Forensic Psychology Counselling in Liverpool

Photo of Ailis Frances Murphy, PhD, CPsychol, Psychologist
Ailis Frances Murphy
Psychologist, PhD, CPsychol
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Liverpool L1
My approach marries theory, experience and techniques from developmental psychology, psychotherapy, neuropsychology and forensic psychology through which, together, we formulate a deep understanding of the motivations and needs driving your unique profile of thoughts, experiences and behaviour.
We humans tend to work against ourselves which creates a multitude of different struggles and distress levels throughout our lives. My clients come from all walks of life seeking help with for a wide range of problematic experiences or reactions. They can be struggling with current adverse life events, past traumas, clinical and personality difficulties or just plain fed up feeling like life is exhausting or demanding. However, they all ha a common goal: To make their world work better for them.
My approach marries theory, experience and techniques from developmental psychology, psychotherapy, neuropsychology and forensic psychology through which, together, we formulate a deep understanding of the motivations and needs driving your unique profile of thoughts, experiences and behaviour.
We humans tend to work against ourselves which creates a multitude of different struggles and distress levels throughout our lives. My clients come from all walks of life seeking help with for a wide range of problematic experiences or reactions. They can be struggling with current adverse life events, past traumas, clinical and personality difficulties or just plain fed up feeling like life is exhausting or demanding. However, they all ha a common goal: To make their world work better for them.
01856 528594 View 01856 528594
Photo of Mohammad Midan-Shahi, MBACP, Counsellor
Mohammad Midan-Shahi
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Liverpool L7
fight or flight? I am offering you (youth and adults) no judgement and assumption, if you need to talk of anxiety, abuse, lose of self, lowself-esteem or you dont know of your character, there are times in our life that we need to confined-in because we are human being, so using life experiences and knowledges of sophisticated people whom they spent their life to take the knowledge and give it to others for a better life, and what ever is concerning you or to whom it may concern.
fight or flight? I am offering you (youth and adults) no judgement and assumption, if you need to talk of anxiety, abuse, lose of self, lowself-esteem or you dont know of your character, there are times in our life that we need to confined-in because we are human being, so using life experiences and knowledges of sophisticated people whom they spent their life to take the knowledge and give it to others for a better life, and what ever is concerning you or to whom it may concern.
0151 329 2736 View 0151 329 2736

