Depression Counselling in Buckingham

Photo of Karen Johnson, MNCPS Acc., Counsellor
Karen Johnson
Counsellor, MNCPS Acc.
Verified Verified
Buckingham MK18
I have experience with working with clients struggling with stress, anxiety or depression as a result of work or day to day pressures of life or lack confidence or purpose in life.
Do you wake up anxious, stressed and dread the beginning of each new day? Are you feeling overwhelmed from taking care of everyone else’s needs and feel guilty if you take time for yourself? Do you often feel that everyone else’s problems are greater than yours and don’t speak out about your own difficulties but will happily listen and support friends when they need help? Perhaps you feel that your work / life balance is out of control but just don't know where to start? Working together I will help you create healthier habits, feel better about yourself and learn techniques to feel more in control to begin enjoying life again.
I have experience with working with clients struggling with stress, anxiety or depression as a result of work or day to day pressures of life or lack confidence or purpose in life.
Do you wake up anxious, stressed and dread the beginning of each new day? Are you feeling overwhelmed from taking care of everyone else’s needs and feel guilty if you take time for yourself? Do you often feel that everyone else’s problems are greater than yours and don’t speak out about your own difficulties but will happily listen and support friends when they need help? Perhaps you feel that your work / life balance is out of control but just don't know where to start? Working together I will help you create healthier habits, feel better about yourself and learn techniques to feel more in control to begin enjoying life again.
01788 229475 View 01788 229475
Photo of Paul Masters, MA, BPC, Psychotherapist
Paul Masters
Psychotherapist, MA, BPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Buckingham MK18
Examples of issues I can help with: feelings of stress and anxiety, panic attacks, feelings of depression, sadness or emptiness, problems with anger, relationships, confidence problems, feeling burdened by shame or guilt, feelings of loneliness or isolation, low self- esteem and motivation.
Hello and welcome. Making the decision to begin therapy or counselling can be anxiety provoking. It is important, therefore, to find the right therapist or counsellor for you, as this is a vital element of the psychotherapeutic process. Finding a therapist or counsellor you feel safe with and with whom you have a sense of connection will enable you to explore the issues. People of all ethnicities and social backgrounds seek therapy for a plethora of reasons, and I welcome patients whatever their culture, ethnicity, nationality, sexual orientation, or gender.
Examples of issues I can help with: feelings of stress and anxiety, panic attacks, feelings of depression, sadness or emptiness, problems with anger, relationships, confidence problems, feeling burdened by shame or guilt, feelings of loneliness or isolation, low self- esteem and motivation.
Hello and welcome. Making the decision to begin therapy or counselling can be anxiety provoking. It is important, therefore, to find the right therapist or counsellor for you, as this is a vital element of the psychotherapeutic process. Finding a therapist or counsellor you feel safe with and with whom you have a sense of connection will enable you to explore the issues. People of all ethnicities and social backgrounds seek therapy for a plethora of reasons, and I welcome patients whatever their culture, ethnicity, nationality, sexual orientation, or gender.
020 3962 1621 View 020 3962 1621
Photo of Emma Spacek, DCounsPsych, MBACP, Counsellor
Emma Spacek
Counsellor, DCounsPsych, MBACP
Verified Verified
Buckingham MK18
I believe, that it is one thing to listen to someone when they speak, but it is another to truly hear what they are saying. In sessions my aim is to offer true warmth and honesty so that we can work together in a trusting therapeutic relationship. My work with clients covers many different aspects such as trauma, abuse, self-harm, bereavement, long term and life changing health issues, relationship difficulties, job dissatisfaction, life changes, depression or simply unexplained feelings of loss, fear and anxiety. Working together, at your pace, we can explore what is troubling you, and uncover any root causes
I believe, that it is one thing to listen to someone when they speak, but it is another to truly hear what they are saying. In sessions my aim is to offer true warmth and honesty so that we can work together in a trusting therapeutic relationship. My work with clients covers many different aspects such as trauma, abuse, self-harm, bereavement, long term and life changing health issues, relationship difficulties, job dissatisfaction, life changes, depression or simply unexplained feelings of loss, fear and anxiety. Working together, at your pace, we can explore what is troubling you, and uncover any root causes
01225 435026 View 01225 435026
Photo of Anya Amrith, MA, UKCP Trainee, Psychotherapist
Anya Amrith
Psychotherapist, MA, UKCP Trainee
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Buckingham MK18
