Counselling in Goring

Photo of Michelle Samantha King - Michelle King Counselling & Supervision, MSc, BACP, Counsellor
Michelle King Counselling & Supervision
Counsellor, MSc, BACP
Verified Verified
Goring RG8
I know from experience how hard it can be to find mental health support for children and young people when they need it most. It can be a lot like hitting a series of brick walls and feeling powerless. It’s why I became a counsellor and why I work with young people. I offer a private and confidential counselling service for children (age 10+), adolescents and young adults suffering from emotional and behavioural difficulties. I can work face-to-face at my therapy space in central Reading, Berkshire. Or online by video or telephone. I also offer supervision to CYP counsellors and psychotherapists.
I know from experience how hard it can be to find mental health support for children and young people when they need it most. It can be a lot like hitting a series of brick walls and feeling powerless. It’s why I became a counsellor and why I work with young people. I offer a private and confidential counselling service for children (age 10+), adolescents and young adults suffering from emotional and behavioural difficulties. I can work face-to-face at my therapy space in central Reading, Berkshire. Or online by video or telephone. I also offer supervision to CYP counsellors and psychotherapists.
01256 678597 View 01256 678597
Photo of Gordon Gunnarsen, MSc, MUKCP, Psychotherapist
Gordon Gunnarsen
Psychotherapist, MSc, MUKCP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Goring RG8
Clients come with diverse problems and needs. What matters to my clients, matters to me. Generally, I have found problems which manifest in current life relationships (romantic, family, work, with services or with ourself) but which originate in our past experiences are those which can be worked on helpfully using the ways I work. A measure of openness to explore other perspectives and to really think about describing issues is very important as is a commitment to think outside sessions about things that may be the causes of distress.
Clients come with diverse problems and needs. What matters to my clients, matters to me. Generally, I have found problems which manifest in current life relationships (romantic, family, work, with services or with ourself) but which originate in our past experiences are those which can be worked on helpfully using the ways I work. A measure of openness to explore other perspectives and to really think about describing issues is very important as is a commitment to think outside sessions about things that may be the causes of distress.
0118 214 8650 View 0118 214 8650
Photo of Georgie Hedges, MNCPS Acc., Psychotherapist
Georgie Hedges
Psychotherapist, MNCPS Acc.
Verified Verified
Goring RG8
I'm friendly, flexible and non judgemental, offering understanding and empathy and I specialise working with young people and adults. My approach is unique to each client, factoring developmental and chronological ages. I work interactively, person-centred, yet directively and creatively- integrating arts/games therapies with CBT. I find individual ways to connect to every client and find humour, where appropriate, can go a long way to heal. I work to help young people understand their behaviours and motivations and challenge perspectives, whilst being very much on their level. EFT and Hypnotherapy qualified practitioner.
I'm friendly, flexible and non judgemental, offering understanding and empathy and I specialise working with young people and adults. My approach is unique to each client, factoring developmental and chronological ages. I work interactively, person-centred, yet directively and creatively- integrating arts/games therapies with CBT. I find individual ways to connect to every client and find humour, where appropriate, can go a long way to heal. I work to help young people understand their behaviours and motivations and challenge perspectives, whilst being very much on their level. EFT and Hypnotherapy qualified practitioner.
01235 639263 View 01235 639263
Photo of Marilyn Soghomonian, MBACP, Counsellor
Marilyn Soghomonian
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Goring RG8
Not accepting new clients
I'm currently not taking on new clients until further notice. I offer Professional, Compassionate & Confidential Counselling & Supervision in Reading Berkshire. I work one-to-one with adults over the age of 18. Counselling offers you a unique opportunity to explore your thoughts, feelings and difficulties in a safe and non-judgmental environment where you feel understood and accepted for who you truly are. Working with a counsellor can enable you to resolve internal conflicts that prevent you from being your authentic self and to process any unresolved issues from your past.
I'm currently not taking on new clients until further notice. I offer Professional, Compassionate & Confidential Counselling & Supervision in Reading Berkshire. I work one-to-one with adults over the age of 18. Counselling offers you a unique opportunity to explore your thoughts, feelings and difficulties in a safe and non-judgmental environment where you feel understood and accepted for who you truly are. Working with a counsellor can enable you to resolve internal conflicts that prevent you from being your authentic self and to process any unresolved issues from your past.
0118 207 2624 View 0118 207 2624

