Counselling in Bowbridge

Photo of Sue Bearder, MBACP, Counsellor
Sue Bearder
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Bowbridge GL5
Are you looking for an experienced counsellor for yourself, a child or young person? If so I can offer a supportive space in central Cirencester or Stroud to work through issues that are keeping you stuck and help you to move forward.
Are you looking for an experienced counsellor for yourself, a child or young person? If so I can offer a supportive space in central Cirencester or Stroud to work through issues that are keeping you stuck and help you to move forward.
01453 708203 View 01453 708203

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Kelly Oakes, MBACP, Counsellor
Kelly Oakes
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Stroud GL5
I'm an integrative counsellor who can provide a safe space for the sharing of your self-reflections, emotions, and life experiences. I am equipped with skills and knowledge working with young adults, domestic abuse, and women who have been through the criminal justice system. Our work together starts with the relationship between us, and I will firstly focus on building trust and connection, to create a feeling of freedom and security in the room. I understand that counselling can bring up many resistances, and together we can find ways to take care of these, offering them the consideration they deserve.
I'm an integrative counsellor who can provide a safe space for the sharing of your self-reflections, emotions, and life experiences. I am equipped with skills and knowledge working with young adults, domestic abuse, and women who have been through the criminal justice system. Our work together starts with the relationship between us, and I will firstly focus on building trust and connection, to create a feeling of freedom and security in the room. I understand that counselling can bring up many resistances, and together we can find ways to take care of these, offering them the consideration they deserve.
01453 708144 View 01453 708144
Photo of Rodger Cuddington, BACP, Counsellor
Rodger Cuddington
Counsellor, BACP
Verified Verified
Stroud GL5
I offer a reliable, confidential and non-judgmental space to help you explore your inner thoughts and feelings and support you in times of transition, distress and emotional need. We all have the right to be heard and seen, sometimes we can get stuck along the journey of life and encounter challenging thoughts and emotions. Counselling is a hard journey but there is freedom in living authentically and being your true self. I offer counselling sessions face-to-face, online and via telephone and there is no minimum or maximum limit on sessions, full autonomy is given.
I offer a reliable, confidential and non-judgmental space to help you explore your inner thoughts and feelings and support you in times of transition, distress and emotional need. We all have the right to be heard and seen, sometimes we can get stuck along the journey of life and encounter challenging thoughts and emotions. Counselling is a hard journey but there is freedom in living authentically and being your true self. I offer counselling sessions face-to-face, online and via telephone and there is no minimum or maximum limit on sessions, full autonomy is given.
01453 708209 View 01453 708209
Photo of Sarah Bolton - Essential Space, MSc, MBACP, Counsellor
Essential Space
Counsellor, MSc, MBACP
Verified Verified
Stroud GL5
We are a low-cost counselling service that supports adults, children, and young people living in Gloucestershire. As a community interest company, we provide an inclusive, easy-to-access service, where the fee you pay is an amount that considers your circumstances on a sliding scale between £15.00-£50.00. Deciding to access counselling can be a difficult step. Our waiting times are short, as we are a good-sized team, with only around a week to wait from meeting you arrange the sessions starting.
We are a low-cost counselling service that supports adults, children, and young people living in Gloucestershire. As a community interest company, we provide an inclusive, easy-to-access service, where the fee you pay is an amount that considers your circumstances on a sliding scale between £15.00-£50.00. Deciding to access counselling can be a difficult step. Our waiting times are short, as we are a good-sized team, with only around a week to wait from meeting you arrange the sessions starting.
01452 923126 View 01452 923126
Photo of Dr Sophie Thomas, HCPC - Clin. Psych., Psychologist
Dr Sophie Thomas
Psychologist, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Verified Verified
Stroud GL5
I work with children, young people and their families, often when things are feeling difficult or overwhelming. Some of the reasons families have worked with me include: support to understand and manage feelings of anxiety, depression or frustration; difficulties with emotion-regulation; and difficulties within family relationships, including parent-infant and parent-child relationships.
I work with children, young people and their families, often when things are feeling difficult or overwhelming. Some of the reasons families have worked with me include: support to understand and manage feelings of anxiety, depression or frustration; difficulties with emotion-regulation; and difficulties within family relationships, including parent-infant and parent-child relationships.
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Photo of David Lewis Evans, MA, BACP, Counsellor
David Lewis Evans
Counsellor, MA, BACP
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Stroud GL5
My clients have a variety of issues. I encourage my clients to have a sense of curiosity about themselves and their process in our work together. Throughout therapy, I seek to meet such needs as genuine understanding and acceptance as well as the provision of a space of safety when clients may be experiencing a life situation or condition that feels unsafe. If you are seeking a therapist with shared lives experience, I can offer personal insights to clients who are seeking counselling for immune illnesses / bowel disease-related depression and anxiety.