Online Therapists

Photo of Rebecca Labrum, MSc, MBABCP, Psychotherapist
Rebecca Labrum
Psychotherapist, MSc, MBABCP
Verified Verified
Coventry CV5  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
I also have Master degrees in Psychology (MSc) and Forensic Psychology (MSc).
I am a Cognitive Behavioural Psychotherapist and Integrative Therapist (Adults and Children/Young People). My aim is to empower clients to process difficult feelings, make positive changes and move forwards in their lives. The CBT approach is focused on understanding the links between our thoughts, emotions, body sensations and behaviours. CBT also empowers us to make changes in how we think and how we behave to change how we feel. My approach is collaborative and non-judgemental meaning I will always follow your goals and needs. I currently offer online session, face to face can be considered based on location please enquire.
I also have Master degrees in Psychology (MSc) and Forensic Psychology (MSc).
I am a Cognitive Behavioural Psychotherapist and Integrative Therapist (Adults and Children/Young People). My aim is to empower clients to process difficult feelings, make positive changes and move forwards in their lives. The CBT approach is focused on understanding the links between our thoughts, emotions, body sensations and behaviours. CBT also empowers us to make changes in how we think and how we behave to change how we feel. My approach is collaborative and non-judgemental meaning I will always follow your goals and needs. I currently offer online session, face to face can be considered based on location please enquire.
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Photo of Dimitra Theofili, MSc, BACP, Psychotherapist
Dimitra Theofili
Psychotherapist, MSc, BACP
Verified Verified
Leamington Spa CV32
I am a qualified therapist, drawing from approaches such as - Systemic, Dialectical Behavioural Therapy (DBT) and Forensic Psychology. I have a Master Practitioner Advanced Diploma through the National Centre for Eating Disorders (NCFED) who are accredited by the British Psychological Society (BPS). I have extended training in Systemic and family therapy, dialectical behavioural therapy, forensic psychology and criminology (MSc), educational psychology and dyslexia, eating disorders counselling, sex and porn addiction. I am a member of the British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy (BACP).
I am a qualified therapist, drawing from approaches such as - Systemic, Dialectical Behavioural Therapy (DBT) and Forensic Psychology. I have a Master Practitioner Advanced Diploma through the National Centre for Eating Disorders (NCFED) who are accredited by the British Psychological Society (BPS). I have extended training in Systemic and family therapy, dialectical behavioural therapy, forensic psychology and criminology (MSc), educational psychology and dyslexia, eating disorders counselling, sex and porn addiction. I am a member of the British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy (BACP).
01295 237375 View 01295 237375
Photo of Elaine McMullan, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych., Psychologist
Elaine McMullan
Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Verified Verified
Leeds LS8
I also work in the NHS, leading a forensic psychology service and a member of the senior leadership team developing trauma informed care for adults accessing low secure mental health services.
I am a Consultant Clinical Psychologist with a broad range of experience in offering psychological interventions to adults with complex mental health difficulties in both NHS and private practice settings. I have a particular interest in trauma/ adverse experiences, its different manifestations, and impact on ways of coping and surviving in the world. Building a safe and trusting therapeutic relationship is at the centre of this work so that we can collaboratively work together on achieving your goals.
I also work in the NHS, leading a forensic psychology service and a member of the senior leadership team developing trauma informed care for adults accessing low secure mental health services.
I am a Consultant Clinical Psychologist with a broad range of experience in offering psychological interventions to adults with complex mental health difficulties in both NHS and private practice settings. I have a particular interest in trauma/ adverse experiences, its different manifestations, and impact on ways of coping and surviving in the world. Building a safe and trusting therapeutic relationship is at the centre of this work so that we can collaboratively work together on achieving your goals.
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Photo of Joanne Wright, MSc, HCPC - Forensic Psych., Psychologist
Joanne Wright
Psychologist, MSc, HCPC - Forensic Psych.
Verified Verified
Stafford ST20
Hello. Do you feel stuck, confused or overwhelmed? Are you being held back by anxiety, depression or a lack of self worth? Do you know what you want to achieve, but need someone to motivate, guide and reassure you? Perhaps you are worried about the well-being of family members, colleagues or friends? As well as working with anxiety, depression, trauma or stress, I also specialise in working with individuals and families affected by Autism. I can diagnose autism and help schools to provide the best support to students. As well as providing individual therapy, I can devise and deliver training relating to mental health and resilience.
Hello. Do you feel stuck, confused or overwhelmed? Are you being held back by anxiety, depression or a lack of self worth? Do you know what you want to achieve, but need someone to motivate, guide and reassure you? Perhaps you are worried about the well-being of family members, colleagues or friends? As well as working with anxiety, depression, trauma or stress, I also specialise in working with individuals and families affected by Autism. I can diagnose autism and help schools to provide the best support to students. As well as providing individual therapy, I can devise and deliver training relating to mental health and resilience.
01785 335997 View 01785 335997
Photo of Dr Jeff Arnold, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych., Psychologist
Dr Jeff Arnold
Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Verified Verified
Walsall WS1