Are you finding life challenging? It may feel like something is holding you back, or perhaps you can’t feel yourself really living. You may have developed coping mechanisms that are negatively impacting your life. Parts of you may feel disconnected, numb or shut down whilst you function through your daily life. Talking can be hard to do, even with those around you. I work with adults and young people using symbol/metaphor to gently identify experiences that words are difficult to define. I help with ADHD, autism, self-esteem, panic attacks, anxiety, depression, relationship issues, trauma, sexual abuse, PTSD/CPTSD, OCD and more.
Are you finding life challenging? It may feel like something is holding you back, or perhaps you can’t feel yourself really living. You may have developed coping mechanisms that are negatively impacting your life. Parts of you may feel disconnected, numb or shut down whilst you function through your daily life. Talking can be hard to do, even with those around you. I work with adults and young people using symbol/metaphor to gently identify experiences that words are difficult to define. I help with ADHD, autism, self-esteem, panic attacks, anxiety, depression, relationship issues, trauma, sexual abuse, PTSD/CPTSD, OCD and more.
01280 733127 View 01280 733127
Photo of Kimberley Bolton, MBACP, Counsellor
Kimberley Bolton
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Buckingham MK18
I work with adults and children aged 11yrs and over and have experience supporting clients with a wide range of issues including, but not limited to; anxiety, depression, loss, trauma, and OCD.
At some point in our lives, we all encounter difficulties. We each have unique experiences of these struggles and at times they can feel overwhelming. You may seek therapy if you feel stressed, anxious or struggle with low mood. You might find yourself affected by current or past experiences. Difficulties related to your relationships, work, or homelife. It may be that you long for a calm, confidential space to be heard and understood. Counselling and psychotherapy can help wherever you are in your life.
I work with adults and children aged 11yrs and over and have experience supporting clients with a wide range of issues including, but not limited to; anxiety, depression, loss, trauma, and OCD.
At some point in our lives, we all encounter difficulties. We each have unique experiences of these struggles and at times they can feel overwhelming. You may seek therapy if you feel stressed, anxious or struggle with low mood. You might find yourself affected by current or past experiences. Difficulties related to your relationships, work, or homelife. It may be that you long for a calm, confidential space to be heard and understood. Counselling and psychotherapy can help wherever you are in your life.
01296 327584 View 01296 327584
Photo of Lydia Nightingale, MBACP, Counsellor
Lydia Nightingale
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Buckingham MK18
Hello, I am a Person-Centred counsellor specialising in relationships, bereavement, abuse and work-related issues. I also work with anxiety, stress and depression. Person-Centred counselling means that I believe that you are in control and hold the keys to unlocking what is troubling you. I consider my role to be similar to that of a guide, who supports you in your unique situation to help you move forward. I have ten years’ experience of supporting diverse people, with a wide range of life challenges.
Hello, I am a Person-Centred counsellor specialising in relationships, bereavement, abuse and work-related issues. I also work with anxiety, stress and depression. Person-Centred counselling means that I believe that you are in control and hold the keys to unlocking what is troubling you. I consider my role to be similar to that of a guide, who supports you in your unique situation to help you move forward. I have ten years’ experience of supporting diverse people, with a wide range of life challenges.
01895 320801 View 01895 320801
Photo of Joanne Blythen, MBACP, Counsellor
Joanne Blythen
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Buckingham MK18
Hi, my name is JoJo and I am a qualified person-cantered counsellor based in Buckinghamshire - Milton Keynes. I work in person, online and offer walking sessions. I work with anyone over the age of 14 yrs, covering areas such as depression, anxiety, body image, disordered eating, self-harm, sexuality, LGBTQI, ADHD, neurodiversity and issues that may arise when we live in blended families. My approach is always to build up a relationship of trust, find common areas we can connect on and work at a pace that suits you. I have lived and worked in India and the US so have cross-cultural understanding.
Hi, my name is JoJo and I am a qualified person-cantered counsellor based in Buckinghamshire - Milton Keynes. I work in person, online and offer walking sessions. I work with anyone over the age of 14 yrs, covering areas such as depression, anxiety, body image, disordered eating, self-harm, sexuality, LGBTQI, ADHD, neurodiversity and issues that may arise when we live in blended families. My approach is always to build up a relationship of trust, find common areas we can connect on and work at a pace that suits you. I have lived and worked in India and the US so have cross-cultural understanding.
01908 103712 View 01908 103712
Photo of Lauren Anne Calder, MA, HCPC - Couns. Psych., Psychologist
Lauren Anne Calder
Psychologist, MA, HCPC - Couns. Psych.
Verified Verified
Buckingham MK18  (Online Only)