My clients have a variety of issues. I encourage my clients to have a sense of curiosity about themselves and their process in our work together. Throughout therapy, I seek to meet such needs as genuine understanding and acceptance as well as the provision of a space of safety when clients may be experiencing a life situation or condition that feels unsafe. If you are seeking a therapist with shared lives experience, I can offer personal insights to clients who are seeking counselling for immune illnesses / bowel disease-related depression and anxiety.
01453 700943 View 01453 700943
Photo of Jon Macefield, MBACP, Counsellor
Jon Macefield
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Stonehouse GL10
Making the decision to look for counselling can be daunting. You may be uncertain whether counselling can help, I can provide a safe supportive space where you can talk and Explore any issues that is impacting on your life. I have many years of experience in helping clients with Anxiety and Depression and by using talking therapy, we can find the answers to help you find a way forward. I am trained in Person centered, and psycho-dynamic theory, and I have recently completed a Level 4 diploma in dialectical behavior therapy.
Making the decision to look for counselling can be daunting. You may be uncertain whether counselling can help, I can provide a safe supportive space where you can talk and Explore any issues that is impacting on your life. I have many years of experience in helping clients with Anxiety and Depression and by using talking therapy, we can find the answers to help you find a way forward. I am trained in Person centered, and psycho-dynamic theory, and I have recently completed a Level 4 diploma in dialectical behavior therapy.
01257 449534 View 01257 449534
Photo of Louise Elizabeth Ayling, MNCPS Acc., Psychotherapist
Louise Elizabeth Ayling
Psychotherapist, MNCPS Acc.
Verified Verified
Stroud GL5
Are you struggling to resolve current issues that are creating difficulties in your life and not sure where to turn? I offer a supportive and compassionate safe space for you to talk through and explore your feelings, helping you to find your way to healing and making the positive changes that you seek. Whether you are experiencing stress, anxiety, relationship problems, trauma, narcissistic abuse, addiction issues, bereavement and loss, low self esteem, infertility, Long Covid, please contact me so that I can offer you a calming, comforting and confidential Initial Consultation Session to discuss the problems you are facing.
Are you struggling to resolve current issues that are creating difficulties in your life and not sure where to turn? I offer a supportive and compassionate safe space for you to talk through and explore your feelings, helping you to find your way to healing and making the positive changes that you seek. Whether you are experiencing stress, anxiety, relationship problems, trauma, narcissistic abuse, addiction issues, bereavement and loss, low self esteem, infertility, Long Covid, please contact me so that I can offer you a calming, comforting and confidential Initial Consultation Session to discuss the problems you are facing.
01785 907063 View 01785 907063
Photo of Lucy Godfrey, MA, MBACP, Psychotherapist
Lucy Godfrey
Psychotherapist, MA, MBACP
Verified Verified
Stroud GL6
My practice is integrative, drawing on both the humanistic and psychodynamic schools of therapy. This means that I hold the client/therapist relationship at the core of what I do, offering clients empathy, kindness and an environment free of judgement. ​
My practice is integrative, drawing on both the humanistic and psychodynamic schools of therapy. This means that I hold the client/therapist relationship at the core of what I do, offering clients empathy, kindness and an environment free of judgement. ​
01453 701468 View 01453 701468
Photo of Naomi Studden, MA, BACP, Counsellor
Naomi Studden
Counsellor, MA, BACP
Verified Verified
Stroud GL5  (Online Only)
In troubling times it can sometimes feel like you are alone & seeking help might feel really difficult. Just having a space to make sense of the thoughts that jumble around our heads is invaluable. Perhaps you need to understand yourself, your relationships or events from your past. Sometimes all we need is someone to just listen and hear our story. Counselling promotes insight, fosters self-awareness & creates a stronger, more resilient sense of self. This powerful combination can be the kick-start for the changes in your life you wish to make - sometimes even the smallest changes can make a huge difference in your well-being.
In troubling times it can sometimes feel like you are alone & seeking help might feel really difficult. Just having a space to make sense of the thoughts that jumble around our heads is invaluable. Perhaps you need to understand yourself, your relationships or events from your past. Sometimes all we need is someone to just listen and hear our story. Counselling promotes insight, fosters self-awareness & creates a stronger, more resilient sense of self. This powerful combination can be the kick-start for the changes in your life you wish to make - sometimes even the smallest changes can make a huge difference in your well-being.
01452 930184 View 01452 930184
Photo of Libbet Paravicini, BACP, Counsellor
Libbet Paravicini
Counsellor, BACP
Verified Verified
Stroud GL5
Life can be overwhelming sometimes. Most people have experienced anxiety, stress or low moods at some point and often try to struggle through alone. Seeking professional help can feel daunting and takes courage to make that first call. I work with genuine care and empathy and offer a warm, safe, non-judgemental environment for you to explore what's troubling you with complete confidentiality.
Life can be overwhelming sometimes. Most people have experienced anxiety, stress or low moods at some point and often try to struggle through alone. Seeking professional help can feel daunting and takes courage to make that first call. I work with genuine care and empathy and offer a warm, safe, non-judgemental environment for you to explore what's troubling you with complete confidentiality.
