Cognitive Behavioural (CBT) Counselling in Ledbury

Photo of Fiona Davis-Coleman, MA, MBACP, Psychotherapist
Fiona Davis-Coleman
Psychotherapist, MA, MBACP
Verified Verified
Ledbury HR8
As an integrative psychotherapist I use a range of techniques and theories to inform our work together including CBT, psychodynamic and person-centred therapy.
I work as an integrative psychotherapist and will tailor our sessions to your needs. I believe that we are all capable of transforming our lives. Profound and fundamental change occurs with the realisation that the most important relationship we will ever have is the relationship with ourselves.
As an integrative psychotherapist I use a range of techniques and theories to inform our work together including CBT, psychodynamic and person-centred therapy.
I work as an integrative psychotherapist and will tailor our sessions to your needs. I believe that we are all capable of transforming our lives. Profound and fundamental change occurs with the realisation that the most important relationship we will ever have is the relationship with ourselves.
020 3910 6051 View 020 3910 6051
Photo of Helen Ayres, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych., Psychologist
Helen Ayres
Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Verified Verified
Ledbury HR8
I draw from a range of evidence-based therapeutic interventions including Cognitive Behavioural Therapy ( CBT), Compassion Focused Therapy, Short-term Psychodynamic therapy, EMDR, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Mindfulness.
My approach is supportive and integrative, which means I can use a range of therapy models to create an individualised therapy for you. I listen carefully to your concerns, and together we focus on the changes you seek.
I draw from a range of evidence-based therapeutic interventions including Cognitive Behavioural Therapy ( CBT), Compassion Focused Therapy, Short-term Psychodynamic therapy, EMDR, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Mindfulness.
My approach is supportive and integrative, which means I can use a range of therapy models to create an individualised therapy for you. I listen carefully to your concerns, and together we focus on the changes you seek.
01684 219773 View 01684 219773
Photo of Claire Harrison, MNCPS Acc., Counsellor
Claire Harrison
Counsellor, MNCPS Acc.
Verified Verified
Ledbury HR8
I use various 'tools' to help facilitate the process such as dreams, visualisations, art work, inner child work, CBT and crystals.
Do you constantly feel anxious and frustrated with yourself ? Do you keep repeating the same behaviour patterns ? There is a reason for this. I have helped many clients to work through traumatic life experiences. You can start again with a new self confidence that comes from a place of love rather than hate for who you are. Things do not have to stay the same. You can change how you feel about yourself and learn to accept yourself, even the bits you don't like ! You can learn to regulate your feelings and work with them rather than being afraid and controlled by them.
I use various 'tools' to help facilitate the process such as dreams, visualisations, art work, inner child work, CBT and crystals.
Do you constantly feel anxious and frustrated with yourself ? Do you keep repeating the same behaviour patterns ? There is a reason for this. I have helped many clients to work through traumatic life experiences. You can start again with a new self confidence that comes from a place of love rather than hate for who you are. Things do not have to stay the same. You can change how you feel about yourself and learn to accept yourself, even the bits you don't like ! You can learn to regulate your feelings and work with them rather than being afraid and controlled by them.
01905 677509 View 01905 677509
Photo of Amy Chevis-Bruce, MBABCP, Psychotherapist
Amy Chevis-Bruce
Psychotherapist, MBABCP
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Ledbury HR8
I am specialised in cognitive behavioural therapy.
I am a psychotherapist working with children, adolescents, and adults. Do you find yourself in need of support? Are you struggling with any of the following difficulties? Anxiety, including social anxiety, separation anxiety, and panic · Phobias, including emetophobia · Obsessive-compulsive behaviours and perfectionism · Emotion recognition and regulation · Low self-esteem and confidence, exploring identity and sense of self · Low mood and depression · Managing mood changes · Social/relationship issues · Attachment difficulties · Trauma · Life issues, stress, coping skills, struggling with assertiveness, recovering from bullying
I am specialised in cognitive behavioural therapy.
I am a psychotherapist working with children, adolescents, and adults. Do you find yourself in need of support? Are you struggling with any of the following difficulties? Anxiety, including social anxiety, separation anxiety, and panic · Phobias, including emetophobia · Obsessive-compulsive behaviours and perfectionism · Emotion recognition and regulation · Low self-esteem and confidence, exploring identity and sense of self · Low mood and depression · Managing mood changes · Social/relationship issues · Attachment difficulties · Trauma · Life issues, stress, coping skills, struggling with assertiveness, recovering from bullying
01684 211084 View 01684 211084
Photo of Fran Cruse, MNCPS Acc., Counsellor
Fran Cruse
Counsellor, MNCPS Acc.
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Ledbury HR8
