Hypnotherapists in Christchurch, ENG
![Photo of Nigel Murray, MNCPS Acc., Psychotherapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/53871c20-c674-4253-8d83-88cee84a39c9/2/320x400.jpeg)
Keep seeing the same patterns in your life that interfere with your RELATIOn'SHIP; getting niggled, having arguments- again! The passion & intimacy you want has been lost! Your CAREER or your BUSiNESS; lost focus having challenges with others, not knowing where you or your business is going, dreading those presentations - nights worrying, the sweats, drying up trembling & forgetting what you know. What would it be like if you could break these patterns? Efficiently, creating that intimate and passionate relationship 'The Next Level' & be the best version of you to drive your business and career to where you want it with united teams
Keep seeing the same patterns in your life that interfere with your RELATIOn'SHIP; getting niggled, having arguments- again! The passion & intimacy you want has been lost! Your CAREER or your BUSiNESS; lost focus having challenges with others, not knowing where you or your business is going, dreading those presentations - nights worrying, the sweats, drying up trembling & forgetting what you know. What would it be like if you could break these patterns? Efficiently, creating that intimate and passionate relationship 'The Next Level' & be the best version of you to drive your business and career to where you want it with united teams
![Photo of Zoë Pool, PhD, MUKCP, Psychotherapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/4c59ca0e-46cd-11ea-a6ad-06142c356176/3/320x400.jpeg)
Finding the therapist that is right for you may feel a challenge, especially at a time when you may be feeling vulnerable or uncertain, perhaps facing a crisis point. This is not unusual, whether you have undertaken therapy in the past or whether this is the first time you have sought therapy. Sometimes we need help to overcome conflicts and blocks in ourselves and in our relationships that are confusing and difficult to face. I understand that you are a unique and complex individual, with many facets and aspects of who you are, how you experience yourself, and how you have had to adapt as you confront life's struggles.
Finding the therapist that is right for you may feel a challenge, especially at a time when you may be feeling vulnerable or uncertain, perhaps facing a crisis point. This is not unusual, whether you have undertaken therapy in the past or whether this is the first time you have sought therapy. Sometimes we need help to overcome conflicts and blocks in ourselves and in our relationships that are confusing and difficult to face. I understand that you are a unique and complex individual, with many facets and aspects of who you are, how you experience yourself, and how you have had to adapt as you confront life's struggles.
![Photo of Janet King - New Horizons Network, MBACP, Counsellor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/50e8659c-46cd-11ea-a6ad-06142c356176/3/320x400.jpeg)
New Horizons Network is a team of counsellors, life coaches and psychotherapists. Being able to explore areas of your life which you may wish to understand, improve on or make changes to can make life better, improve relationships and self esteem. We all deserve the best from life. We believe that coaching, counselling and psychotherapy should be accessible to all. With that in mind we offer these services at varying costs according to the level of experience of our network of practitioners. Contact us for a discussion on how we can help you with your needs and put you in touch with the best person for you.
New Horizons Network is a team of counsellors, life coaches and psychotherapists. Being able to explore areas of your life which you may wish to understand, improve on or make changes to can make life better, improve relationships and self esteem. We all deserve the best from life. We believe that coaching, counselling and psychotherapy should be accessible to all. With that in mind we offer these services at varying costs according to the level of experience of our network of practitioners. Contact us for a discussion on how we can help you with your needs and put you in touch with the best person for you.
![Photo of Genevieve Smith - Gsscounselling, MNCPS Acc., Counsellor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/ba1db425-85e4-4d90-a27c-5921d516d42d/1/320x400.jpeg)
Hi my names Gen, I specialise in anxiety, relationships and low self esteem counselling. If you feel that you are struggling with any of theses issues or just need someone to talk to, I can help you to explore these things and look at how we can move forward and work through them. We will take the time to explore what you have been dealing with and look at different ways of how therapy can help you. I will listen to your needs and adapt our sessions so that you feel comfortable enough to discuss anything you’d like too.
Hi my names Gen, I specialise in anxiety, relationships and low self esteem counselling. If you feel that you are struggling with any of theses issues or just need someone to talk to, I can help you to explore these things and look at how we can move forward and work through them. We will take the time to explore what you have been dealing with and look at different ways of how therapy can help you. I will listen to your needs and adapt our sessions so that you feel comfortable enough to discuss anything you’d like too.