I’m a Registered Clinical Psychologist specialising in persistent mood difficulties and traumatic events (PTSD). With regards to trauma, I have expertise in treating single event and chronic trauma and the impacts of these experiences such as flashbacks, extreme emotional distress, reliving and unpleasant physical sensations. I also have significant experience in treating issues such as anxiety and low mood, feeling stuck and alone, and emptiness. I offer a compassionate and sensitive approach that takes account of your unique life story and provides the basis for meaningful change and resolution of your difficulties.
I’m a Registered Clinical Psychologist specialising in persistent mood difficulties and traumatic events (PTSD). With regards to trauma, I have expertise in treating single event and chronic trauma and the impacts of these experiences such as flashbacks, extreme emotional distress, reliving and unpleasant physical sensations. I also have significant experience in treating issues such as anxiety and low mood, feeling stuck and alone, and emptiness. I offer a compassionate and sensitive approach that takes account of your unique life story and provides the basis for meaningful change and resolution of your difficulties.
01922 664947 View 01922 664947
Photo of Tam Adcock - Adcock Psychological Services, PsychD, HCPC - Forensic Psych., Psychologist
Adcock Psychological Services
Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Forensic Psych.
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Selby YO8
Waitlist for new clients
I have been working in this field for over twenty years now and I still have a determined passion for it. I am trusted to hear the life narratives and difficulties of those seeking support and my aim is to help you feel heard and empowered. I have never lost sight of this aim. I have worked with people who have felt very isolated by their own thoughts, felt intense shame, and struggled to cope with overwhelming feelings. Usually they have not felt able to talk to those around them for fear of judgment, embarrassment or rejection. I feel privileged to have been trusted by my clients which enables me to help lessen their burden.
I have been working in this field for over twenty years now and I still have a determined passion for it. I am trusted to hear the life narratives and difficulties of those seeking support and my aim is to help you feel heard and empowered. I have never lost sight of this aim. I have worked with people who have felt very isolated by their own thoughts, felt intense shame, and struggled to cope with overwhelming feelings. Usually they have not felt able to talk to those around them for fear of judgment, embarrassment or rejection. I feel privileged to have been trusted by my clients which enables me to help lessen their burden.
01904 935762 View 01904 935762
Photo of Patrick Doyle, MA, MBACP, Psychotherapist
Patrick Doyle
Psychotherapist, MA, MBACP
Verified Verified
Accrington BB5
I am a highly qualified and experienced consultant psychotherapist and supervisor with 20 years experience and recognised clinical expertise in the treatment and assessment of a wide range of mental health problems (including: depression, anxiety, personality disorders and psychosis), problematic behaviours and addictions. My guiding aim is to help each client to the point where they no longer require therapy or medication, and can cope skilfully and independently with life’s challenges, and understand how the past can impede our ability to cope with the present.
I am a highly qualified and experienced consultant psychotherapist and supervisor with 20 years experience and recognised clinical expertise in the treatment and assessment of a wide range of mental health problems (including: depression, anxiety, personality disorders and psychosis), problematic behaviours and addictions. My guiding aim is to help each client to the point where they no longer require therapy or medication, and can cope skilfully and independently with life’s challenges, and understand how the past can impede our ability to cope with the present.
01282 526728 View 01282 526728
Photo of Dr Ed Smith, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych., Psychologist
Dr Ed Smith
Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Birmingham B1
Hi there! I specialise in working with complex emotional needs using a range of evidence based therapies. My clients have often experienced a range of adverse experiences such as trauma, neglect or emotional abuse and may be experiencing depression, anxiety, low self worth, intense emotionality or difficulty in relationships. I see people for both longer term and time limited therapy. I work well with people who experience shame around their issues or experiences, who are anxious about therapy or who have found previous therapy unhelpful. I also provide supervision and training to other psychologists and institutions.
Hi there! I specialise in working with complex emotional needs using a range of evidence based therapies. My clients have often experienced a range of adverse experiences such as trauma, neglect or emotional abuse and may be experiencing depression, anxiety, low self worth, intense emotionality or difficulty in relationships. I see people for both longer term and time limited therapy. I work well with people who experience shame around their issues or experiences, who are anxious about therapy or who have found previous therapy unhelpful. I also provide supervision and training to other psychologists and institutions.
0121 387 0374 View 0121 387 0374
Photo of Hayley Lyon, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych., Psychologist
Hayley Lyon
Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Verified Verified
Leeds LS5  (Online Only)
I am a Consultant Clinical Psychologist with over 15 years of experience working in both the NHS and private sector. I offer psychological interventions for people with complex mental health difficulties, drawing from a range of therapeutic theories and models, in particular Compassion-Focused Therapy, EMDR, and attachment theory. Developing trust and safety within our therapeutic relationship is at the core of my work and from there we will work together towards your goals for therapy. I understand it can feel daunting to come to therapy and aim to support my clients to feel as comfortable as possible.