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Claire Simmons - CBT Claire Simmons , MBACP, Psychotherapist
CBT Claire Simmons
Psychotherapist, MBACP
Verified Verified
Reading RG1
I offer a safe and collaborative space to explore with you the feelings, thoughts and behaviours that you experience with your issue. Together we will develop an understanding of how these affect you, and what keeps them going. We will work to develop and practice a 'toolkit' of techniques that you can continue to use, to encourage more healthy ways of thinking and responding, to gain better control and emotional balance to reach your therapy goal. I can work with you on issues such as general anxiety, feeling 'stuck', depression, low confidence and self esteem, and social anxiety.
I offer a safe and collaborative space to explore with you the feelings, thoughts and behaviours that you experience with your issue. Together we will develop an understanding of how these affect you, and what keeps them going. We will work to develop and practice a 'toolkit' of techniques that you can continue to use, to encourage more healthy ways of thinking and responding, to gain better control and emotional balance to reach your therapy goal. I can work with you on issues such as general anxiety, feeling 'stuck', depression, low confidence and self esteem, and social anxiety.
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Photo of Charlotte Ruxton, BACP, Psychotherapist
Charlotte Ruxton
Psychotherapist, BACP
Verified Verified
Reading RG1
Whether you are an individual in search of help or looking for emotional support, I understand that it is hard to know where to start when finding a therapist. I am an experienced, accredited and personable psychotherapist working face to face/online with adults and young adults in central London and from Reading, Berkshire. Finding the right therapist for you is so important, therefore I offer a free initial consultation so we can chat about what therapy may best suit your needs, if I am the right therapist for you, and if working together has the potential for change for the better.
Whether you are an individual in search of help or looking for emotional support, I understand that it is hard to know where to start when finding a therapist. I am an experienced, accredited and personable psychotherapist working face to face/online with adults and young adults in central London and from Reading, Berkshire. Finding the right therapist for you is so important, therefore I offer a free initial consultation so we can chat about what therapy may best suit your needs, if I am the right therapist for you, and if working together has the potential for change for the better.
020 8059 0050 View 020 8059 0050
Photo of Kirsty Susan Ball - Kirsty Ball Therapy, MBACP, Counsellor
Kirsty Ball Therapy
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Henley-on-Thames RG9
I have a warm, empathic and supportive counselling style. As a relational therapist I place the client – counsellor relationship at the centre of the therapeutic work. Counselling is confidential, collaborative, and clients always have autonomy over the direction and duration of their therapy. I work with adults and young people aged 16 plus in person from safe and comfortable therapy rooms in Henley on Thames. I am experienced in working with a range of emotional and psychological difficulties but many clients come to see me for help and support in navigating difficult feelings and life stages.
I have a warm, empathic and supportive counselling style. As a relational therapist I place the client – counsellor relationship at the centre of the therapeutic work. Counselling is confidential, collaborative, and clients always have autonomy over the direction and duration of their therapy. I work with adults and young people aged 16 plus in person from safe and comfortable therapy rooms in Henley on Thames. I am experienced in working with a range of emotional and psychological difficulties but many clients come to see me for help and support in navigating difficult feelings and life stages.
01491 521357 View 01491 521357
Photo of Dee Smart - Dee Smart, MBACP, Psychotherapist
Dee Smart
Psychotherapist, MBACP
Verified Verified
Reading RG1
My specialism is working with Couples and Families. My aim is to help you work through issues and resolve past and/or current conflicts. Each person has their own perception of what has gone wrong in the family or relationship and you are given time and space to explore and express these thoughts and feelings without blame or recrimination from others. I offer you a safe and neutral space in the presence of your loved one(s) for you to claim your identity and step into your true potential.
My specialism is working with Couples and Families. My aim is to help you work through issues and resolve past and/or current conflicts. Each person has their own perception of what has gone wrong in the family or relationship and you are given time and space to explore and express these thoughts and feelings without blame or recrimination from others. I offer you a safe and neutral space in the presence of your loved one(s) for you to claim your identity and step into your true potential.
01344 567278 View 01344 567278
Photo of Kizzi Johannessen Bacp (Accrd), MBACP Accred, Counsellor
Kizzi Johannessen Bacp (Accrd)
Counsellor, MBACP Accred
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Reading RG1
When we are unable to manage our feelings by ourselves and find that they are affecting our relationships with others it is often the time to seek help from a counsellor. I aim to help you understand your patterns of relating to others which may help you to develop a greater understanding of yourself and what experiences might have shaped the way you are today. With this insight, together we can attempt to make positive changes to your life to enable you to become the best version of you.
When we are unable to manage our feelings by ourselves and find that they are affecting our relationships with others it is often the time to seek help from a counsellor. I aim to help you understand your patterns of relating to others which may help you to develop a greater understanding of yourself and what experiences might have shaped the way you are today. With this insight, together we can attempt to make positive changes to your life to enable you to become the best version of you.
07709 996510 View 07709 996510