I am qualified and experienced in working with adults, children and teenagers. Circumstances such as loss, trauma, stress and anxiety, relationships and work can present challenges that feel overwhelming and difficult to navigate. In our sessions I offer a compassionate, non-judgemental, supportive space for you to explore, find meanings and discover ways forward.
I am qualified and experienced in working with adults, children and teenagers. Circumstances such as loss, trauma, stress and anxiety, relationships and work can present challenges that feel overwhelming and difficult to navigate. In our sessions I offer a compassionate, non-judgemental, supportive space for you to explore, find meanings and discover ways forward.
01531 808713 View 01531 808713
Photo of Tom Magal, MBACP, Counsellor
Tom Magal
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Ledbury HR8
I am a fully qualified integrative therapist, experienced in working with couples and individuals of all ages, and from all walks of life. I'm not your everyday counsellor, I truly believe that we all have it within us to be our best selves, happy and content, but that comes from understanding ourselves better. I often see clients in the middle of a crisis who need more immediate help, and I also work with people who are otherwise happy but want help moving forwards in their life. I see couples who may have got into bad habits, and may want help building an environment which will enable the relationship to flourish once again.
I am a fully qualified integrative therapist, experienced in working with couples and individuals of all ages, and from all walks of life. I'm not your everyday counsellor, I truly believe that we all have it within us to be our best selves, happy and content, but that comes from understanding ourselves better. I often see clients in the middle of a crisis who need more immediate help, and I also work with people who are otherwise happy but want help moving forwards in their life. I see couples who may have got into bad habits, and may want help building an environment which will enable the relationship to flourish once again.
01432 805983 View 01432 805983
Photo of Loraine Dryden - Grow Change Strive Thrive Ltd, HCPC - Couns. Psych., Psychologist
Grow Change Strive Thrive Ltd
Psychologist, HCPC - Couns. Psych.
Verified Verified
Ledbury HR8
I found my way to being a Psychologist because I am deeply curious about people and what makes us ‘tick’ and I struggle to see suffering without doing something to help. For most of my week, I work for the NHS in the Complex Needs Service, with people who have experienced trauma and who have complex emotional needs. I am also a DBT Therapist in our NHS Trust’s small DBT Service. Whether you're looking for help with serious mental health difficulties or you're just feeling stuck and struggling with motivation, Psychological Therapy can help!
I found my way to being a Psychologist because I am deeply curious about people and what makes us ‘tick’ and I struggle to see suffering without doing something to help. For most of my week, I work for the NHS in the Complex Needs Service, with people who have experienced trauma and who have complex emotional needs. I am also a DBT Therapist in our NHS Trust’s small DBT Service. Whether you're looking for help with serious mental health difficulties or you're just feeling stuck and struggling with motivation, Psychological Therapy can help!
01684 211414 View 01684 211414
Photo of Emma Largesse - Emma Largesse Counselling Services, BACP, Counsellor
Emma Largesse Counselling Services
Counsellor, BACP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Ledbury HR8
Hi I’m Emma and I specialise in working with Children and Young people. I work with adults also, both online and Face to Face. I work in an Person Centred, integrative manner, and creatively with younger children. My therapy caters for individuality. Please ask if you have any questions.
Hi I’m Emma and I specialise in working with Children and Young people. I work with adults also, both online and Face to Face. I work in an Person Centred, integrative manner, and creatively with younger children. My therapy caters for individuality. Please ask if you have any questions.
01432 806068 View 01432 806068
Photo of Danielle Bennett, COSRT General, Psychotherapist
Danielle Bennett
Psychotherapist, COSRT General
Verified Verified
Ledbury HR8
Hi, my name is Danielle Bennett, I'm an individual counsellor, a couple therapist and a sex therapist. I have been working in this field for over 25 years. I started my training, working for the NHS as a sex-therapist and I worked in the NHS for over 7 years. I then worked privately for a number of years and for the last nine years I worked for Relate as a sex therapist; couple counsellor and trainer. I can help with all aspects of relationships and sexual issues as well as looking at more particular issues with individuals.
Hi, my name is Danielle Bennett, I'm an individual counsellor, a couple therapist and a sex therapist. I have been working in this field for over 25 years. I started my training, working for the NHS as a sex-therapist and I worked in the NHS for over 7 years. I then worked privately for a number of years and for the last nine years I worked for Relate as a sex therapist; couple counsellor and trainer. I can help with all aspects of relationships and sexual issues as well as looking at more particular issues with individuals.
01684 211320 View 01684 211320
Photo of Lou Padian, MBACP, Counsellor
Lou Padian
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Ledbury HR8