01666 331453 View 01666 331453
Photo of Carley Ayling, BACP, Counsellor
Carley Ayling
Counsellor, BACP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Stroud GL5  (Online Only)
Hello, I am Carley Ayling and I’ve been working as a counsellor since my training in 2010. I provide treatment to individuals aged 14 years and above, male and female. I’ve worked with many clients with depression, anxiety, OCD, relationships difficulties, parents whose children suffer from behavioural issues, suicide and self-harm. I’ve also helped with sleep, financial and sexual assault. I offer a free initial appointment where we can exchange information to see if we are happy to work together. I can only provide sessions via Skype, FaceTime, Zoom, WhatsApp video or telephone calls in the evenings.
Hello, I am Carley Ayling and I’ve been working as a counsellor since my training in 2010. I provide treatment to individuals aged 14 years and above, male and female. I’ve worked with many clients with depression, anxiety, OCD, relationships difficulties, parents whose children suffer from behavioural issues, suicide and self-harm. I’ve also helped with sleep, financial and sexual assault. I offer a free initial appointment where we can exchange information to see if we are happy to work together. I can only provide sessions via Skype, FaceTime, Zoom, WhatsApp video or telephone calls in the evenings.
01489 346870 View 01489 346870
Photo of Brian Back, DCounsPsych, MBACP, Counsellor
Brian Back
Counsellor, DCounsPsych, MBACP
Verified Verified
Stroud GL5  (Online Only)
When life gets hard, it's easy to feel like you're all alone and not good enough. But you're not alone. There's nothing 'wrong' with you. Everyone struggles sometimes. I’ve met many people who felt hopeless about life, who turned their lives around, in ways that felt almost miraculous. I’ve found that people have more strength and wisdom than they realise. Together, in a warm, non-judgmental, and very safe, confidential environment, we can help you to re-discover that same wisdom and strength in yourself. I can help you understand, process, and work through the complex feelings that make life difficult.
When life gets hard, it's easy to feel like you're all alone and not good enough. But you're not alone. There's nothing 'wrong' with you. Everyone struggles sometimes. I’ve met many people who felt hopeless about life, who turned their lives around, in ways that felt almost miraculous. I’ve found that people have more strength and wisdom than they realise. Together, in a warm, non-judgmental, and very safe, confidential environment, we can help you to re-discover that same wisdom and strength in yourself. I can help you understand, process, and work through the complex feelings that make life difficult.
020 3948 6496 View 020 3948 6496
Photo of Bruce Rolls, MBACP, Counsellor
Bruce Rolls
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Stroud GL5
Therapy can provide a place of honesty for all the battles in our heads, from medical diagnoses, past trauma, sexual desire, issues of gender, to everyday compulsive/negative thinking. Understanding our experience in a rapidly changing environment, whilst surrounded by limitless information that offers such contradictory explanations can leave us feeling overwhelmed. Finding, and maintaining, personal meaning amongst so much uncertainty is a struggle. You needn't face it alone. Therapy reduces anxiety and deepens our understanding. Together we strive to create personal harmony between your internal needs and those external demands
Therapy can provide a place of honesty for all the battles in our heads, from medical diagnoses, past trauma, sexual desire, issues of gender, to everyday compulsive/negative thinking. Understanding our experience in a rapidly changing environment, whilst surrounded by limitless information that offers such contradictory explanations can leave us feeling overwhelmed. Finding, and maintaining, personal meaning amongst so much uncertainty is a struggle. You needn't face it alone. Therapy reduces anxiety and deepens our understanding. Together we strive to create personal harmony between your internal needs and those external demands
01344 948104 View 01344 948104
Photo of Bonnie Grotjahn, Counsellor
Bonnie Grotjahn
Counsellor
Verified Verified
Stroud GL5
You might be in crisis: a relationship breakdown, sudden news of the death of a loved one or an illness, a work loss, or at an emotional or spiritual crossroads. Or you may generally have the feeling that your life isn't all you'd like it to be - you feel stuck, aren't living up to your potential or feeling as fulfilled or happy as you would like. Either way, you can be supported to navigate successfully through the very choppy waters of crisis - or the fog of confusion or uncertainty. You don't have to go it alone! You may well emerge from the other side a stronger and happier person than you ever thought possible.
You might be in crisis: a relationship breakdown, sudden news of the death of a loved one or an illness, a work loss, or at an emotional or spiritual crossroads. Or you may generally have the feeling that your life isn't all you'd like it to be - you feel stuck, aren't living up to your potential or feeling as fulfilled or happy as you would like. Either way, you can be supported to navigate successfully through the very choppy waters of crisis - or the fog of confusion or uncertainty. You don't have to go it alone! You may well emerge from the other side a stronger and happier person than you ever thought possible.
01453 708286 View 01453 708286
Photo of Kirsten Penderis, MA, MNCPS Acc., Counsellor
Kirsten Penderis
Counsellor, MA, MNCPS Acc.
Verified Verified
Stroud GL5
I am a qualified counsellor originally from South Africa, now based in the UK, with a Master’s degree in Psychology and certification as a Level 2 BrainWorking Recursive Therapy (BWRT) practitioner. My approach is compassionate, client-centered, and designed to support individuals in overcoming challenges such as trauma, anxiety, phobias, depression, and other personal hurdles. I specialise in BrainWorking Recursive Therapy (BWRT), a solution-focused psychotherapy that works by addressing the underlying causes of issues, preventing them from recurring rather than simply managing symptoms. BWRT is often a quicker and more effective