Most people choose therapy at a time when they are experiencing a “crises in meaning”, “crises in ego” or "crises in relationship". This is a call to action. Whether the struggle is to do with a relationship, depression, anxiety or adjustment to change, the person has a desire to find resolution or relief. This is a necessary process in the path toward psychological maturity, humility and self-acceptance. Therapy facilitates this process. ​I am a senior psychologist, in practice since 2005. I am trained as a Child & Family Mediator and completed a specialisation in Transpersonal Psychology which informs my approach to therapy.
Most people choose therapy at a time when they are experiencing a “crises in meaning”, “crises in ego” or "crises in relationship". This is a call to action. Whether the struggle is to do with a relationship, depression, anxiety or adjustment to change, the person has a desire to find resolution or relief. This is a necessary process in the path toward psychological maturity, humility and self-acceptance. Therapy facilitates this process. ​I am a senior psychologist, in practice since 2005. I am trained as a Child & Family Mediator and completed a specialisation in Transpersonal Psychology which informs my approach to therapy.
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Photo of Sarah Robinson - The Launton Listening Lodge , MBACP, Counsellor
The Launton Listening Lodge
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Buckingham MK18
You may feel angry, overwhelmed, isolated, anxious or even stuck and depressed.
Hi I’m Sarah, a qualified Psychotherapeutic Counsellor. I run a quiet private practice from Launton with free parking, where I provide confidential in-person counselling to adults. The therapeutic relationship is at the heart of my practice as I believe this is what enables us to heal. As my client, you are my priority and I strive to offer a therapeutic relationship where there is mutual trust, you feel heard, understood and valued, as a whole unique person. I understand how daunting deciding to see a counsellor can be. Often it’s the first difficult step, especially if you have never experienced counselling before.
You may feel angry, overwhelmed, isolated, anxious or even stuck and depressed.
Hi I’m Sarah, a qualified Psychotherapeutic Counsellor. I run a quiet private practice from Launton with free parking, where I provide confidential in-person counselling to adults. The therapeutic relationship is at the heart of my practice as I believe this is what enables us to heal. As my client, you are my priority and I strive to offer a therapeutic relationship where there is mutual trust, you feel heard, understood and valued, as a whole unique person. I understand how daunting deciding to see a counsellor can be. Often it’s the first difficult step, especially if you have never experienced counselling before.
01869 943658 View 01869 943658
Photo of Dr Morvwen Duncan, HCPC - Clin. Psych., Psychologist
Dr Morvwen Duncan
Psychologist, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Verified Verified
Buckingham MK18
I am a Clinical Psychologist providing specialist psychological assessment and evidence-based treatment for a range of mental health, emotional and behavioural difficulties in children and young people. This includes supporting those who are experiencing low mood, anxiety and challenges in forming or maintaining relationships. ​I specialise in comprehensive neuropsychological assessments to understand a young person's learning strengths and areas of difficulty, and to identify general or specific learning difficulties, such as Dyslexia. I also provide assessment of neurodevelopmental difficulties, including Autism Spectrum Disorder.
I am a Clinical Psychologist providing specialist psychological assessment and evidence-based treatment for a range of mental health, emotional and behavioural difficulties in children and young people. This includes supporting those who are experiencing low mood, anxiety and challenges in forming or maintaining relationships. ​I specialise in comprehensive neuropsychological assessments to understand a young person's learning strengths and areas of difficulty, and to identify general or specific learning difficulties, such as Dyslexia. I also provide assessment of neurodevelopmental difficulties, including Autism Spectrum Disorder.
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Photo of Clive Deeks, MBACP, Counsellor
Clive Deeks
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Buckingham MK18
Back in the nineties when I went to my first counselling session when it seemed the only option left that I could face. In the UK back then ‘therapy’ was almost taboo and I was scared to tell a soul. Thank goodness I quickly felt safe enough to confide in my counsellor and to share with her my deepest fears for my sanity, my marriage, my high pressure job and indeed, my future (if there was to be one). I can’t remember too much about those sessions now but I always felt better just for having shared. Nowadays through counselling I help people to find and to love their inner selves, to handle whatever life throws at them and to grow.
Back in the nineties when I went to my first counselling session when it seemed the only option left that I could face. In the UK back then ‘therapy’ was almost taboo and I was scared to tell a soul. Thank goodness I quickly felt safe enough to confide in my counsellor and to share with her my deepest fears for my sanity, my marriage, my high pressure job and indeed, my future (if there was to be one). I can’t remember too much about those sessions now but I always felt better just for having shared. Nowadays through counselling I help people to find and to love their inner selves, to handle whatever life throws at them and to grow.
01296 254512 View 01296 254512
