Counselling in Lincoln

Photo of Grace Martin, MSc, MUKCP, Psychotherapist
Grace Martin
Psychotherapist, MSc, MUKCP
Verified Verified
Lincoln LN1
Not accepting new clients
It is normal for people to experience difficulties in life. There are many ways that our body tells us that something is not right: Feeling unfulfilled Feeling stressed or anxious, feeling lonely and isolated, feeling bored, confused. It can be unsettling when we experience these feelings, but it is our natural way of alerting us to needing change. As a therapist, I am here to support you through any challenges that you may be facing. I can provide a safe, confidential, and supportive space for you to explore who you are and how you relate to others.
It is normal for people to experience difficulties in life. There are many ways that our body tells us that something is not right: Feeling unfulfilled Feeling stressed or anxious, feeling lonely and isolated, feeling bored, confused. It can be unsettling when we experience these feelings, but it is our natural way of alerting us to needing change. As a therapist, I am here to support you through any challenges that you may be facing. I can provide a safe, confidential, and supportive space for you to explore who you are and how you relate to others.
01522 459470 View 01522 459470
Photo of Linda Clerkin, MUKCP, Psychotherapist
Linda Clerkin
Psychotherapist, MUKCP
Verified Verified
Lincoln LN6  (Online Only)
I am a UKCP psychotherapist specialising in working with couples and families. Couples will inevitably have problems and suffer disillusionment, this is normal and not a sign your relationship is doomed. Problems in families are often laid at the door of one person but as we look at what is going on we usually find that the problem is in the system. I have training working with adult adoptees and lived experience with neurodiversity so understand how these experiences effect couples and families.
I am a UKCP psychotherapist specialising in working with couples and families. Couples will inevitably have problems and suffer disillusionment, this is normal and not a sign your relationship is doomed. Problems in families are often laid at the door of one person but as we look at what is going on we usually find that the problem is in the system. I have training working with adult adoptees and lived experience with neurodiversity so understand how these experiences effect couples and families.
01400 225990 View 01400 225990
Photo of Jon Joseph Halliday, MBABCP, Psychotherapist
Jon Joseph Halliday
Psychotherapist, MBABCP
Verified Verified
Lincoln LN1  (Online Only)
Hello, my name is Jon. I am passionate and focused on providing trauma informed care. You might be looking to focus on the current problem, or perhaps want to develop an understanding and address the underlying difficulties that are behind the here and now. I am a keen CBT and EMDR practitioner, and regularly use EMDR as a part of my practice.
Hello, my name is Jon. I am passionate and focused on providing trauma informed care. You might be looking to focus on the current problem, or perhaps want to develop an understanding and address the underlying difficulties that are behind the here and now. I am a keen CBT and EMDR practitioner, and regularly use EMDR as a part of my practice.
01427 809602 View 01427 809602
Photo of Gemma McKenzie - Hidden Gem Psychology Service, MBABCP, Psychotherapist
Hidden Gem Psychology Service
Psychotherapist, MBABCP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Lincoln LN6  (Online Only)
I am passionate about trauma-informed care and utilise a whole-person approach. Trauma can often underpin common mental health difficulties, and I can work with you to process the source of your difficulties and/or focus on your current symptoms. You may wish to focus on your current experiences of depression, anxiety, etc., or wish to address the underlying difficulties that have led to these. I also have a keen interest in complex trauma, dissociation, childhood emotional neglect, medically unexplained symptoms, functional neurological disorder, chronic pain, chronic fatigue and other physical difficulties.
I am passionate about trauma-informed care and utilise a whole-person approach. Trauma can often underpin common mental health difficulties, and I can work with you to process the source of your difficulties and/or focus on your current symptoms. You may wish to focus on your current experiences of depression, anxiety, etc., or wish to address the underlying difficulties that have led to these. I also have a keen interest in complex trauma, dissociation, childhood emotional neglect, medically unexplained symptoms, functional neurological disorder, chronic pain, chronic fatigue and other physical difficulties.
01427 808045 View 01427 808045
Photo of Graham Michael Cann, BACP, Counsellor
Graham Michael Cann
Counsellor, BACP
Verified Verified
Lincoln LN2
Are you suffering from past trauma? low mood or suffering with depression? Is anxiety having an impact on your life? I am trained with the skills and theories that may help with these and many other issues that life can throw at us. My skills and training give us a platform to help discover the goals you want to achieve in counselling, and support you in achieving them. With this in my mind most of my clients feel an improvement to feelings and symptoms within the first month.
Are you suffering from past trauma? low mood or suffering with depression? Is anxiety having an impact on your life? I am trained with the skills and theories that may help with these and many other issues that life can throw at us. My skills and training give us a platform to help discover the goals you want to achieve in counselling, and support you in achieving them. With this in my mind most of my clients feel an improvement to feelings and symptoms within the first month.
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Photo of Rebecca Blanchard, MSc, MBACP, Psychotherapist
Rebecca Blanchard
Psychotherapist, MSc, MBACP
Verified Verified
Lincoln LN2