HI, I'm Lou, I am passionate about helping people find themselves again. If you are going through a difficult time, don't be alone, we can face whatever you are struggling with together. I listen with an empathic approach offering reflection and support so that you are heard with high regard. I understand how challenging life can become and will support you in finding the power to achieve a more satisfying life. I believe everyone deserves to explore their feelings in a safe space feeling heard, understood and respected because I think each individual has their own answers. Enquiring about therapy is the first step to recovery.
HI, I'm Lou, I am passionate about helping people find themselves again. If you are going through a difficult time, don't be alone, we can face whatever you are struggling with together. I listen with an empathic approach offering reflection and support so that you are heard with high regard. I understand how challenging life can become and will support you in finding the power to achieve a more satisfying life. I believe everyone deserves to explore their feelings in a safe space feeling heard, understood and respected because I think each individual has their own answers. Enquiring about therapy is the first step to recovery.
01432 805395 View 01432 805395
Photo of Sally Parker, BACP, Counsellor
Sally Parker
Counsellor, BACP
Verified Verified
Ledbury HR8
I am passionate about helping people find their true potential. I believe each one of us has the power to clear away feelings from the past and as a result step into living our best possible lives. I offer a safe, non-judgmental space where you are free to talk about anything that is on your mind. Together we will shape this space so that it holds the power to influence the change you are hoping to see. Having felt the benefits myself first-hand. A unique personal insight gained from my own counselling coupled with years of comprehensive training has seen me successfully support numerous others through their own transformation.
I am passionate about helping people find their true potential. I believe each one of us has the power to clear away feelings from the past and as a result step into living our best possible lives. I offer a safe, non-judgmental space where you are free to talk about anything that is on your mind. Together we will shape this space so that it holds the power to influence the change you are hoping to see. Having felt the benefits myself first-hand. A unique personal insight gained from my own counselling coupled with years of comprehensive training has seen me successfully support numerous others through their own transformation.
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More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Rod Booth - Clarity in Mind, MA, MBACP, Psychotherapist
Clarity in Mind
Psychotherapist, MA, MBACP
Verified Verified
Newent GL18
Clarity specialise in CBT ( Cognitive Behavioural Therapy), DBT, EMDR, Interpersonal and Schema Focused Therapies, We have over 20 years practice-based experience across the widest range of emotional and behavioural problems and offer a wide range of therapeutic interventions including psychological therapies, wellbeing coaching, mentoring and counselling.
Clarity in Mind has been established to set new standards in therapy for both individuals and organisations alike. Our philosophy is that each client has their own unique needs and circumstances & should have a tailored holistic plan created for them. Our service is provided by highly qualified and experienced therapists who share this philosophy. We provide assessment and evidence-based treatment for individuals who wish to understand then learn to cope more effectively with life issues, such as: depression, anxiety, OCD, panic and phobias post traumatic stress, eating disorders personality disorders and neurodiversity.
Clarity specialise in CBT ( Cognitive Behavioural Therapy), DBT, EMDR, Interpersonal and Schema Focused Therapies, We have over 20 years practice-based experience across the widest range of emotional and behavioural problems and offer a wide range of therapeutic interventions including psychological therapies, wellbeing coaching, mentoring and counselling.
Clarity in Mind has been established to set new standards in therapy for both individuals and organisations alike. Our philosophy is that each client has their own unique needs and circumstances & should have a tailored holistic plan created for them. Our service is provided by highly qualified and experienced therapists who share this philosophy. We provide assessment and evidence-based treatment for individuals who wish to understand then learn to cope more effectively with life issues, such as: depression, anxiety, OCD, panic and phobias post traumatic stress, eating disorders personality disorders and neurodiversity.
01531 808766 View 01531 808766
Photo of Dr Lucy Bassil, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych., Psychologist
Dr Lucy Bassil
Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Verified Verified
Malvern WR13
I am a HCPC registered chartered Clinical Psychologist, working both within the NHS in adult community mental health settings and Private Practice. I have experience of working psychologically with clients across the lifespan and have a specialist interest in working with complex trauma, depression, anxiety, feelings of shame/self criticism and emotion regulation difficulties. I primarily work within a Compassion Focused Therapy and Psychodynamic Framework; however, I utilise principles from Cognitive Behavioural Therapy and Dialectical Behaviour Therapy to compliment this.