Photo of Philippa Williams - Equine Enlightenment Psychological Services, GMBPsS, Psychologist
Equine Enlightenment Psychological Services
Psychologist, GMBPsS
Verified Verified
Buckingham MK18  (Online Only)
Currently sessions are available online only. We are able to offer both short and long term therapy for a broad range of needs and goals. We can work together once weekly or more, for an hour or more, alternative weeks/ monthly and one off sessions. We tailor the therapy to your individual needs and goals, combining a structured professional approach that will feel comfortable and safe. As a team of psychologists, psychotherapists and counsellors, we can offer a range of psychological approaches and evidence based therapy to support your healing. Click here to book: https://connect-bacp.wellola.com/organisation/728/bookingform
Currently sessions are available online only. We are able to offer both short and long term therapy for a broad range of needs and goals. We can work together once weekly or more, for an hour or more, alternative weeks/ monthly and one off sessions. We tailor the therapy to your individual needs and goals, combining a structured professional approach that will feel comfortable and safe. As a team of psychologists, psychotherapists and counsellors, we can offer a range of psychological approaches and evidence based therapy to support your healing. Click here to book: https://connect-bacp.wellola.com/organisation/728/bookingform
07588 695348 View 07588 695348
Photo of Celia Flack, BACP, Counsellor
Celia Flack
Counsellor, BACP
Verified Verified
Buckingham MK18
There are times in our lives when things can become difficult or perhaps we do not feel content and we don't know why. I offer emotional warmth and empathy to help you explore your difficulties, make sense of your emotions and reconnect with yourself. I believe that most people can benefit from having some counselling, from being with someone who truly listens to your unique experience, understands it and helps you to understand it too. I am a registered member of BACP and as a qualified integrative therapist I will tailor my approach to best meet your individual needs. I am led by you and what you feel ready and able to work on.
There are times in our lives when things can become difficult or perhaps we do not feel content and we don't know why. I offer emotional warmth and empathy to help you explore your difficulties, make sense of your emotions and reconnect with yourself. I believe that most people can benefit from having some counselling, from being with someone who truly listens to your unique experience, understands it and helps you to understand it too. I am a registered member of BACP and as a qualified integrative therapist I will tailor my approach to best meet your individual needs. I am led by you and what you feel ready and able to work on.
01296 321187 View 01296 321187
Photo of Lisa Ann Bradford, BACP, Counsellor
Lisa Ann Bradford
Counsellor, BACP
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Buckingham MK18
Life can be challenging and at times we may not have the capacity to deal with everything going on. I have created the garden room in Launton, the village I live in, where the outdoors comes in to promote healing. Private and overlooking its own garden, it’s a peaceful space within which to work through what is troubling you at this time.
Life can be challenging and at times we may not have the capacity to deal with everything going on. I have created the garden room in Launton, the village I live in, where the outdoors comes in to promote healing. Private and overlooking its own garden, it’s a peaceful space within which to work through what is troubling you at this time.
01869 943635 View 01869 943635
Photo of Hannah Green, HCPC - Clin. Psych., Psychologist
Hannah Green
Psychologist, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Verified Verified
Buckingham MK18
Have you experienced trauma or loss that is making it difficult to find meaning in your life? I understand that the experiences can be incredibly challenging, and it takes courage to seek support. That's why I want to assure you that you are not alone. I am a qualified Clinical Psychologist registered with the Health and Care Professions Council (HCPC) and I have extensive experience working across various settings within the NHS and private practice. I am here to provide a safe, compassionate, and non-judgmental space where you can explore your experiences and begin the journey towards healing.
Have you experienced trauma or loss that is making it difficult to find meaning in your life? I understand that the experiences can be incredibly challenging, and it takes courage to seek support. That's why I want to assure you that you are not alone. I am a qualified Clinical Psychologist registered with the Health and Care Professions Council (HCPC) and I have extensive experience working across various settings within the NHS and private practice. I am here to provide a safe, compassionate, and non-judgmental space where you can explore your experiences and begin the journey towards healing.
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Photo of Sian Thrasher, PhD, HCPC - Clin. Psych., Psychologist
Sian Thrasher
Psychologist, PhD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Verified Verified
Buckingham MK18  (Online Only)
CBT is a practical, present-focused and collaborative approach aimed at understanding problems in terms of the relationship between thoughts, feelings and behaviour. We will develop a list of personalised, time-limited treatment goals, and strategies for change. This approach can be used to help anyone, irrespective of ability, culture, race or gender.