I am a qualified counsellor originally from South Africa, now based in the UK, with a Master’s degree in Psychology and certification as a Level 2 BrainWorking Recursive Therapy (BWRT) practitioner. My approach is compassionate, client-centered, and designed to support individuals in overcoming challenges such as trauma, anxiety, phobias, depression, and other personal hurdles. I specialise in BrainWorking Recursive Therapy (BWRT), a solution-focused psychotherapy that works by addressing the underlying causes of issues, preventing them from recurring rather than simply managing symptoms. BWRT is often a quicker and more effective
01453 701481 View 01453 701481
Photo of Hannah Riches, MNCPS Acc., Counsellor
Hannah Riches
Counsellor, MNCPS Acc.
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Stroud GL5
My name is Hannah and I am passionate about women-centred counselling. I have been qualified as a midwife for 15 years and see counselling as an extension of this role. The word midwife means "with woman" and I see counselling as standing with people through life's highs, lows, changes and challenges. I truly believe that empowering women to tell their stories and make meaningful connections in their lives, is powerful and transformative. From our first steps into womanhood, through to the richness of later years - our stories as women encompass so much and hold such value, with enormous capacity for strength and transformation.
My name is Hannah and I am passionate about women-centred counselling. I have been qualified as a midwife for 15 years and see counselling as an extension of this role. The word midwife means "with woman" and I see counselling as standing with people through life's highs, lows, changes and challenges. I truly believe that empowering women to tell their stories and make meaningful connections in their lives, is powerful and transformative. From our first steps into womanhood, through to the richness of later years - our stories as women encompass so much and hold such value, with enormous capacity for strength and transformation.
01452 923060 View 01452 923060
Photo of Tamsyn Bolitho - Tamsyn Bolitho Counselling , MBACP, Counsellor
Tamsyn Bolitho Counselling
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Stroud GL5
Hello, I'm Tamsyn, a Psychodynamic Counsellor working with Adults and Children and Young People, age 11 and over. Whether you're facing a difficult situation, grappling with grief or loss, feeling anxious or depressed, or simply feeling stuck in unhelpful patterns, I provide a safe, confidential, and non-judgmental space for you to explore and make sense of your experience. In my work with children and young people, I integrate a psychodynamic thinking with a proactive approach. This may involve more of an emphasis on personal growth, self-improvement, and building resilience.
Hello, I'm Tamsyn, a Psychodynamic Counsellor working with Adults and Children and Young People, age 11 and over. Whether you're facing a difficult situation, grappling with grief or loss, feeling anxious or depressed, or simply feeling stuck in unhelpful patterns, I provide a safe, confidential, and non-judgmental space for you to explore and make sense of your experience. In my work with children and young people, I integrate a psychodynamic thinking with a proactive approach. This may involve more of an emphasis on personal growth, self-improvement, and building resilience.
01453 700798 View 01453 700798
Photo of Dr Jess Rayner, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych., Psychologist
Dr Jess Rayner
Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Verified Verified
Stroud GL5
Waitlist for new clients
I offer compassionate therapy, specialising in supporting people dealing with anxiety, trauma, stress & burnout, long-term health conditions, and low self-esteem. I also have expertise in tailoring therapy to support neurodivergent people, ensuring therapy is accessible and inclusive. People often come to me feeling disconnected, low, and overwhelmed - I work with a range of evidence-based therapies to find an effective way forward.
I offer compassionate therapy, specialising in supporting people dealing with anxiety, trauma, stress & burnout, long-term health conditions, and low self-esteem. I also have expertise in tailoring therapy to support neurodivergent people, ensuring therapy is accessible and inclusive. People often come to me feeling disconnected, low, and overwhelmed - I work with a range of evidence-based therapies to find an effective way forward.
01248 663871 View 01248 663871
Photo of Helen Fenton - Helen Fenton: Face-to-Face & Online Counselling, MSc, MBACP, Counsellor
Helen Fenton: Face-to-Face & Online Counselling
Counsellor, MSc, MBACP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Stroud GL5
You may be finding it difficult to cope, and feel alone? You may be struggling after a trauma or bereavement, separation, or with ill-health? Or maybe feel that your life is stuck, or lacking purpose? At times like these, counselling offers a space for you to explore your thoughts and feelings, with someone who will strive to understand without judgement, & help you make sense of your feelings, find clarity, or make decisions. I offer all my clients Empathy, Congruence, and Unconditional Positive Regard. I also offer play, sand-tray, art and creative therapies to my younger clients. Home visits are available.
You may be finding it difficult to cope, and feel alone? You may be struggling after a trauma or bereavement, separation, or with ill-health? Or maybe feel that your life is stuck, or lacking purpose? At times like these, counselling offers a space for you to explore your thoughts and feelings, with someone who will strive to understand without judgement, & help you make sense of your feelings, find clarity, or make decisions. I offer all my clients Empathy, Congruence, and Unconditional Positive Regard. I also offer play, sand-tray, art and creative therapies to my younger clients. Home visits are available.
01666 336813 View 01666 336813