A Moment In Time
Counsellor, MNCPS Acc.
Verified Verified
Reading RG2
I am a qualified Counsellor, Hypnotherapist and Bereavement Practitioner with a variety of experience which helps my clients work through aspects of life that are stopping them from moving forward. I work with clients for a variety of reasons such as: depression, anxiety, panic attacks, stress, bullying, fears and phobia's, PTSD, IBS, relationship issues, bereavement and stopping smoking. I also have special interests in Weight Loss Counselling, Couple Counselling & Career Counselling.
I am a qualified Counsellor, Hypnotherapist and Bereavement Practitioner with a variety of experience which helps my clients work through aspects of life that are stopping them from moving forward. I work with clients for a variety of reasons such as: depression, anxiety, panic attacks, stress, bullying, fears and phobia's, PTSD, IBS, relationship issues, bereavement and stopping smoking. I also have special interests in Weight Loss Counselling, Couple Counselling & Career Counselling.
0118 230 0467 View 0118 230 0467
Photo of Carolyn Bint, MBACP, Counsellor
Carolyn Bint
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Reading RG8
Hello, I'm Carolyn, I offer counselling to adults, children and young people supporting them to explore whatever it is that is stopping them in moving forward or feeling stuck. Once you can understand what is holding you back it is easier to explore change. Perhaps it is low self-esteem, anxiety, anger, self-harm, exam stress, low mood, relationships or family conflicts. Equally, you maybe looking for a confidential space to explore feelings and emotions that are impacting your everyday life. Whatever it is we can work together to find out what your goal would be, to better your life and how we can work together to achieve this.
Hello, I'm Carolyn, I offer counselling to adults, children and young people supporting them to explore whatever it is that is stopping them in moving forward or feeling stuck. Once you can understand what is holding you back it is easier to explore change. Perhaps it is low self-esteem, anxiety, anger, self-harm, exam stress, low mood, relationships or family conflicts. Equally, you maybe looking for a confidential space to explore feelings and emotions that are impacting your everyday life. Whatever it is we can work together to find out what your goal would be, to better your life and how we can work together to achieve this.
0118 230 0257 View 0118 230 0257
Photo of Dr Annie Jones, DCounsPsych, HCPC - Couns. Psych., Psychologist
Dr Annie Jones
Psychologist, DCounsPsych, HCPC - Couns. Psych.
Verified Verified
Reading RG1  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
As an experienced Chartered Counselling Psychologist and Clinical Supervisor, I work with adults and young people in the areas of anxiety and depression, trauma, relationship breakdown, lifestyle change, bullying and low self-esteem, those coming out of abusive situations, especially involving narcissism, post-natal depression, birth trauma, grief and end-of-life care, gender and sexuality. I also work with people looking for a safe space to work through career challenges
As an experienced Chartered Counselling Psychologist and Clinical Supervisor, I work with adults and young people in the areas of anxiety and depression, trauma, relationship breakdown, lifestyle change, bullying and low self-esteem, those coming out of abusive situations, especially involving narcissism, post-natal depression, birth trauma, grief and end-of-life care, gender and sexuality. I also work with people looking for a safe space to work through career challenges
0118 230 8595 View 0118 230 8595
Photo of Matthew Tinker, MUKCP, Psychotherapist
Matthew Tinker
Psychotherapist, MUKCP
Verified Verified
Reading RG4
I am an experienced psychotherapist working with adults who seek help with anxiety, depression, self-esteem, trauma, relationship and family issues. I believe that everyone has a unique potential for growth. Benefits of therapy can include improved self esteem, reduced stress, more resilience, better decision making, and more enjoyable relationships. Therapy can help you to identify unhelpful patterns that keep you stuck, and make different choices that enhance your life.
I am an experienced psychotherapist working with adults who seek help with anxiety, depression, self-esteem, trauma, relationship and family issues. I believe that everyone has a unique potential for growth. Benefits of therapy can include improved self esteem, reduced stress, more resilience, better decision making, and more enjoyable relationships. Therapy can help you to identify unhelpful patterns that keep you stuck, and make different choices that enhance your life.
01344 595919 View 01344 595919
Photo of Dr Seamus (Shay) MacAuley - Dr Shay MB.BS, BSc, MRCGP, FDSc, CSAT3, NCPS Accr, MBBS
Dr Shay MB.BS, BSc, MRCGP, FDSc, CSAT3, NCPS Accr
MBBS
Verified Verified
Wallingford OX10
Substance Abuse, Trauma and Addiction Counsellor. 20 years in recovery. We talk and....getting "better than well".... is the goal. Just imagine! Better than the supposedly "well". Addiction is everywhere both Substance and Process, and afflicts millions. I deal with many types of addiction. Universally it presents with a kaleidoscope of personal and family suffering. It does not have to continue.
Substance Abuse, Trauma and Addiction Counsellor. 20 years in recovery. We talk and....getting "better than well".... is the goal. Just imagine! Better than the supposedly "well". Addiction is everywhere both Substance and Process, and afflicts millions. I deal with many types of addiction. Universally it presents with a kaleidoscope of personal and family suffering. It does not have to continue.
07480 488725 View 07480 488725
Photo of Barbara Paczkowska, MSc, MBABCP, Psychotherapist
Barbara Paczkowska
Psychotherapist, MSc, MBABCP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Reading RG1
Valuing the importance of a therapeutic relationship, I base my relationships with clients on trust and partnership. Drawing on extensive experience I aim to provide a safe and non- judgmental environment where you the client feels acknowledged, listened to and supported. As we are all unique no one type of therapy 'fits' all and I therefore integrate the therapeutic models in which I have been trained to meet your particular individual needs.