More Therapists Nearby
![Photo of Richard Absalom, DCounsPsych, MBACP Accred, Psychotherapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/b9f9bd65-dead-4a20-9c06-6a9297269175/2/320x400.jpeg)
Richard Absalom
Psychotherapist, DCounsPsych, MBACP Accred
Verified Verified
Poole BH12 (Online Only)
Experienced and established Integrative Individual and Couples Counsellor offering online appointments on Zoom or Skype. As well as my initial core training and qualification in Integrative Counselling (2006) I am additionally qualified in Sex and Relationship therapy. I have worked with individuals since 2006, and couples since 2009. Whatever your circumstances, I am passionate about helping people tap back into their own resources in order to solve problems and make changes. I can help, when unhelpful thoughts patterns and behaviours are keeping you stuck. The aim is to help you gain insight, and heighten self awareness.
Experienced and established Integrative Individual and Couples Counsellor offering online appointments on Zoom or Skype. As well as my initial core training and qualification in Integrative Counselling (2006) I am additionally qualified in Sex and Relationship therapy. I have worked with individuals since 2006, and couples since 2009. Whatever your circumstances, I am passionate about helping people tap back into their own resources in order to solve problems and make changes. I can help, when unhelpful thoughts patterns and behaviours are keeping you stuck. The aim is to help you gain insight, and heighten self awareness.
![Photo of Gabriela Macauley, MBACP, Counsellor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/409c153b-5dce-4ffb-9937-0d57e3b19c5d/1/320x400.jpeg)
Welcome, I am a humanistic integrative counsellor offering trauma informed therapy for adults experiencing Anxiety, Panic Attacks, Depression, PTSD or who want to unburden from the weights of daily life. Appointments Mon-Sun / 7am-10pm / 60mins - £50 / free 15min intro conversation available. I welcome you to browse around my website www.actioncounsellingtherapy.co.uk
Welcome, I am a humanistic integrative counsellor offering trauma informed therapy for adults experiencing Anxiety, Panic Attacks, Depression, PTSD or who want to unburden from the weights of daily life. Appointments Mon-Sun / 7am-10pm / 60mins - £50 / free 15min intro conversation available. I welcome you to browse around my website www.actioncounsellingtherapy.co.uk
![Photo of James O’Toole - Sandbanks Psychotherapy , GMBPsS, Psychotherapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/fe471464-846e-4b59-a1ed-c6b1108ac1fe/1/320x400.png)
We understand that every situation is unique. Every person is unique. We tailor our therapy to each individual. Check out our website www.sandbankspsychotherapy.com
We understand that every situation is unique. Every person is unique. We tailor our therapy to each individual. Check out our website www.sandbankspsychotherapy.com
![Photo of Ian Anderson, PhD, HCPC - Clin. Psych., Psychologist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/5075b45f-46cd-11ea-a6ad-06142c356176/1/320x400.jpeg)
I am a Chartered Psychologist registered with the HCPC with over 30 years of experience. I have worked in private practice with over two thousand patients and supervised more than 100 therapists. I am separately qualified in various fields of applied Psychology including Clinical Psychology, Forensic Psychology, Counselling Psychology and Occupational Psychology. I now deliver all my counselling and therapy by the following methods: video conferencing; telephone sessions; real-time online chat; and email. I believe that matching the right therapy delivered by the right therapist to an individual is the key to therapeutic success.
I am a Chartered Psychologist registered with the HCPC with over 30 years of experience. I have worked in private practice with over two thousand patients and supervised more than 100 therapists. I am separately qualified in various fields of applied Psychology including Clinical Psychology, Forensic Psychology, Counselling Psychology and Occupational Psychology. I now deliver all my counselling and therapy by the following methods: video conferencing; telephone sessions; real-time online chat; and email. I believe that matching the right therapy delivered by the right therapist to an individual is the key to therapeutic success.