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in Bowbridge

< 10

Counsellors in Bowbridge who prioritize treating:

100% Relationship Issues
100% Depression
100% Anxiety
100% Child
100% Bereavement
100% Divorce
100% School Issues

Average years in practice

9 Years

How Counsellors in Bowbridge see their clients

100% In Person and Online
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in Bowbridge?

Search for nearby therapists or counsellors by inputting your city, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are members of the main professional associations, mainly the British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy (BACP) and the UK Council for Psychotherapy (UKCP). Most Psychologists in the directory are accredited members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and/or are registered in the Health and Care Professions Council (HPCP).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for psychotherapists and counsellors in the UK, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and experience that enable them to do so in the UK. Psychologists have earned a degree in psychology and many are members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and have completed a postgraduate qualification in a specialism. Counsellors and Psychotherapists are not required to have a psychology degree, but to belong to a professional organisation such as the BACP or UKCP, they are required to have completed a training course as well as clinical and supervision hours.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the UK could be between £30 - £60 when seeing a counsellor and £60 - £150 and up when seeing a clinical psychologist. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The NHS Talking therapies programme offers free of charge counselling for common mental health problems like anxiety and depression. The service is available to anyone registered with a GP, though you do not necessarily need to be referred by your GP and can refer yourself directly to a Talking therapies service. The service will provide different solutions, including group and individual therapy, for a limited number of sessions which are generally up to six.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the BACP, the UKCP, or BPS are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there has been participation in a criminal act or act of terror, or if there is potential or known harm to the client or others, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.