Whether your feelings are connected to a recent loss, breakdown in a relationship, anxiety related to work/studies, trauma, abuse or addiction – psychotherapy has the potential to help you. As a qualified psychotherapist, I provide a safe space where you can explore your feelings, memories and experiences, understanding the unconscious defences you’ve used to protect yourself in your everyday life. Together, we will make sense of them and work towards helping you find new and alternative ways of coping in the future.
Whether your feelings are connected to a recent loss, breakdown in a relationship, anxiety related to work/studies, trauma, abuse or addiction – psychotherapy has the potential to help you. As a qualified psychotherapist, I provide a safe space where you can explore your feelings, memories and experiences, understanding the unconscious defences you’ve used to protect yourself in your everyday life. Together, we will make sense of them and work towards helping you find new and alternative ways of coping in the future.
01522 306733 View 01522 306733
Photo of Dr Kimberley Broom, DCounsPsych, HCPC - Couns. Psych., Psychologist
Dr Kimberley Broom
Psychologist, DCounsPsych, HCPC - Couns. Psych.
Verified Verified
Lincoln LN6  (Online Only)
I am a qualified Counselling Psychologist, Couples Therapist and Counsellor currently working in an NHS Centre of Excellence, supporting individuals and families to move forward in their lives and resolve difficulties that may be preventing them from progressing in the way that they would like. I offer short and long term therapy tailored to your needs
I am a qualified Counselling Psychologist, Couples Therapist and Counsellor currently working in an NHS Centre of Excellence, supporting individuals and families to move forward in their lives and resolve difficulties that may be preventing them from progressing in the way that they would like. I offer short and long term therapy tailored to your needs
01400 225991 View 01400 225991
Photo of Holly Hagan-Walker, MBACP, Counsellor
Holly Hagan-Walker
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Lincoln LN2
Are you looking for someone to help you ride the wave of life and make sense of the storms? I offer a tailored approach to counselling and will support you through whatever difficulties you are facing. If you are seeking support for anxiety, depression, stress, loss, relationship worries, family struggles, work stress and anything else in between, I can help you make sense of the storms and find a way to ride the wave. I can work short-term (6, 12 or 20 sessions) or long-term - whatever works best for you. I offer weekly or fortnightly sessions, and can be flexible to suit what works best for you. I work with adults aged 17+.
Are you looking for someone to help you ride the wave of life and make sense of the storms? I offer a tailored approach to counselling and will support you through whatever difficulties you are facing. If you are seeking support for anxiety, depression, stress, loss, relationship worries, family struggles, work stress and anything else in between, I can help you make sense of the storms and find a way to ride the wave. I can work short-term (6, 12 or 20 sessions) or long-term - whatever works best for you. I offer weekly or fortnightly sessions, and can be flexible to suit what works best for you. I work with adults aged 17+.
01322 952245 View 01322 952245
Photo of Jody Lumley - Jody Lumley Counselling , MBACP, Counsellor
Jody Lumley Counselling
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Lincoln LN6  (Online Only)
Reaching out for help and support can be one of the hardest things we will do but it takes absolute strength. Seeking help is not a sign of weakness. I am a BACP registered counsellor, qualified in 2016 and also trained in Rewind therapy. I am person centred at the core but I am also integrative as appropriate to suit the needs of the client. I have vast experience supporting clients from all backgrounds, including the emergency services. Having experience with ADHD, work related trauma, childhood trauma, all forms of abuse, self-harm, grief and loss, domestic violence, PTSD, complex PTSD and personality disorders.
Reaching out for help and support can be one of the hardest things we will do but it takes absolute strength. Seeking help is not a sign of weakness. I am a BACP registered counsellor, qualified in 2016 and also trained in Rewind therapy. I am person centred at the core but I am also integrative as appropriate to suit the needs of the client. I have vast experience supporting clients from all backgrounds, including the emergency services. Having experience with ADHD, work related trauma, childhood trauma, all forms of abuse, self-harm, grief and loss, domestic violence, PTSD, complex PTSD and personality disorders.
01522 302353 View 01522 302353
Photo of Dawn Morris H Dip P H Dip, MHGI, Counsellor
Dawn Morris H Dip P H Dip
Counsellor, MHGI
Verified Verified
Lincoln LN6
Hello my name is Dawn, I understand that first contact and arranging a session and coming, takes a lot of strength, Many I have found is concerned about having to go into details of the concern they coming with or having to relive maybe a trauma. See therapy as painful. Therapy does not have to be painful, you do not have to go into details if did not wish to. Goals maybe to be able to look ahead to see there is a light, to feel heard, listened to, to be acknowledged. A place to feel safe and to look at all tools resources abilities already within to come away the the past and look to future which is preferred in a healthy way.
Hello my name is Dawn, I understand that first contact and arranging a session and coming, takes a lot of strength, Many I have found is concerned about having to go into details of the concern they coming with or having to relive maybe a trauma. See therapy as painful. Therapy does not have to be painful, you do not have to go into details if did not wish to. Goals maybe to be able to look ahead to see there is a light, to feel heard, listened to, to be acknowledged. A place to feel safe and to look at all tools resources abilities already within to come away the the past and look to future which is preferred in a healthy way.