I am a Consultant Clinical Psychologist with over 15 years of experience working in both the NHS and private sector. I offer psychological interventions for people with complex mental health difficulties, drawing from a range of therapeutic theories and models, in particular Compassion-Focused Therapy, EMDR, and attachment theory. Developing trust and safety within our therapeutic relationship is at the core of my work and from there we will work together towards your goals for therapy. I understand it can feel daunting to come to therapy and aim to support my clients to feel as comfortable as possible.
01484 627519 View 01484 627519
Photo of Sian Allen, PsychD, HCPC - Forensic Psych., Psychologist
Sian Allen
Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Forensic Psych.
Verified Verified
Birmingham B30
I am Dr Siân Allen, a Forensic Psychologist with over 18 years of experience working with adults and adolescents with moderate and complex mental health and emotional difficulties, including trauma, working alongside them to reduce their experience of distress and to promote mental wellbeing. I have significant experience working with people who are neurodivergent. I firmly believe that everyone deserves to live a life worth living and I work collaboratively and flexibly with people to help them to make sense of their experiences and to find a manageable way forward in line with their values.
I am Dr Siân Allen, a Forensic Psychologist with over 18 years of experience working with adults and adolescents with moderate and complex mental health and emotional difficulties, including trauma, working alongside them to reduce their experience of distress and to promote mental wellbeing. I have significant experience working with people who are neurodivergent. I firmly believe that everyone deserves to live a life worth living and I work collaboratively and flexibly with people to help them to make sense of their experiences and to find a manageable way forward in line with their values.
0121 387 3492 View 0121 387 3492
Photo of dimitrios Katsis - Jimi Katsis Psychotherapy , MA, MBACP, Psychotherapist
Jimi Katsis Psychotherapy
Psychotherapist, MA, MBACP
Verified Verified
Nottingham NG1  (Online Only)
Who are you? Where are you going? If you're not sure, trauma could be translating. Have you ever felt that your life is a translation of someone else's story? That the person you present to the world isn't quite... you? Recent research suggests that this disconnect often echoes past experiences we've yet to fully process. Who am I beneath the roles I play for others? Why do I feel stuck, despite outward success? How can I break free from recurring patterns in relationships and life? These questions aren't signs of weakness. They're your authentic self trying to break through the static of past trauma.
Who are you? Where are you going? If you're not sure, trauma could be translating. Have you ever felt that your life is a translation of someone else's story? That the person you present to the world isn't quite... you? Recent research suggests that this disconnect often echoes past experiences we've yet to fully process. Who am I beneath the roles I play for others? Why do I feel stuck, despite outward success? How can I break free from recurring patterns in relationships and life? These questions aren't signs of weakness. They're your authentic self trying to break through the static of past trauma.
01777 801362 View 01777 801362
Photo of Dr Steven Andrew Lilley - Dr Steven Lilley, Inter-Mind Ltd, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych., Psychologist
Dr Steven Lilley, Inter-Mind Ltd
Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Verified Verified
Mansfield NG21
If you are struggling with low mood, anxiety, or generally feeling lost and unfulfilled in life and in relationships, please feel free to get in touch. I have over 20 years' experience of working in the mental health field, including the NHS, independent secure mental health services, and private practice (Inter-Mind Psychological Services Ltd). I pride myself on a down-to-Earth approach that is highly confidential, compassionate, and consistent with my professional ethics and values. I use the knowledge and skills I have to try to help clients make sense of their difficulties and to find ways of moving forwards in their lives.
If you are struggling with low mood, anxiety, or generally feeling lost and unfulfilled in life and in relationships, please feel free to get in touch. I have over 20 years' experience of working in the mental health field, including the NHS, independent secure mental health services, and private practice (Inter-Mind Psychological Services Ltd). I pride myself on a down-to-Earth approach that is highly confidential, compassionate, and consistent with my professional ethics and values. I use the knowledge and skills I have to try to help clients make sense of their difficulties and to find ways of moving forwards in their lives.
01623 392167 View 01623 392167
Photo of Dr Catrin Williams, PsychD, HCPC - Forensic Psych., Psychologist
Dr Catrin Williams
Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Forensic Psych.
Verified Verified
Nottingham NG8
Welcome to my profile - My name is Cat and I'm an expert in developmental trauma and personality difficulties. These can lead to a range of mental health needs that I can support you with (like anxiety, anger, risky behaviours, psychosis...) and also unhelpful coping behaviours, such as self-harm and suicidal thoughts, substance use, relationship struggles, and on. My approach is to understand the 'why', to get the root cause of difficult experiences so that we know how to improve it. We will work on identifying unhelpful coping strategies and replace these with healthy ones so we can work on developing the life that you want.
Welcome to my profile - My name is Cat and I'm an expert in developmental trauma and personality difficulties. These can lead to a range of mental health needs that I can support you with (like anxiety, anger, risky behaviours, psychosis...) and also unhelpful coping behaviours, such as self-harm and suicidal thoughts, substance use, relationship struggles, and on. My approach is to understand the 'why', to get the root cause of difficult experiences so that we know how to improve it. We will work on identifying unhelpful coping strategies and replace these with healthy ones so we can work on developing the life that you want.
01829 708150 View 01829 708150
Photo of Dr Helen Hart, PsychD, HCPC - Forensic Psych., Psychologist
Dr Helen Hart
Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Forensic Psych.