I am a HCPC registered chartered Clinical Psychologist, working both within the NHS in adult community mental health settings and Private Practice. I have experience of working psychologically with clients across the lifespan and have a specialist interest in working with complex trauma, depression, anxiety, feelings of shame/self criticism and emotion regulation difficulties. I primarily work within a Compassion Focused Therapy and Psychodynamic Framework; however, I utilise principles from Cognitive Behavioural Therapy and Dialectical Behaviour Therapy to compliment this.
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Photo of Helen Breakwell, MNCPS Acc., Counsellor
Helen Breakwell
Counsellor, MNCPS Acc.
Verified Verified
Malvern WR14
Working with methods from walk and talk, CBT to relaxation.
I will give you the space to talk and explore what you're experiencing in a confidential setting. And help you find healthy coping strategies to develop long term ways of looking after your mental health. Sessions are online (anywhere in UK) or outdoors in the Malvern Hills. Client's feedback - 'Helen made me feel comfortable and listened to.' 'Helen gave me the strategies and tools to help myself in between our sessions, whilst being an invaluable source of comfort and strength.' 'Helen is an incredibly warm and comforting therapist who knew how to hold space for my plethora of emotions.' 'She was lovely and a great counsellor.'
Working with methods from walk and talk, CBT to relaxation.
I will give you the space to talk and explore what you're experiencing in a confidential setting. And help you find healthy coping strategies to develop long term ways of looking after your mental health. Sessions are online (anywhere in UK) or outdoors in the Malvern Hills. Client's feedback - 'Helen made me feel comfortable and listened to.' 'Helen gave me the strategies and tools to help myself in between our sessions, whilst being an invaluable source of comfort and strength.' 'Helen is an incredibly warm and comforting therapist who knew how to hold space for my plethora of emotions.' 'She was lovely and a great counsellor.'
01684 211458 View 01684 211458
Photo of Isabel dos Santos Counsellor MBACP (Accred), MBACP, Counsellor
Isabel dos Santos Counsellor MBACP (Accred)
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Malvern WR13
Reasons for having Counselling: You might be struggling with your mood – stress, anxiety, fight and flight, overwhelmed. You tend to focus on others, and their needs, to the detriment of your own - in your relationships and career. It might feel like you’re in a vicious cycle. There is a way out. My approach: A solution-focused approach, embedded in well-established therapies – CBT, Psychodynamic therapy and EMDR. I encourage having clear goals and collaboration for better outcomes. I specialised in brief work, focusing on a particular issue.
Reasons for having Counselling: You might be struggling with your mood – stress, anxiety, fight and flight, overwhelmed. You tend to focus on others, and their needs, to the detriment of your own - in your relationships and career. It might feel like you’re in a vicious cycle. There is a way out. My approach: A solution-focused approach, embedded in well-established therapies – CBT, Psychodynamic therapy and EMDR. I encourage having clear goals and collaboration for better outcomes. I specialised in brief work, focusing on a particular issue.
01905 950167 View 01905 950167
Photo of Debbie Keenan Ma. Pg Dip. Pg Dip Cbt. Mbacp (Accred)., MA, MBACP Accred, Psychotherapist
Debbie Keenan Ma. Pg Dip. Pg Dip Cbt. Mbacp (Accred).
Psychotherapist, MA, MBACP Accred
Verified Verified
Gloucester GL19
As well as having a Master degree in Integrative Counselling and Psychotherapy, I have three PG diplomas, one in CBT, one in Integrative Counselling, and one in Specialist Couple Therapy.
Hello, I am Debbie, an accredited, multi award winning psychotherapist, who has studied psychotherapy for over eleven years; I am currently completing a doctorate in psychotherapy. I help clients gain a deeper understanding of their self by working through obstacles, exploring why these may have arisen, and moving on from them. I know first-hand how daunting going into therapy can be, but even though making that first step is hard, it is undeniably a step towards healing. I offer confidential psychotherapy for children, adults and families, in a non-judgemental and supportive space, where a client can express their feelings.
As well as having a Master degree in Integrative Counselling and Psychotherapy, I have three PG diplomas, one in CBT, one in Integrative Counselling, and one in Specialist Couple Therapy.
Hello, I am Debbie, an accredited, multi award winning psychotherapist, who has studied psychotherapy for over eleven years; I am currently completing a doctorate in psychotherapy. I help clients gain a deeper understanding of their self by working through obstacles, exploring why these may have arisen, and moving on from them. I know first-hand how daunting going into therapy can be, but even though making that first step is hard, it is undeniably a step towards healing. I offer confidential psychotherapy for children, adults and families, in a non-judgemental and supportive space, where a client can express their feelings.
029 2267 0631 View 029 2267 0631
Photo of Abigail Pamich, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych., Psychologist
Abigail Pamich
Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Verified Verified
Malvern WR14
I am trained in CBT, ADHD, EMDR and many different therapies.