01522 459251 View 01522 459251
Photo of James O'Shea, MUKCP, Psychotherapist
James O'Shea
Psychotherapist, MUKCP
Verified Verified
Lincoln LN2
I have thirty years experience of working in mental health services and the NHS. I worked within the Lincoln Dynamic Specialty from 2007-16, as a Senior Adult Psychotherapist. I have completed a UKCP accredited training in Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy and come under the CPJA section of the UKCP. I have been an associate lecturer on the undergraduate psychology degree at Lincoln University. I have worked with individuals and groups offering short and longer term therapy. Like most explorative therapies, if people want to understand themselves better, then please get in contact. My website: www.jamesosheapsychotherapy.com -calendar
I have thirty years experience of working in mental health services and the NHS. I worked within the Lincoln Dynamic Specialty from 2007-16, as a Senior Adult Psychotherapist. I have completed a UKCP accredited training in Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy and come under the CPJA section of the UKCP. I have been an associate lecturer on the undergraduate psychology degree at Lincoln University. I have worked with individuals and groups offering short and longer term therapy. Like most explorative therapies, if people want to understand themselves better, then please get in contact. My website: www.jamesosheapsychotherapy.com -calendar
01522 440465 View 01522 440465
Photo of Hazel Stilgoe-McCombe - Sana Counselling and Psychotherapy Services, MSc, UKCP Trainee, Counsellor
Sana Counselling and Psychotherapy Services
Counsellor, MSc, UKCP Trainee
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Lincoln LN3
Post Lock down I am seeing more people whose relationship is under greater pressure due to both being at home, financial worries, anxiety about the changes that are happening in the world around them to name but a few. Others are seeking help due to the loss of a loved one, individuals are feeling isolated and having time to face fears that busy lives help supress. All of these things are things that therapy can help with.
Post Lock down I am seeing more people whose relationship is under greater pressure due to both being at home, financial worries, anxiety about the changes that are happening in the world around them to name but a few. Others are seeking help due to the loss of a loved one, individuals are feeling isolated and having time to face fears that busy lives help supress. All of these things are things that therapy can help with.
01480 772064 View 01480 772064
Photo of Heather Neil, BACP, Counsellor
Heather Neil
Counsellor, BACP
Verified Verified
Lincoln LN6
I am a qualified counsellor and registered with the British Association of Counsellors and Psychotherapists (BACP). I provide a safe and inclusive space for you to explore your concerns. My approach is friendly, compassionate and supportive. If you are struggling at the moment, please get in touch so we can discuss how I can help you. Parenting a child that experiences mental health struggles can be incredibly challenging and feel isolating, speaking through your experiences with someone that relates to your situation can be empowering and provide a release.
I am a qualified counsellor and registered with the British Association of Counsellors and Psychotherapists (BACP). I provide a safe and inclusive space for you to explore your concerns. My approach is friendly, compassionate and supportive. If you are struggling at the moment, please get in touch so we can discuss how I can help you. Parenting a child that experiences mental health struggles can be incredibly challenging and feel isolating, speaking through your experiences with someone that relates to your situation can be empowering and provide a release.
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Photo of Sharon Williams - Sharon Williams - Blue Light Counselling, DCounsPsych, MBACP, Counsellor
Sharon Williams - Blue Light Counselling
Counsellor, DCounsPsych, MBACP
Verified Verified
Lincoln LN2
Hi, I’m Sharon. Is your work/life balance out of kilter? Finding more stress at every turn? Never catching up on sleep and rest? I too have felt overwhelmed with the pressure and dangers of the job. I have been exhausted after a shift but when my head hits the pillow, I’m wide awake. I’m visualising what I’ve seen and I’m reviewing, wondering if I could have done better. I have felt trapped and stuck in the job and have felt very demotivated and unsupported… I get it. I can offer you unrestricted therapy sessions with no detriment to your career. You decide when to start and when to stop.
Hi, I’m Sharon. Is your work/life balance out of kilter? Finding more stress at every turn? Never catching up on sleep and rest? I too have felt overwhelmed with the pressure and dangers of the job. I have been exhausted after a shift but when my head hits the pillow, I’m wide awake. I’m visualising what I’ve seen and I’m reviewing, wondering if I could have done better. I have felt trapped and stuck in the job and have felt very demotivated and unsupported… I get it. I can offer you unrestricted therapy sessions with no detriment to your career. You decide when to start and when to stop.
01522 302562 View 01522 302562
Photo of Maya Rosser, PNCPS Acc., Counsellor
Maya Rosser
Counsellor, PNCPS Acc.
Verified Verified
Lincoln LN5
I am a qualified Therapeutic Integrative Counsellor and Psychotherapist. I qualified with Devon and Cornwall Counselling Hub and am registered with and adhere to the NCS ( National Counselling Society) ethical framework. If you are feeling overwhelmed by life’s demands, my services aim to introduce clarity and self-motivation. I also teach techniques to better manage the emotional stress of everyday life. Do you suffer with pre menstruation symptoms? Do you ever feel the affects of the menstrual cycle but ignore it because of society and pressure? Let’s start to look more at each cycle and what the mind and body may need