CBT is a practical, present-focused and collaborative approach aimed at understanding problems in terms of the relationship between thoughts, feelings and behaviour. We will develop a list of personalised, time-limited treatment goals, and strategies for change. This approach can be used to help anyone, irrespective of ability, culture, race or gender.
01608 697318 View 01608 697318
Photo of Sally Hartley, PhD, MBACP, Counsellor
Sally Hartley
Counsellor, PhD, MBACP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Buckingham MK18
A warm welcome from me. It can feel a daunting task to start therapy – finding the right person and making contact and meeting for the first time. It is a brave step, and it is the first step to finding a space where you can talk and feel listened to and not feel judged. I work with a people from all walks of life, who are facing a variety of issues.
A warm welcome from me. It can feel a daunting task to start therapy – finding the right person and making contact and meeting for the first time. It is a brave step, and it is the first step to finding a space where you can talk and feel listened to and not feel judged. I work with a people from all walks of life, who are facing a variety of issues.
01788 224982 View 01788 224982
Photo of Funmi Oni, MBACP, Counsellor
Funmi Oni
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Buckingham MK18
I am a Relationship Counselor and offer a combination of Counselling and Life Coaching. Sometimes we find ourselves in situations that are beyond our control, and this can sometimes overwhelm us. Our power lies not in the matter but deep within us. Are you struggling or stressed out with a job that gives you little or no satisfaction and or stressed by life in general? Are you experiencing constant conflict in your relationship? Does it feel like no one understands you? I will help you deal with: Stress-related issues, conflict in relationships or marriage, miscarriage, low self-esteem or confidence.
I am a Relationship Counselor and offer a combination of Counselling and Life Coaching. Sometimes we find ourselves in situations that are beyond our control, and this can sometimes overwhelm us. Our power lies not in the matter but deep within us. Are you struggling or stressed out with a job that gives you little or no satisfaction and or stressed by life in general? Are you experiencing constant conflict in your relationship? Does it feel like no one understands you? I will help you deal with: Stress-related issues, conflict in relationships or marriage, miscarriage, low self-esteem or confidence.
0161 696 1203 View 0161 696 1203
Photo of Jenny Edwards, MBACP, Counsellor
Jenny Edwards
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Buckingham MK18
Thank you for taking time to visit my profile, It is the first step towards change and takes courage. Maybe you're here because you have experienced a difficult past? Perhaps your childhood has left you feeling hurt? Do you feel excluded from others and when you are around other people do you feel like you don’t fit in and find yourself overcompensating to fit in, or question yourself and wonder what is wrong with you? Are you constantly worrying and find it hard to relax around others? Maybe this surfaces anger, jealousy or sadness?
Thank you for taking time to visit my profile, It is the first step towards change and takes courage. Maybe you're here because you have experienced a difficult past? Perhaps your childhood has left you feeling hurt? Do you feel excluded from others and when you are around other people do you feel like you don’t fit in and find yourself overcompensating to fit in, or question yourself and wonder what is wrong with you? Are you constantly worrying and find it hard to relax around others? Maybe this surfaces anger, jealousy or sadness?
01296 254515 View 01296 254515
Photo of Laura Hans - Laura Hans Therapy, MBABCP, Psychotherapist
Laura Hans Therapy
Psychotherapist, MBABCP
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Buckingham MK18
Hi, I'm Laura, a CBT & EMDR Therapist & mother of three. I’m on a mission to empower mothers and remind them how important it is to nurture and care for themselves as well as their children. Focussing on mental health and wellbeing, I support mums and mums-to-be on their journey to and through motherhood. Whether it’s your first time or your fifth, bringing a baby into the world is a huge transition. Yes, it’s precious and beautiful, but it can be overwhelming and utterly soul-destroying at times. Wherever you are on your journey, and whatever you’re dealing with, I’m here to guide you through these feelings and out the other side.
Hi, I'm Laura, a CBT & EMDR Therapist & mother of three. I’m on a mission to empower mothers and remind them how important it is to nurture and care for themselves as well as their children. Focussing on mental health and wellbeing, I support mums and mums-to-be on their journey to and through motherhood. Whether it’s your first time or your fifth, bringing a baby into the world is a huge transition. Yes, it’s precious and beautiful, but it can be overwhelming and utterly soul-destroying at times. Wherever you are on your journey, and whatever you’re dealing with, I’m here to guide you through these feelings and out the other side.
01908 103182 View 01908 103182
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See more therapy options for Buckingham