![Photo of Tom Buckland, MBACP Accred, Psychotherapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/6c82d223-59cc-4ee4-ac9a-10ef51e028da/2/320x400.jpeg)
Relationship Counsellor and Anxiety Therapist, BACP Accredited Psychotherapist, based in Hythe near Southampton, Hampshire. I'm Tom Buckland and I've been helping people through difficult times since 2003 and specialise in providing Couple Counselling (once know as marriage guidance counselling or relationship counselling) as well as working with Anxiety and Trauma. I work in a humanistic approach so we can work out together the best approach in the therapy to help you.
Relationship Counsellor and Anxiety Therapist, BACP Accredited Psychotherapist, based in Hythe near Southampton, Hampshire. I'm Tom Buckland and I've been helping people through difficult times since 2003 and specialise in providing Couple Counselling (once know as marriage guidance counselling or relationship counselling) as well as working with Anxiety and Trauma. I work in a humanistic approach so we can work out together the best approach in the therapy to help you.
Online Therapists
![Photo of Lucy Lloyd, MNCPS Acc., Counsellor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/eeee1cfb-dea2-4395-9cbd-822d94c86272/2/320x400.jpeg)
I have expertise in counselling, NLP, & hypnotherapy & can use the most appropriate methods for your needs.
I understand that it can be very stressful for you to talk about your own issues or share your distress with someone else. After all, we are all encouraged to ‘keep going’. I strive to create a warm, safe, comfortable and therapeutic space for all my clients, which is a blend of the treatment room I work in and the atmosphere I create. I will provide you with both non-judgmental acceptance and empathic support. I listen to my clients intently and explore your inner world thoughtfully, whilst drawing on and sharing my insightful understanding to help you to make sense of what’s happening.
I have expertise in counselling, NLP, & hypnotherapy & can use the most appropriate methods for your needs.
I understand that it can be very stressful for you to talk about your own issues or share your distress with someone else. After all, we are all encouraged to ‘keep going’. I strive to create a warm, safe, comfortable and therapeutic space for all my clients, which is a blend of the treatment room I work in and the atmosphere I create. I will provide you with both non-judgmental acceptance and empathic support. I listen to my clients intently and explore your inner world thoughtfully, whilst drawing on and sharing my insightful understanding to help you to make sense of what’s happening.
![Photo of Holly Simon - queens counselling , MBACP, Counsellor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/302875ed-1900-4801-b50c-a429d421a08a/2/320x400.jpeg)
I am a fully qualified and insured Integrated Psychotherapist, specialising in Trauma, Addiction and Relationships. I have a person-centred approach, whereby the understanding of the client, their thoughts, feelings and behaviours are the focus, as opposed to any 'labels' that they may have been told or feel that they carry. I am also qualified in EFT ('Tapping') Integrated Energy Techniques and Hypnotherapy, which are safe and effective ways to manage strong feelings, whether in the body or mind, and process difficult experiences, memories and situations.
I am a fully qualified and insured Integrated Psychotherapist, specialising in Trauma, Addiction and Relationships. I have a person-centred approach, whereby the understanding of the client, their thoughts, feelings and behaviours are the focus, as opposed to any 'labels' that they may have been told or feel that they carry. I am also qualified in EFT ('Tapping') Integrated Energy Techniques and Hypnotherapy, which are safe and effective ways to manage strong feelings, whether in the body or mind, and process difficult experiences, memories and situations.
![Photo of Giovanna Giustino, CPsychol, Psychologist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/9083c7de-6b4d-46c6-87fd-ed877e3913e3/2/320x400.jpeg)
Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, Mindfulness, Psychodynamic model, Humanistic models, EMDR, Hypnotherapy).
I am a psychologist practitioner with many years experience in both private practice and mental health organisations such as the NHS and MIND. I have considerable experience working typically, but not exclusively, with anxiety disorders (e.g. panic disorders, post traumatic stress, phobias), self esteem issues, mood disorders, guilt and shame, bereavement, life transitions, anger management, life adjustment, life coaching, emotional regulations.
Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, Mindfulness, Psychodynamic model, Humanistic models, EMDR, Hypnotherapy).