I am a qualified Therapeutic Integrative Counsellor and Psychotherapist. I qualified with Devon and Cornwall Counselling Hub and am registered with and adhere to the NCS ( National Counselling Society) ethical framework. If you are feeling overwhelmed by life’s demands, my services aim to introduce clarity and self-motivation. I also teach techniques to better manage the emotional stress of everyday life. Do you suffer with pre menstruation symptoms? Do you ever feel the affects of the menstrual cycle but ignore it because of society and pressure? Let’s start to look more at each cycle and what the mind and body may need
01400 225987 View 01400 225987
Photo of Victoria Oliver, MBACP, Counsellor
Victoria Oliver
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Lincoln LN2
Looking for a deeper understanding about yourself and how you relate to the world? If you're feeling lost, stuck or experiencing low self esteem. I offer supportive space to help you think, feel and reflect. Offering you compassion and non-judgemental approach. I recognise how much courage it can take to reach out for support and to sit with difficult feelings. I aim to develop a relationship of mutual trust. It is through this relationship where I can help support you in learning about yourself, understand aspects of your life that cause distress and help to empower you to uncover your own inner resilience to make effective change.
Looking for a deeper understanding about yourself and how you relate to the world? If you're feeling lost, stuck or experiencing low self esteem. I offer supportive space to help you think, feel and reflect. Offering you compassion and non-judgemental approach. I recognise how much courage it can take to reach out for support and to sit with difficult feelings. I aim to develop a relationship of mutual trust. It is through this relationship where I can help support you in learning about yourself, understand aspects of your life that cause distress and help to empower you to uncover your own inner resilience to make effective change.
01522 459283 View 01522 459283
Photo of Victoria Cobham, MBACP, Counsellor
Victoria Cobham
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Lincoln LN6
Hello, I'm Victoria. I am a fully qualified Level 5 counsellor, experienced in treating individuals and couples, and a registered member of the BACP. I am currently in my final year of a Master's Degree (Level 7) in Psychosexual Therapy and working with clients with sexual difficulties and relationship issues. In addition, I am a solicitor and member of the Law Society.
Hello, I'm Victoria. I am a fully qualified Level 5 counsellor, experienced in treating individuals and couples, and a registered member of the BACP. I am currently in my final year of a Master's Degree (Level 7) in Psychosexual Therapy and working with clients with sexual difficulties and relationship issues. In addition, I am a solicitor and member of the Law Society.
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Photo of Malcolm Bower-Brown, MNCPS Acc., Psychotherapist
Malcolm Bower-Brown
Psychotherapist, MNCPS Acc.
Verified Verified
Lincoln LN2
In my experience, we often come to therapy when we feel stuck in a way of living which is becoming increasingly difficult and painful to sustain. Perhaps you feel life is simply surviving rather than thriving; that you are lost, without purpose or passion; or that the future seems more scary than exciting. If any of this resonates with you, my existential approach to therapy will provide you with a safe place in which to explore and process any trauma in your past; pain in the present and anxiety about the future. Helping to bring the 'real you' out of hiding and find a more joyful, peaceful and authentic way of living.
In my experience, we often come to therapy when we feel stuck in a way of living which is becoming increasingly difficult and painful to sustain. Perhaps you feel life is simply surviving rather than thriving; that you are lost, without purpose or passion; or that the future seems more scary than exciting. If any of this resonates with you, my existential approach to therapy will provide you with a safe place in which to explore and process any trauma in your past; pain in the present and anxiety about the future. Helping to bring the 'real you' out of hiding and find a more joyful, peaceful and authentic way of living.
01522 302545 View 01522 302545
Photo of Peace Anumah - Piece Into Peace, MSc, MBACP Accred, Psychotherapist
Piece Into Peace
Psychotherapist, MSc, MBACP Accred
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Lincoln LN2  (Online Only)
My name is Peace Anumah and I have been working in the field of mental health since 2004, with over fourteen years experience in the counselling/therapy field. My private practice is pieceintopeace.com. In my practice, I create a safe space where my clients can feel relaxed and can openly speak, scream, cry, vent and charge forward with fierce determination to a more rewarding life. I offer a confidential, non-judgemental space where individuals, couples and families can have time and space to explore and understand their thoughts and feelings, helping them navigate through the complexities of family life, work, relationship etc.
My name is Peace Anumah and I have been working in the field of mental health since 2004, with over fourteen years experience in the counselling/therapy field. My private practice is pieceintopeace.com. In my practice, I create a safe space where my clients can feel relaxed and can openly speak, scream, cry, vent and charge forward with fierce determination to a more rewarding life. I offer a confidential, non-judgemental space where individuals, couples and families can have time and space to explore and understand their thoughts and feelings, helping them navigate through the complexities of family life, work, relationship etc.
01733 964323 View 01733 964323
Photo of Alexandra Jane Ingham, MA, MBACP, Psychotherapist
Alexandra Jane Ingham
Psychotherapist, MA, MBACP
Verified Verified
Lincoln LN6  (Online Only)
Coming Soon.
Coming Soon.
01522 309111 View 01522 309111
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See more therapy options for Lincoln

