Trauma and PTSD Counselling in Bingham

Photo of Sarah Hopton, MSc, MBACP Accred, Psychotherapist
Sarah Hopton
Psychotherapist, MSc, MBACP Accred
Verified Verified
Bingham NG13
As an integrative therapist, I am relational in my approach, this style places great emphasis on the relationship between the client and the therapist. I believe the most important part of any therapy is to build a trusting relationship, where you can feel safe and secure so you feel able to share your story and experiences in a confidential, non-judgmental space where you can explore positive and challenging aspects of your life and any change you wish to explore or make. I have personal experience in sexual, physical, emotional and mental abuse; divorce; living with a narcissist; step-parenting; addiction and PTSD.
As an integrative therapist, I am relational in my approach, this style places great emphasis on the relationship between the client and the therapist. I believe the most important part of any therapy is to build a trusting relationship, where you can feel safe and secure so you feel able to share your story and experiences in a confidential, non-judgmental space where you can explore positive and challenging aspects of your life and any change you wish to explore or make. I have personal experience in sexual, physical, emotional and mental abuse; divorce; living with a narcissist; step-parenting; addiction and PTSD.
01283 260108 View 01283 260108
Photo of Karima Susi, HCPC - Clin. Psych., Psychologist
Karima Susi
Psychologist, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Verified Verified
Bingham NG13
I predominantly work in the NHS with adults experiencing severe and enduring mental distress including complex trauma/ PTSD.
If you are struggling with overwhelming anxiety, feeling low or lost, finding it difficult to forget the past, or unsure of who you are or what you want to do with your life then I may be able to help. I'm a clinical psychologist with years of experience in working with adults with complex difficulties. I draw on a range of models and work "integratively", which means I adapt evidence-based interventions to meet your specific goals and needs. I always ensure therapy is a collaborative experience. My clients say I am easy to talk to, and therapy sessions often include laughter as well as tears.
I predominantly work in the NHS with adults experiencing severe and enduring mental distress including complex trauma/ PTSD.
If you are struggling with overwhelming anxiety, feeling low or lost, finding it difficult to forget the past, or unsure of who you are or what you want to do with your life then I may be able to help. I'm a clinical psychologist with years of experience in working with adults with complex difficulties. I draw on a range of models and work "integratively", which means I adapt evidence-based interventions to meet your specific goals and needs. I always ensure therapy is a collaborative experience. My clients say I am easy to talk to, and therapy sessions often include laughter as well as tears.
0115 647 3922 View 0115 647 3922
Photo of Alice Tew, MBACP, Psychotherapist
Alice Tew
Psychotherapist, MBACP
Verified Verified
Bingham NG13
Are you exhausted and overwhelmed by the rollercoaster of emotions you’re experiencing? Whether it's difficult family relationships or painful romantic relationships, I understand the shame and exhaustion that comes with never quite feeling good enough. If you have struggled with your mental and emotional wellbeing for a while and are losing that little spark of hope, I can support you to feel more in control and help you begin to develop healthy ways of managing situations that you find overwhelming.
Are you exhausted and overwhelmed by the rollercoaster of emotions you’re experiencing? Whether it's difficult family relationships or painful romantic relationships, I understand the shame and exhaustion that comes with never quite feeling good enough. If you have struggled with your mental and emotional wellbeing for a while and are losing that little spark of hope, I can support you to feel more in control and help you begin to develop healthy ways of managing situations that you find overwhelming.
01949 480409 View 01949 480409
Photo of Polly Dexter, MUKCP, Psychotherapist
Polly Dexter
Psychotherapist, MUKCP
Verified Verified
Bingham NG13
Hello, I’m a fully qualified Psychotherapist working with adults and young people to help improve well-being and quality of life. I offer short or longer term therapy depending on your needs and wants. If you are feeling low in mood, anxious, overwhelmed or stuck in some way, psychotherapy can help. I firmly believe that we each have the potential to change, grow and heal when we are offered the right support. I have worked with a broad range of people on the issues that are important to them. Themes have included anxiety, depression, complex trauma, loss, neurodiversity, relationship difficulties, addiction, among many others.