I am a psychologist practitioner with many years experience in both private practice and mental health organisations such as the NHS and MIND. I have considerable experience working typically, but not exclusively, with anxiety disorders (e.g. panic disorders, post traumatic stress, phobias), self esteem issues, mood disorders, guilt and shame, bereavement, life transitions, anger management, life adjustment, life coaching, emotional regulations.
![Photo of Maryam Bani- Sadr, MBACP Accred, Psychotherapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/ab39a979-2c66-45bc-9f67-c67212f955fc/1/320x400.jpeg)
I am an integrative psychotherapist, hypnotherapist and certified life-coach. I have been practicing psychotherapy and hypnotherapy for the past 14 years. My experience comes from having worked as a psychotherapist, CBT and IAPT practitioner for the NHS, within the charity sector, as well as in private practice. I also offers EMDR, which is particularly useful when working with trauma.
I am an integrative psychotherapist, hypnotherapist and certified life-coach. I have been practicing psychotherapy and hypnotherapy for the past 14 years. My experience comes from having worked as a psychotherapist, CBT and IAPT practitioner for the NHS, within the charity sector, as well as in private practice. I also offers EMDR, which is particularly useful when working with trauma.
![Photo of Lydia Jane Johnson - London Clinic Of Hypnotherapy](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/2284d3a4-631b-4ce4-a5f6-db72ee29103a/2/320x400.jpeg)
These unhealthy cycles and systems we often create, such as emotional eating, binge drinking, restrictive behaviours and isolation, conflict and anxiety can be alleviated with Hypnotherapy.
‘Best Hypnotherapist for the whole family' Evening Standard
These unhealthy cycles and systems we often create, such as emotional eating, binge drinking, restrictive behaviours and isolation, conflict and anxiety can be alleviated with Hypnotherapy.
‘Best Hypnotherapist for the whole family' Evening Standard
![Photo of Christine Carol, BACP, Counsellor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/2eecbcc8-aa4f-4ddc-b990-204f40c05c10/2/320x400.jpeg)
My training in counselling and psychotherapy, hypnotherapy and coaching, combined with my experience as a complementary therapist, means that I may have knowledge of various methods, tools and theories that could support you.
Hello, I’m Christine, and I welcome you warmly. I can appreciate that reaching out to a therapist might feel a little daunting. It may be that you are holding onto some painful emotions, or experiencing stress or anxiety. Or, that you really need someone to talk to who will listen without judgement and seek to understand what is going on for you. You might also be looking to find a work/life balance and explore realistic positive changes to support your well-being. Together we can explore what can support you right now, to gain understanding and insight, and discover ways to make the changes you hope for.
My training in counselling and psychotherapy, hypnotherapy and coaching, combined with my experience as a complementary therapist, means that I may have knowledge of various methods, tools and theories that could support you.
Hello, I’m Christine, and I welcome you warmly. I can appreciate that reaching out to a therapist might feel a little daunting. It may be that you are holding onto some painful emotions, or experiencing stress or anxiety. Or, that you really need someone to talk to who will listen without judgement and seek to understand what is going on for you. You might also be looking to find a work/life balance and explore realistic positive changes to support your well-being. Together we can explore what can support you right now, to gain understanding and insight, and discover ways to make the changes you hope for.
![Photo of Rebecca Kilpatrick - Soulful Healing with Becca , DCounsPsych, PNCPS Acc., Counsellor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/5bb41cec-2983-4394-91d0-13cb38badd25/1/320x400.jpeg)
I am a qualified integrative Child and Adult Counsellor and ADHD Coach As an ex-Detective working in the Child abuse team, I saw how childhood traumas can affect childhood through to adulthood. The lasting effects are life debilitating and can be crippling. I believe in working collaboratively with your mind, body and soul to bring your body back in alignment. Whether that's through talking therapies, or hypnotherapy.
I am a qualified integrative Child and Adult Counsellor and ADHD Coach As an ex-Detective working in the Child abuse team, I saw how childhood traumas can affect childhood through to adulthood. The lasting effects are life debilitating and can be crippling. I believe in working collaboratively with your mind, body and soul to bring your body back in alignment. Whether that's through talking therapies, or hypnotherapy.