I am a professional, compassionate Consultant Clinical Psychologist with twenty year of experience in helping people improve their mental health. I am also the Clinical Director of an established, busy private psychology practice called www.malvernhillsprivatepractice.co.uk based in Malvern, Worcestershire. We have a team of friendly, highly qualified Associates. We see clients for a whole range of difficulties, mild to severe, short to long term - children, adolescents and couples. We see clients daytime, evening and weekends. We also have an ADHD assessment and support service for adults with ADHD.
I am trained in CBT, ADHD, EMDR and many different therapies.
I am a professional, compassionate Consultant Clinical Psychologist with twenty year of experience in helping people improve their mental health. I am also the Clinical Director of an established, busy private psychology practice called www.malvernhillsprivatepractice.co.uk based in Malvern, Worcestershire. We have a team of friendly, highly qualified Associates. We see clients for a whole range of difficulties, mild to severe, short to long term - children, adolescents and couples. We see clients daytime, evening and weekends. We also have an ADHD assessment and support service for adults with ADHD.
01684 877115 View 01684 877115
Photo of Dr Tammy Esrich, HCPC - Clin. Psych., Psychologist
Dr Tammy Esrich
Psychologist, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Verified Verified
Malvern WR14
Hello, I'm Tammy. I'm a Chartered Clinical Psychologist and have worked in the NHS for over 25 years, in addition to working in private practice for 5 years. I use a wide range of evidence based talking therapies to help adults with a wide range of difficulties, enabling people to lead more fulfilling lives. Therapies used include Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), Compassion Focussed Therapy (CFT), Cognitive Behavioural Therapy ( CBT), Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR). Intervention is tailored to suit individual need based on unique circumstances, experiences and preferences.
Hello, I'm Tammy. I'm a Chartered Clinical Psychologist and have worked in the NHS for over 25 years, in addition to working in private practice for 5 years. I use a wide range of evidence based talking therapies to help adults with a wide range of difficulties, enabling people to lead more fulfilling lives. Therapies used include Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), Compassion Focussed Therapy (CFT), Cognitive Behavioural Therapy ( CBT), Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR). Intervention is tailored to suit individual need based on unique circumstances, experiences and preferences.
01684 210851 View 01684 210851
Photo of Dr John Kenneth Pates, PhD, CPsychol, Psychologist
Dr John Kenneth Pates
Psychologist, PhD, CPsychol
Verified Verified
Malvern WR14
Using Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, Humanistic, Transpersonal, and Jungian psychology, I help individuals overcome life's challenges.
Are you struggling to perform at your best, finding it difficult to manage your emotions, or letting fears hold you back, I can help. I’m Dr. John Pates, a Chartered, HCPC-registered Psychologist with 20 years of experience. While I have a proven track record with top athletes, including The Ryder Cup Team, World Champions, Olympic Champions, and Major winners, my expertise extends beyond sports. I've helped individuals from all walks of life achieve goals, overcome obstacles, and enhance well-being. Whether improving performance, managing stress, or seeking personal growth, I can guide and support you.
Using Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, Humanistic, Transpersonal, and Jungian psychology, I help individuals overcome life's challenges.
Are you struggling to perform at your best, finding it difficult to manage your emotions, or letting fears hold you back, I can help. I’m Dr. John Pates, a Chartered, HCPC-registered Psychologist with 20 years of experience. While I have a proven track record with top athletes, including The Ryder Cup Team, World Champions, Olympic Champions, and Major winners, my expertise extends beyond sports. I've helped individuals from all walks of life achieve goals, overcome obstacles, and enhance well-being. Whether improving performance, managing stress, or seeking personal growth, I can guide and support you.
01684 217938 View 01684 217938
Photo of Tracy Norman, MBACP, Counsellor
Tracy Norman
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Malvern WR13
I work in private practice and in Secondary schools with many mental health issues such as anxiety, self-harm, low mood, gender dysphoria, self-esteem and confidence. In this difficult world, especially after lockdown, there are so many teenagers struggling emotionally and it is affecting confidence, friendships, family life and school. They want to understand how to understand and manage these emotions in order to be able to process them and move forward. I also work with SEND young people, struggling to understand themselves and why they may struggle emotionally.
I work in private practice and in Secondary schools with many mental health issues such as anxiety, self-harm, low mood, gender dysphoria, self-esteem and confidence. In this difficult world, especially after lockdown, there are so many teenagers struggling emotionally and it is affecting confidence, friendships, family life and school. They want to understand how to understand and manage these emotions in order to be able to process them and move forward. I also work with SEND young people, struggling to understand themselves and why they may struggle emotionally.
01275 402988 View 01275 402988