Verified Verified
Cheadle SK8
Have you ever felt stuck with your family or work roles? Do the people who are meant to love you unconditionally, frequently hold you back? Do you find yourself constantly feeling the need to apologise for things, then wondering what you have done wrong? Maybe you have felt blamed for things in life and want to explore things further. Or you may feel held back by guilt and regret. I can work with you to explore this through a safe and steady process which looks at patterns across your life and within relationships. This will help you to break free from the restraints of negative approval you may have felt for many years.
Have you ever felt stuck with your family or work roles? Do the people who are meant to love you unconditionally, frequently hold you back? Do you find yourself constantly feeling the need to apologise for things, then wondering what you have done wrong? Maybe you have felt blamed for things in life and want to explore things further. Or you may feel held back by guilt and regret. I can work with you to explore this through a safe and steady process which looks at patterns across your life and within relationships. This will help you to break free from the restraints of negative approval you may have felt for many years.
0161 524 3206 View 0161 524 3206
Photo of Carolyn McNally - CMcTherapies, PsychD, CPsychol, Psychologist
CMcTherapies
Psychologist, PsychD, CPsychol
Verified Verified
Halifax HX4
CMcTherapies offer: Age - 16+: Diagnostic Assessments: Learning Disability, Neurodiversity, (ASD) Autism; ADHD; Processing/Sensory Issues; Dyslexia. Mental Health including - Depression, Anxiety, Trauma; PTSD; C-PTSD, Anger, Stress & Addiction.
CMcTherapies offer: Age - 16+: Diagnostic Assessments: Learning Disability, Neurodiversity, (ASD) Autism; ADHD; Processing/Sensory Issues; Dyslexia. Mental Health including - Depression, Anxiety, Trauma; PTSD; C-PTSD, Anger, Stress & Addiction.
01422 761881 View 01422 761881
Photo of Nina Louise Preston - Systemisk Psychology , MSc, CPsychol, Psychologist
Systemisk Psychology
Psychologist, MSc, CPsychol
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Harrogate HG3
Nina & Aiveen are Clinical Directors of Sytemisk Psychology. Our team is made up of experienced, HCPC registered Psychologists. We are skilled at identifying clients needs and tailor making evidence-based therapy, designed to have maximum impact. Choosing a therapist can feel more complex than it needs to be. We have extensive clinical training that enables us to work with you to design the approach that is right for you, and achieves the desired outcomes you want. Good quality therapy should be effective and value for money. Let us support you to make holistic, wellbeing gains that have the potential for life long impact.
Nina & Aiveen are Clinical Directors of Sytemisk Psychology. Our team is made up of experienced, HCPC registered Psychologists. We are skilled at identifying clients needs and tailor making evidence-based therapy, designed to have maximum impact. Choosing a therapist can feel more complex than it needs to be. We have extensive clinical training that enables us to work with you to design the approach that is right for you, and achieves the desired outcomes you want. Good quality therapy should be effective and value for money. Let us support you to make holistic, wellbeing gains that have the potential for life long impact.
01423 648790 View 01423 648790
Photo of Dr Charlotte Lucy Caton - Northern Lighthouse Psychology Ltd, PhD, HCPC - Forensic Psych., Psychologist
Northern Lighthouse Psychology Ltd
Psychologist, PhD, HCPC - Forensic Psych.
Verified Verified
Wakefield WF3
Hi, I’m Charlotte. I am a Registered Psychologist and Accredited EMDR therapist. I have 20 years of experience working with people suffering with mental health difficulties. I am passionate about helping people struggling with distressing emotions which may lead to suicidal & self-injurious thinking and behaviour. I also have significant experience working with people who have experienced trauma (and may have a PTSD diagnosis) and may have been given a personality disorder diagnosis. In addition to using EMDR I am also trained in DBT and schema therapy so tend to use a combined approach tailored to the needs of the individual.
Hi, I’m Charlotte. I am a Registered Psychologist and Accredited EMDR therapist. I have 20 years of experience working with people suffering with mental health difficulties. I am passionate about helping people struggling with distressing emotions which may lead to suicidal & self-injurious thinking and behaviour. I also have significant experience working with people who have experienced trauma (and may have a PTSD diagnosis) and may have been given a personality disorder diagnosis. In addition to using EMDR I am also trained in DBT and schema therapy so tend to use a combined approach tailored to the needs of the individual.
01924 938670 View 01924 938670
Photo of Ian Wootton - Flexible Mind Psychology, HCPC - Clin. Psych., Psychologist
Flexible Mind Psychology
Psychologist, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
York YO31
If you are experiencing anxiety, having difficulty adapting to the ever-changing demands of the world, or finding it hard to express yourself, you don't have to cope alone. I'm Ian Wootton, and I set up Flexible Mind Psychology to provide specialist therapy for those who feel disconnected, even when they are around lots of people, or who feel stuck in their rigid ways of thinking or behaving. If you are someone who is often assumed to be coping perfectly well, who doesn’t like to make a fuss, and who appears to be okay on the outside but is actually struggling on the inside, get in touch - I can help you to adapt and reconnect.
If you are experiencing anxiety, having difficulty adapting to the ever-changing demands of the world, or finding it hard to express yourself, you don't have to cope alone. I'm Ian Wootton, and I set up Flexible Mind Psychology to provide specialist therapy for those who feel disconnected, even when they are around lots of people, or who feel stuck in their rigid ways of thinking or behaving. If you are someone who is often assumed to be coping perfectly well, who doesn’t like to make a fuss, and who appears to be okay on the outside but is actually struggling on the inside, get in touch - I can help you to adapt and reconnect.
01904 929260 View 01904 929260

