems and transactional analysis theories.
Welcome! My name is Shaunagh and I am an experienced Integrative Therapist based in Cheshire. I have worked as a counsellor within primary care settings, employment assistance programmes and private practice. I have also spent 2 years as a volunteer counsellor for local charities. As a result I have had the privilege of gaining experience in a variety and severity of mental health complaints. I have the most experience working with anxiety, relationship issues, grief/loss and LGBTQ+ issues. I also have experience working with depression/low mood, trauma, family conflict, life transitions, self-harm, self-esteem and stress.
As an Integrative Therapist I work within a number of different modalities, such as person centred, CBT, psychodynamic, solution focused, family systems and transactional analysis theories.
Welcome! My name is Shaunagh and I am an experienced Integrative Therapist based in Cheshire. I have worked as a counsellor within primary care settings, employment assistance programmes and private practice. I have also spent 2 years as a volunteer counsellor for local charities. As a result I have had the privilege of gaining experience in a variety and severity of mental health complaints. I have the most experience working with anxiety, relationship issues, grief/loss and LGBTQ+ issues. I also have experience working with depression/low mood, trauma, family conflict, life transitions, self-harm, self-esteem and stress.
0151 453 0034 View 0151 453 0034
Photo of Richard Curtis, MUKCP, Psychotherapist
Richard Curtis
Psychotherapist, MUKCP
Verified Verified
Liverpool L37
I am a Group Analyst, Psychodynamic Psychotherapist and Counsellor, working in the NHS and in private practice.
Are you experiencing difficulties in negotiating challenging life events? Are you struggling with long standing problems that impact your mental health or your relationships with others? Are you trying to make sense of bewildering emotions that sometimes seem out of control or seem difficult to connect with? Are you looking to develop a greater fuller sense of yourself and who you are and how you relate to others?
I am a Group Analyst, Psychodynamic Psychotherapist and Counsellor, working in the NHS and in private practice.
Are you experiencing difficulties in negotiating challenging life events? Are you struggling with long standing problems that impact your mental health or your relationships with others? Are you trying to make sense of bewildering emotions that sometimes seem out of control or seem difficult to connect with? Are you looking to develop a greater fuller sense of yourself and who you are and how you relate to others?
0151 453 6372 View 0151 453 6372
Photo of Annie Watkins - Annie Watkins Therapy , MA, MBACP, Counsellor
Annie Watkins Therapy
Counsellor, MA, MBACP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Liverpool L18
As a qualified integrative therapist, respect is at the centre of my beliefs. I fervently believe that an individual, no matter who you are, should have the arena in which to be heard, without prejudice, without judgement, and with compassion. Our inclusive space will be one of confidentiality, trust and a pace that you feel able to go at, and my hope is that we will work to resolve, or at least identify, some, if not all, of the reasons that you've decided to reach out.
As a qualified integrative therapist, respect is at the centre of my beliefs. I fervently believe that an individual, no matter who you are, should have the arena in which to be heard, without prejudice, without judgement, and with compassion. Our inclusive space will be one of confidentiality, trust and a pace that you feel able to go at, and my hope is that we will work to resolve, or at least identify, some, if not all, of the reasons that you've decided to reach out.
01923 961960 View 01923 961960
Photo of Sara Douglas, DCounsPsych, MNCPS Acc., Counsellor
Sara Douglas
Counsellor, DCounsPsych, MNCPS Acc.
Verified Verified
Liverpool L2
I moved to Liverpool to study and, on completing a degree, I commenced a career in hospitality working my way up to a managerial position. I was working late nights, early mornings; the sleep deprivation and the pressure of the job resulted in burnout. Personal experience of stress, anxiety, burnout, overwhelm and grief, led to my counselling journey. I understand how a variety of issues and difficulties can impact day to day functioning and relationships and how distressing it can be to feel out of control of your own emotions. Talking therapy can enable emotional regulation and make space to feel calmer and more focused.
I moved to Liverpool to study and, on completing a degree, I commenced a career in hospitality working my way up to a managerial position. I was working late nights, early mornings; the sleep deprivation and the pressure of the job resulted in burnout. Personal experience of stress, anxiety, burnout, overwhelm and grief, led to my counselling journey. I understand how a variety of issues and difficulties can impact day to day functioning and relationships and how distressing it can be to feel out of control of your own emotions. Talking therapy can enable emotional regulation and make space to feel calmer and more focused.
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Photo of Mary Jane Garner, MBACP Snr. Accred, Counsellor
Mary Jane Garner
Counsellor, MBACP Snr. Accred
Verified Verified
Liverpool L1
I believe therapy is a life-affirming process which can support you through difficult times and enable you face your future with greater insight, confidence and preparedness. I work with people to help them to find their way, make changes and move forward. I am committed to identifying and working with what it is that blocks us and what it is that helps us to change and cope with the losses, hardships and conflicts internally and in our relationships with others and the world. Troubles and problems may arise when we are stuck or feel overwhelmed and isolated.
I believe therapy is a life-affirming process which can support you through difficult times and enable you face your future with greater insight, confidence and preparedness. I work with people to help them to find their way, make changes and move forward. I am committed to identifying and working with what it is that blocks us and what it is that helps us to change and cope with the losses, hardships and conflicts internally and in our relationships with others and the world. Troubles and problems may arise when we are stuck or feel overwhelmed and isolated.
0151 317 7535 View 0151 317 7535
Photo of Emmie Brunskill, MBACP, Counsellor
Emmie Brunskill
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Liverpool L12
Are you feeling "stuck" and not sure why? You may feel anxious, angry, upset and you don't like how it makes you feel. You may have a child and you are worried about their well-being or are you in a relationship that needs a little help? Whatever it is, you can share it with me and I will help you understand why. If you are ready to take that next step to peace of mind then get in touch.
Are you feeling "stuck" and not sure why? You may feel anxious, angry, upset and you don't like how it makes you feel. You may have a child and you are worried about their well-being or are you in a relationship that needs a little help? Whatever it is, you can share it with me and I will help you understand why. If you are ready to take that next step to peace of mind then get in touch.
01767 660959 View 01767 660959
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Psychodynamic Counsellors