See more therapy options for Ledbury

Cognitive Behavioural (CBT) Counsellors

How does cognitive behavioural therapy work?

Cognitive behavioural therapy works by exploring how your thoughts affect your emotions and experiences. CBT helps you identify distortions in your thinking. For example, you may tend to jump to the worst case scenario catastrophising or think in extremes (all-or-nothing thinking). A therapist can teach you how to push back against those thoughts to ultimately change your feelings and behavior for the better. They can also provide coping skills to better deal with stressors and challenges.

When do I know to seek treatment with cognitive behavioural therapy?

It’s reasonable to consider cognitive behavioural therapy if you struggle to manage difficult emotions or behaviors to such an extent that you are not getting the most out of life on a day-to-day basis. If you want a shorter term, concrete, skills-based approach, CBT is a great option. (By contrast, other types of therapy may devote more time to exploring your past and its effects.) The decision to seek CBT also depends on the condition you’re treating; CBT is an effective treatment for anxiety, depression, trauma, and many other disorders.

How can I find a cognitive behavioural therapist for someone else?

To find a cognitive behavioural therapist for someone else, you may want to begin by discussing the person’s problem, researching cognitive behavioural therapy, and assessing whether the approach is the right fit. You could then reach out to a few cognitive behavioral therapists in this directory, explain the scenario, have a consultation with those available, and determine who could be a good match.

Why is CBT such a popular form of therapy?

CBT has become a popular form of therapy because it is effective and accessible. Robust research has demonstrated that CBT is an effective treatment for many mental health conditions. And CBT can be learned in relatively few sessions, which means that many people can engage in the process, afford it, and see results quickly. It involves learning concrete skills such as disputing unhelpful thoughts; these skills can also be taught and spread widely.