Depression Counsellors

What is the goal of therapy for depression?

Therapy for depression has several major goals. One is to relieve the mental pain of depression, which distorts feeling and thinking so that sufferers cannot see beyond their current state of mind or envision feeling better. Another is to give people the mental tools to recognise and correct the kinds of distorted thinking that turn a problem into a catastrophe and lead to despair. Therapy also teaches people how to process negative emotions in constructive ways, so they have more control over their own emotional reactivity. And it helps people regain the ability to see themselves positively, the motivation to do things, and the capacity for pleasure.

What happens in therapy for depression?

Perhaps most important, no matter the type of therapy, patients form an alliance with the therapist; that connection is therapeutic in itself, plus it becomes an instrument of change. Patients learn to identify and to challenge their own erroneous beliefs and thoughts that amplify the effects of negative experiences. They learn to identify situations in which they are especially vulnerable. And they learn new patterns of thinking and behaving. They may be given “homework” assignments in which they practice their developing skills. In addition, good therapists regularly monitor patients to assess whether and how much the condition is improving.

What therapy types help with depression?

Several types of short-term therapy have been found effective, each targeting one or more areas of dysfunction. Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) helps clients challenge their negative thoughts and beliefs, learn new behavioral strategies, and curb reactivity to distressing situations. Behavioural activation (BA) is a form of therapy often used in conjunction with CBT; it focuses on engagement in rewarding activity as a pathway to changing negative feelings and disturbed mood. Another widely used approach is interpersonal therapy (IPT), which targets the social difficulties that both give rise to and get exacerbated by depression. Therapists may combine approaches as needed.

Can therapy for depression be done online?

Studies have found that online therapy can be highly effective for treating depression, although it may be more challenging to build a good therapist-patient alliance on screen than in person—at least at first. However, online therapy can offer considerable advantages. Accessibility and convenience are tops among them. Some people actually find it easier to talk about problems online than in person. While online therapy typically limits visibility of facial expression and body gestures that give important nonverbal cues to a patient’s state of mind, it can give therapists a glimpse into a patient’s world and life, providing information that can be highly useful in guiding therapy.

How effective is therapy for depression?

Many studies show that therapy is highly effective provided that patients complete the prescribed course of therapy, commonly 16 to 20 sessions. Over the long term, it is more effective than medication and the effects are more enduring. As a result, psychotherapy has the power not just to relieve current suffering but to prevent future episodes of the disorder. Therapy reverses the dysfunction in neural circuitry that disposes individuals to a negative view of themselves, the world, and their future and they acquire coping techniques, problem-solving skills, and understanding of their own vulnerabilities that are useful over the course of a lifetime.