Hello, I’m a fully qualified Psychotherapist working with adults and young people to help improve well-being and quality of life. I offer short or longer term therapy depending on your needs and wants. If you are feeling low in mood, anxious, overwhelmed or stuck in some way, psychotherapy can help. I firmly believe that we each have the potential to change, grow and heal when we are offered the right support. I have worked with a broad range of people on the issues that are important to them. Themes have included anxiety, depression, complex trauma, loss, neurodiversity, relationship difficulties, addiction, among many others.
0115 647 8191 View 0115 647 8191
Photo of Sarah Crutchley, MBACP Accred, Counsellor
Sarah Crutchley
Counsellor, MBACP Accred
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Bingham NG13
A very warm welcome. You may be considering some professional support to help you with life's challenges. I know life can be tough at times for a variety of reasons, and we can find ourselves feeling out of control and under pressure, leaving us struggling and feeling lost, not knowing who to turn to for help and support. It may help you to share your thoughts and feelings, and in doing so you will be positioning yourself in the direction of potential growth, healing and change, which can help you manage your challenges and day to day life.
A very warm welcome. You may be considering some professional support to help you with life's challenges. I know life can be tough at times for a variety of reasons, and we can find ourselves feeling out of control and under pressure, leaving us struggling and feeling lost, not knowing who to turn to for help and support. It may help you to share your thoughts and feelings, and in doing so you will be positioning yourself in the direction of potential growth, healing and change, which can help you manage your challenges and day to day life.
0115 824 5693 View 0115 824 5693
Photo of Charlotte Davies, Psychotherapist
Charlotte Davies
Psychotherapist
Verified Verified
Bingham NG13  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
I am an Accredited Counsellor & Psychotherapist qualified in several types of therapy, this is because I believe everyone to be unique with individual treatment needs. I do not believe in a one size fits all approach and therapy is tailored to each individual, couple or family using a variety of skills and experience to help you achieve the life you deserve. I work with adults, children and teens. I am online or by telephone only.
I am an Accredited Counsellor & Psychotherapist qualified in several types of therapy, this is because I believe everyone to be unique with individual treatment needs. I do not believe in a one size fits all approach and therapy is tailored to each individual, couple or family using a variety of skills and experience to help you achieve the life you deserve. I work with adults, children and teens. I am online or by telephone only.
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Photo of Dr Rebecca Money, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych., Psychologist
Dr Rebecca Money
Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Verified Verified
Bingham NG13
I am Dr Rebecca Money, a HCPC registered and Nottingham-based Clinical Psychologist. I have over 10 years experience of helping individuals and families who have experienced struggles with their mental health. Sometimes people come to see me if they have a specific area in their life they would like to change. Other times it may be to talk and understand previous experiences, or to explore more about themselves. I aim to offer a comfortable, empathic, and non-judgemental environment, asking questions such as 'what has happened?' rather than 'what is wrong?'. I hope that my sessions offer a space where you feel safe and heard.
I am Dr Rebecca Money, a HCPC registered and Nottingham-based Clinical Psychologist. I have over 10 years experience of helping individuals and families who have experienced struggles with their mental health. Sometimes people come to see me if they have a specific area in their life they would like to change. Other times it may be to talk and understand previous experiences, or to explore more about themselves. I aim to offer a comfortable, empathic, and non-judgemental environment, asking questions such as 'what has happened?' rather than 'what is wrong?'. I hope that my sessions offer a space where you feel safe and heard.
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Photo of Clare Harrison, MBACP, Counsellor
Clare Harrison
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Bingham NG13
Hi, would you like to address something that is troubling you? You may have a clear idea of what help you want or it may be that you know something isn't right but are unsure what it is and that's okay. Maybe you want to feel better about yourself, reach your potential and feel happier in your relationships? Are you feeling criticised by others? Perhaps you feel invisible, alone and not valued? Maybe you feel dissatisfied with your life, constantly in search of happiness whilst watching others enjoy their lives. Is this affecting your relationships? Are you stuck in this cycle? I know how hard it can be to ask for help.