![Photo of Nicholas James King - Nicholas King Counselling & Psychotherapy (CBT), MSc, MBABCP, Psychotherapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/83701430-541a-4d0c-873a-e99150b3be0b/3/320x400.jpeg)
Nicholas King Counselling & Psychotherapy (CBT)
Psychotherapist, MSc, MBABCP
Verified Verified
Pinner HA5
Thank you for reading my profile here on Psychology Today. I am a Counsellor and CBT Psychotherapist working in private practice in Pinner, NW London. I am an Accredited practitioner with the British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy (BACP). I am also an NHS trained, Cognitive Behavioural Therapist (CBT) accredited with the British Association for Behavioural & Cognitive Psychotherapies (BABCP). I am a registered Hypnotherapist with the General Hypnotherapy Register (GHR).
Thank you for reading my profile here on Psychology Today. I am a Counsellor and CBT Psychotherapist working in private practice in Pinner, NW London. I am an Accredited practitioner with the British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy (BACP). I am also an NHS trained, Cognitive Behavioural Therapist (CBT) accredited with the British Association for Behavioural & Cognitive Psychotherapies (BABCP). I am a registered Hypnotherapist with the General Hypnotherapy Register (GHR).
![Photo of Daniel Fryer, MSc, MNCPS Acc., Counsellor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/0ee3ebb3-0665-4624-8ed2-652442648e76/2/320x400.jpeg)
I use a highly effective form of cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) known as rational emotive behaviour therapy (REBT) as well as clinical hypnotherapy (either separately or combined) to help you with a variety of issues including all forms of anxiety, as well as work stress, life stress, anger management, insomnia, IBS, confidence issues and more.
Hello there, I'm a mental health and wellbeing consultant and have been in practicefor nearly 20 years now. I've worked in a variety of settings, including private practice (in both London and Bristol), the NHS, occupational health, private healthcare and The Priory Hospital. I also develop workshops, webinars and live presentations and am the author of two pop psych self-help titles. I bring wit, wisdom and experience into the room. If you need help with your anxiety and stress, including work stress, life stress and burnout, if you want help with your confidence, or in overcoming a life challenge, I can help
I use a highly effective form of cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) known as rational emotive behaviour therapy (REBT) as well as clinical hypnotherapy (either separately or combined) to help you with a variety of issues including all forms of anxiety, as well as work stress, life stress, anger management, insomnia, IBS, confidence issues and more.
Hello there, I'm a mental health and wellbeing consultant and have been in practicefor nearly 20 years now. I've worked in a variety of settings, including private practice (in both London and Bristol), the NHS, occupational health, private healthcare and The Priory Hospital. I also develop workshops, webinars and live presentations and am the author of two pop psych self-help titles. I bring wit, wisdom and experience into the room. If you need help with your anxiety and stress, including work stress, life stress and burnout, if you want help with your confidence, or in overcoming a life challenge, I can help
![Photo of Grace-Anne Sharpe-Young, MSc, MBACP Accred, Psychotherapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/55c72868-4912-4725-a910-7cb509c4d9b2/3/320x400.jpeg)
Hello! I'm Grace-Anne, welcome to my page. I am trained in Social Psychology (BSc. BPS), Integrative Counselling & Psychotherapy (MSc. BACP), and Clinical Hypnotherapy (Dip. BPS, GHSC). My integrative approach includes Person-Centred Therapy (Carl Rogers) for self-exploration and growth, Attachment Theory (John Bowlby) highlighting how early emotional connections' impact on adult development, CBT that targets negative thoughts and behaviours into healthier alternatives and Clinical Hypnotherapy, an evidence-based method to help increase deep relaxation, manages stress, anxiety, and addresses phobias, fears, and unhealthy habits.
Hello! I'm Grace-Anne, welcome to my page. I am trained in Social Psychology (BSc. BPS), Integrative Counselling & Psychotherapy (MSc. BACP), and Clinical Hypnotherapy (Dip. BPS, GHSC). My integrative approach includes Person-Centred Therapy (Carl Rogers) for self-exploration and growth, Attachment Theory (John Bowlby) highlighting how early emotional connections' impact on adult development, CBT that targets negative thoughts and behaviours into healthier alternatives and Clinical Hypnotherapy, an evidence-based method to help increase deep relaxation, manages stress, anxiety, and addresses phobias, fears, and unhealthy habits.