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in Lincoln

90+

Average cost per session

£50

Counsellors in Lincoln who prioritize treating:

89% Anxiety
85% Self Esteem
84% Depression
80% Stress
73% Relationship Issues
73% Bereavement
72% Trauma and PTSD

Average years in practice

9 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

58% Aviva
58% AXA PPP
46% Bupa

How Counsellors in Lincoln see their clients

82% In Person and Online
18% Online Only

Gender breakdown

84% Female
16% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in Lincoln?

Search for nearby therapists or counsellors by inputting your city, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are members of the main professional associations, mainly the British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy (BACP) and the UK Council for Psychotherapy (UKCP). Most Psychologists in the directory are accredited members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and/or are registered in the Health and Care Professions Council (HPCP).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for psychotherapists and counsellors in the UK, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and experience that enable them to do so in the UK. Psychologists have earned a degree in psychology and many are members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and have completed a postgraduate qualification in a specialism. Counsellors and Psychotherapists are not required to have a psychology degree, but to belong to a professional organisation such as the BACP or UKCP, they are required to have completed a training course as well as clinical and supervision hours.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the UK could be between £30 - £60 when seeing a counsellor and £60 - £150 and up when seeing a clinical psychologist. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The NHS Talking therapies programme offers free of charge counselling for common mental health problems like anxiety and depression. The service is available to anyone registered with a GP, though you do not necessarily need to be referred by your GP and can refer yourself directly to a Talking therapies service. The service will provide different solutions, including group and individual therapy, for a limited number of sessions which are generally up to six.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the BACP, the UKCP, or BPS are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there has been participation in a criminal act or act of terror, or if there is potential or known harm to the client or others, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.