Hi, would you like to address something that is troubling you? You may have a clear idea of what help you want or it may be that you know something isn't right but are unsure what it is and that's okay. Maybe you want to feel better about yourself, reach your potential and feel happier in your relationships? Are you feeling criticised by others? Perhaps you feel invisible, alone and not valued? Maybe you feel dissatisfied with your life, constantly in search of happiness whilst watching others enjoy their lives. Is this affecting your relationships? Are you stuck in this cycle? I know how hard it can be to ask for help.
01476 850121 View 01476 850121
Photo of Elisabeth Joselyn - Physis Counselling and Psychotherapy, MBACP, Counsellor
Physis Counselling and Psychotherapy
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Bingham NG13
Hi my name is Lizzie, How are you feeling? unhappy, anxious, stressed, angry or depressed, or is there something specific you feel you would like to talk about. Life can be difficult and overwhelming, we sometimes struggle to make sense of our feelings and what is going on for us. We can get stuck and not know how to make life more comfortable. Although that first step can be nerve wracking and sometimes difficult, Counselling can be that first step to making that positive change. This is your time for you, to be listened to and understood and have the the world seen from your perspective, at a pace that is comfortable for you.
Hi my name is Lizzie, How are you feeling? unhappy, anxious, stressed, angry or depressed, or is there something specific you feel you would like to talk about. Life can be difficult and overwhelming, we sometimes struggle to make sense of our feelings and what is going on for us. We can get stuck and not know how to make life more comfortable. Although that first step can be nerve wracking and sometimes difficult, Counselling can be that first step to making that positive change. This is your time for you, to be listened to and understood and have the the world seen from your perspective, at a pace that is comfortable for you.
01636 558782 View 01636 558782
Photo of Claire Marlow - Claire Marlow, MBACP, Psychotherapist
Claire Marlow
Psychotherapist, MBACP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Bingham NG13
Would you like to feel calm and less reactive? Less overwhelmed and more in control? To feel happier in your relationships with others…and with yourself? Sometimes in life, we get “stuck” and feel hopeless, unable to see a way forward. Whether you're plagued by a negative self-image, painful relationships or you're struggling to cope with life, I offer counselling and psychotherapy, to people just like you. I'll empower you to make the changes that you want to make and become the person you were meant to be. Too many professionals promise that they will transform your life! I won't do that - but I know that with my help, you can.
Would you like to feel calm and less reactive? Less overwhelmed and more in control? To feel happier in your relationships with others…and with yourself? Sometimes in life, we get “stuck” and feel hopeless, unable to see a way forward. Whether you're plagued by a negative self-image, painful relationships or you're struggling to cope with life, I offer counselling and psychotherapy, to people just like you. I'll empower you to make the changes that you want to make and become the person you were meant to be. Too many professionals promise that they will transform your life! I won't do that - but I know that with my help, you can.
01949 480446 View 01949 480446
Photo of Rebecca Elston, MSc, MUKCP, Psychotherapist
Rebecca Elston
Psychotherapist, MSc, MUKCP
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Bingham NG13
Not accepting new clients
Hello and welcome. My name is Rebecca, and I am a UKCP registered psychotherapist. I work both short and long term with individuals, groups and couples. Whether you have a specific issue that you would like the space to explore, are dealing with something longer term that is becoming difficult to manage, or would like to understand yourself more deeply, psychotherapy can be a valuable resource. I specialise in working with clients who want to better understand themselves and identity, whether historic events seem to be holding you back, there is a feeling of not fitting in to family or social groups, or struggles in relationships.
Hello and welcome. My name is Rebecca, and I am a UKCP registered psychotherapist. I work both short and long term with individuals, groups and couples. Whether you have a specific issue that you would like the space to explore, are dealing with something longer term that is becoming difficult to manage, or would like to understand yourself more deeply, psychotherapy can be a valuable resource. I specialise in working with clients who want to better understand themselves and identity, whether historic events seem to be holding you back, there is a feeling of not fitting in to family or social groups, or struggles in relationships.
0115 697 2277 View 0115 697 2277

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Dr Victoria Horwood, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych., Psychologist
Dr Victoria Horwood
Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Verified Verified
Nottingham NG2
I specialise in complex trauma, post-traumatic stress disorder, emotional and relational difficulties, grief, loss, anxiety and depression.