Valuing the importance of a therapeutic relationship, I base my relationships with clients on trust and partnership. Drawing on extensive experience I aim to provide a safe and non- judgmental environment where you the client feels acknowledged, listened to and supported. As we are all unique no one type of therapy 'fits' all and I therefore integrate the therapeutic models in which I have been trained to meet your particular individual needs.
01753 907660 View 01753 907660
Photo of David Allen, MBACP, Counsellor
David Allen
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Reading RG5
We might all experience times in our life when we're struggling to cope, and when we do, talking our problems through with someone who understands us can be just the thing that lifts the weight from our shoulders and allows us to find a new path forward. Although I try to shy away from labels and diagnosis, I've helped people suffering from anxiety, depression, grief, relationship and anger management issues, and more. It's vital that you feel comfortable talking to your counsellor, and so I offer a half price first session to help you decide if I'm the right person for you.
We might all experience times in our life when we're struggling to cope, and when we do, talking our problems through with someone who understands us can be just the thing that lifts the weight from our shoulders and allows us to find a new path forward. Although I try to shy away from labels and diagnosis, I've helped people suffering from anxiety, depression, grief, relationship and anger management issues, and more. It's vital that you feel comfortable talking to your counsellor, and so I offer a half price first session to help you decide if I'm the right person for you.
0118 338 3934 View 0118 338 3934
Photo of Kerry Williams, PsychD, MUKCP, Psychotherapist
Kerry Williams
Psychotherapist, PsychD, MUKCP
Verified Verified
Henley-on-Thames RG9  (Online Only)
Hello, I'm Kerry, an Integrative Psychotherapist offering online psychological therapy services for adults (18+ years). I offer a warm and confidential space where you can feel safe, supported and understood - even when your life is at its most difficult.
Hello, I'm Kerry, an Integrative Psychotherapist offering online psychological therapy services for adults (18+ years). I offer a warm and confidential space where you can feel safe, supported and understood - even when your life is at its most difficult.
01628 965478 View 01628 965478
Photo of Jenny Bell, MA, HCPC-Music Therap., Psychotherapist
Jenny Bell
Psychotherapist, MA, HCPC-Music Therap.
Verified Verified
Henley-on-Thames RG9
Many of us experience emotional difficulties at some point in our lives. It can feel daunting to reach out when a current challenge or symptom is holding you back. This is when a supportive relationship with a therapist can help. I offer a safe and confidential space where you can share your feelings without fear or judgement. This step may lead to a deeper understanding about what is troubling you and where lasting change and personal growth may be possible.
Many of us experience emotional difficulties at some point in our lives. It can feel daunting to reach out when a current challenge or symptom is holding you back. This is when a supportive relationship with a therapist can help. I offer a safe and confidential space where you can share your feelings without fear or judgement. This step may lead to a deeper understanding about what is troubling you and where lasting change and personal growth may be possible.
023 8214 5884 View 023 8214 5884
Photo of Dr Hjördis Lorenz (Abode Therapy), PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych., Psychologist
Dr Hjördis Lorenz (Abode Therapy)
Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Reading RG1  (Online Only)
I am a Clinical Psychologist who works with a range of mental health difficulties including anxiety, phobias, grief and loss, and relationship difficulties. I am particularly experienced in working with people struggling with the effects of trauma from childhood or adulthood, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), Complex PTSD, substance use, and social anxiety. In all my work, I adapt therapy to your needs, including neurodiversity (e.g. ADHD), health issues, and cultural contexts. Alongside my work at ABODE, I work in a specialist trauma service in the NHS, and research social anxiety treatments at University of Oxford.
I am a Clinical Psychologist who works with a range of mental health difficulties including anxiety, phobias, grief and loss, and relationship difficulties. I am particularly experienced in working with people struggling with the effects of trauma from childhood or adulthood, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), Complex PTSD, substance use, and social anxiety. In all my work, I adapt therapy to your needs, including neurodiversity (e.g. ADHD), health issues, and cultural contexts. Alongside my work at ABODE, I work in a specialist trauma service in the NHS, and research social anxiety treatments at University of Oxford.
View
Photo of Fi Smith, UKCP Trainee, Counsellor
Fi Smith
Counsellor, UKCP Trainee
Verified Verified
Reading RG6  (Online Only)
Complimentary 30 minute introductory session. Online sessions. My passion lies in providing low cost psychotherapy, which I believe enables individuals and couples to find purpose in their struggles and make informed choices to instigate positive transformations in their lives. I am committed to fostering a safe, confidential, and supportive space where clients can freely express their concerns without fear of judgment and feel genuinely heard and valued. I am a registered trainee counsellor and psychotherapist with UKCP. I also belong to these professional bodies UKATA, EATA and ITAA and abide by their code of ethics.
Complimentary 30 minute introductory session. Online sessions. My passion lies in providing low cost psychotherapy, which I believe enables individuals and couples to find purpose in their struggles and make informed choices to instigate positive transformations in their lives. I am committed to fostering a safe, confidential, and supportive space where clients can freely express their concerns without fear of judgment and feel genuinely heard and valued. I am a registered trainee counsellor and psychotherapist with UKCP. I also belong to these professional bodies UKATA, EATA and ITAA and abide by their code of ethics.
0118 230 0564 View 0118 230 0564