See more therapy options for Liverpool

Forensic Psychology Counsellors

How does forensic psychology work?

Forensic psychology works by providing those in the legal system with expert information about psychology and behaviour that they wouldn’t otherwise have. Forensic psychologists do this through a range of services—conducting psychological assessments for court cases, assisting police officers with investigations, providing expert opinion, helping with mediation, and providing mental health care to victims or perpetrators of crimes.

Can a forensic psychologist help with child custody cases?

Yes. In the event that it’s needed, an attorney or judge may appoint a forensic psychologist to provide an assessment and recommendation. This process involves multiple interviews with the child, the parent (or parents), and sometimes others. The psychologist assesses the parent’s mental health, strengths and weaknesses, and parenting practices to understand what’s in the child’s best interest. They then complete a report with recommendations based on their assessment.

Do forensic psychologists help solve crimes?

In some cases they do. For example, criminal profiling involves collaborating with law enforcement officers to construct a profile of a perpetrator based on psychology, personality, and behaviour as suggested by the crime in order to focus the investigation. They may also offer expert input on subjects related to a case such as deception, false confessions, and the reliability of testimony based on eyewitness accounts.

How long do people typically work with a forensic psychologist?

The length of time an individual works with a forensic psychologist depends on the relevant service. For example, if a forensic psychologist is conducting a psychological assessment for a court case, this may take one to two sessions to complete (although they can be more extensive). If the forensic psychologist is providing therapy to someone accused or convicted of a crime, treatment may last for several months or more.