Is psychodynamic therapy evidence-based?

Studies have found psychodynamic therapy to be effective in treating conditions like social anxiety, eating disorders, chronic pain, some personality disorders, and depression; indeed, some studies have found it to be just as effective as CBT or medication. What’s more, several studies have found that the benefits of psychodynamic therapy tend to endure—even grow—long after treatment has ended.

How long does psychodynamic therapy last?

Unlike CBT and other more structured forms of therapy, psychodynamic therapy tends to be open-ended and may not be limited to a set number of sessions. It is common for clients to be in therapy for a year or longer and to see their therapist one to three times a week, though the exact schedule and timeline may vary depending on a client’s challenges and progress. However, brief psychodynamic therapy is available, which tends to be more goal-oriented and typically unfolds over 16 to 30 sessions.

Does psychodynamic therapy work?

Research finds that psychodynamic therapy can help someone manage or reduce symptoms of diagnosable mental health conditions like depression or anxiety. The modality may also offer a range of benefits that are harder to measure but just as valuable—such as increased self-worth or healthier relationships. While no therapy type will work for everyone, research and anecdotal evidence suggest that psychodynamic therapy can be highly effective.

What are the limitations of psychodynamic therapy?

Some meta-analyses have concluded that there is little evidence to suggest that psychodynamic therapy can effectively treat certain mental health conditions such as PTSD, OCD, or psychosis, though it is sometimes used to do so. More broadly, the open-ended, free-association structure of psychodynamic therapy may be frustrating for clients who prefer a more structured, time-limited, or goal-oriented approach.