![Photo of John Graham, MBACP, Counsellor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/9a4a268f-ec82-4f40-90a5-85e11081a315/2/320x400.jpeg)
I am also trained in hypnotherapy and can offer that alongside when appropriate.
I am an integrative counsellor, and I am registered with the BACP. I provide an empathic, supportive space where you can feel safe to open up and feel seen and heard for who you are. I understand the pressures people can put upon themselves, which are unhelpful and can lead to damaging coping strategies. I will work with you to identify healthier ways of managing anxiety, low self-esteem and further underlying issues. I feel passionate in the potential of therapy to support you through difficult times in your life. Integrative counselling with John I have an integrative approach, meaning that I draw on several ways of working.
I am also trained in hypnotherapy and can offer that alongside when appropriate.
I am an integrative counsellor, and I am registered with the BACP. I provide an empathic, supportive space where you can feel safe to open up and feel seen and heard for who you are. I understand the pressures people can put upon themselves, which are unhelpful and can lead to damaging coping strategies. I will work with you to identify healthier ways of managing anxiety, low self-esteem and further underlying issues. I feel passionate in the potential of therapy to support you through difficult times in your life. Integrative counselling with John I have an integrative approach, meaning that I draw on several ways of working.
See more therapy options for Christchurch
Nearby Hypnotherapy Counsellors Searches for Christchurch
See More Hypnotherapy CounsellorsNearby Searches for Christchurch
- Bournemouth
- Broadstone
- Ferndown
- Highcliffe
- Lymington
- New Milton
- Poole
- Ringwood
- Ripley
- Saint Ives
- Verwood
- Wimborne
Hypnotherapy Counsellors
How does hypnotherapy work?
Hypnotherapy works by using guided hypnosis to help you reach a state of focus and concentration through mental imagery and soothing verbal repetition. The state is somewhat like being absorbed in a book, a film, or your own thoughts. You are not under a therapist’s “control,” but they can help you relax and turn your attention inward to discover the resources to achieve behaviour change or better manage psychological concerns. Therapy sessions may involve guiding you through recognising a problem, releasing problematic thoughts about it, and considering and accepting more productive alternatives before returning to normal awareness. Hypnotherapy is typically used by a therapist along with traditional forms of talk therapy. Eventually, your therapist can help you learn hypnotherapy techniques yourself, so you can establish a stronger sense of control on your own in stressful or challenging moments.
Is hypnotherapy the same as hypnosis?
Hypnotherapy, which is sometimes called hypnotic suggestion, is a therapeutic technique in which a therapist uses hypnosis to help patients. It is not the kind of hypnosis portrayed in stage shows, or in movies or on television. You will not be unconscious or asleep during hypnotherapy, you will not lose control of yourself, your thoughts, or your free will, and you will be able to fully recall your experience. And while you will hear your therapist’s suggestions, it is always up to you to decide whether to act on them. Hypnosis by a trained mental-health professional is not a form of mind control, which is impossible to achieve anyway.
Can everyone be hypnotised?
The most common challenge of hypnotherapy is that as many as one in four people cannot be hypnotised. Brain imaging has confirmed differences in patterns of brain connectivity between those who respond to hypnotism and those who do not. Other people who could potentially be hypnotised may not respond to the technique because of their scepticism or resistance to entering a hypnotic state. If a therapist’s “post-hypnotic suggestion” is effective, it’s because they are suggesting something you want to achieve.
Does hypnotherapy work?
Through hypnotherapy, you can achieve changes that are real and sustainable. Like other talk therapy techniques, when hypnotherapy succeeds, it’s a case of mind over matter. Effective hypnotherapy involves self-healing because you access resources you need to change inside of yourself and learn how to tap into them whenever you need. Hypnotherapy has been shown to be an effective therapy for anxiety, phobias, stress, panic attacks, post-traumatic stress disorder, sexual dysfunction, and undesirable behaviours like smoking. It can be used to help improve sleep or to address relationship challenges, and to aid with pain management, digestive disorders, skin conditions, and the gastrointestinal side effects of pregnancy or chemotherapy.