See more therapy options for Goring

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in Goring

< 10

Counsellors in Goring who prioritize treating:

100% Relationship Issues
100% Depression
100% Anxiety
75% Eating Disorders
75% Emotional Disturbance
75% Family Conflict
75% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

16 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

100% Cigna and Evernorth
100% Other
100% Any/Out-of-network Insurance

How Counsellors in Goring see their clients

100% In Person and Online

Gender breakdown

75% Female
25% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in Goring?

Search for nearby therapists or counsellors by inputting your city, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are members of the main professional associations, mainly the British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy (BACP) and the UK Council for Psychotherapy (UKCP). Most Psychologists in the directory are accredited members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and/or are registered in the Health and Care Professions Council (HPCP).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for psychotherapists and counsellors in the UK, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and experience that enable them to do so in the UK. Psychologists have earned a degree in psychology and many are members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and have completed a postgraduate qualification in a specialism. Counsellors and Psychotherapists are not required to have a psychology degree, but to belong to a professional organisation such as the BACP or UKCP, they are required to have completed a training course as well as clinical and supervision hours.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the UK could be between £30 - £60 when seeing a counsellor and £60 - £150 and up when seeing a clinical psychologist. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The NHS Talking therapies programme offers free of charge counselling for common mental health problems like anxiety and depression. The service is available to anyone registered with a GP, though you do not necessarily need to be referred by your GP and can refer yourself directly to a Talking therapies service. The service will provide different solutions, including group and individual therapy, for a limited number of sessions which are generally up to six.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the BACP, the UKCP, or BPS are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there has been participation in a criminal act or act of terror, or if there is potential or known harm to the client or others, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.