Are you finding it difficult to cope? Are you experiencing problems with your emotions, relationships, thoughts or behaviours? Have you experienced painful events that you are struggling to process or make sense of? Are these traumas interfering with yours or your families well-being and happiness? I am able to provide a comprehensive service that can support you or your child to heal and begin to live the life you deserve. I use a number of psychological therapies that are effective, individually tailored to your needs and are backed by scientific research.
I specialise in complex trauma, post-traumatic stress disorder, emotional and relational difficulties, grief, loss, anxiety and depression.
Are you finding it difficult to cope? Are you experiencing problems with your emotions, relationships, thoughts or behaviours? Have you experienced painful events that you are struggling to process or make sense of? Are these traumas interfering with yours or your families well-being and happiness? I am able to provide a comprehensive service that can support you or your child to heal and begin to live the life you deserve. I use a number of psychological therapies that are effective, individually tailored to your needs and are backed by scientific research.
0115 824 4284 View 0115 824 4284
Photo of Dawn Walters - Andrelax, MHGI, Psychotherapist
Andrelax
Psychotherapist, MHGI
Verified Verified
Nottingham NG4
I deal with all issues: depression, anxiety, relaxation, panic disorders, phobias, school refusal, anger, PTSD, OCD, public speaking, children, well-being, grief counselling, relationship counselling and adoloscents.
Human givens practitioners offer practical, solution-focused help that deals with mental and emotional distress in the here and now. They won’t waste time just endlessly listening to you or attempting to dredge up real or imagined miserable memories from the past. Nor do they deal in time-wasting so-called voyages of ‘self-discovery’… Their psychotherapy training ensures that they have a sound body of evidence-based knowledge and the proven skills to help both adults and children as quickly as possible with a wide variety of emotional and behavioural difficulties.
I deal with all issues: depression, anxiety, relaxation, panic disorders, phobias, school refusal, anger, PTSD, OCD, public speaking, children, well-being, grief counselling, relationship counselling and adoloscents.
Human givens practitioners offer practical, solution-focused help that deals with mental and emotional distress in the here and now. They won’t waste time just endlessly listening to you or attempting to dredge up real or imagined miserable memories from the past. Nor do they deal in time-wasting so-called voyages of ‘self-discovery’… Their psychotherapy training ensures that they have a sound body of evidence-based knowledge and the proven skills to help both adults and children as quickly as possible with a wide variety of emotional and behavioural difficulties.
0115 697 1253 View 0115 697 1253
Photo of Sabrina Marie Taylor, MA, BACP, Counsellor
Sabrina Marie Taylor
Counsellor, MA, BACP
Verified Verified
Nottingham NG1
Do you feel overwhelmed and as though your problems are getting on top of you? Or maybe you would just like to steer your life into a more positive direction. Either way I am here to provide you with psychotherapeutic support. I provide a non judgemental space for you to explore your feelings. A space that you will feel accepted, safe and empowered to talk through your feelings and find the solutions to your most troubling concerns. I work with a variety of issues - trauma, ptsd and stress. I work with people from a range of different races, ages, and sexualities. It is my unique gift to empower people, we are all human afterall.
Do you feel overwhelmed and as though your problems are getting on top of you? Or maybe you would just like to steer your life into a more positive direction. Either way I am here to provide you with psychotherapeutic support. I provide a non judgemental space for you to explore your feelings. A space that you will feel accepted, safe and empowered to talk through your feelings and find the solutions to your most troubling concerns. I work with a variety of issues - trauma, ptsd and stress. I work with people from a range of different races, ages, and sexualities. It is my unique gift to empower people, we are all human afterall.
0115 697 1323 View 0115 697 1323
Photo of Christina Elizabeth Lee, HCPC - Couns. Psych., Psychologist
Christina Elizabeth Lee
Psychologist, HCPC - Couns. Psych.
Verified Verified
Nottingham NG1  (Online Only)
If you want to feel happier, less stressed, more appreciative about yourself and your life, then I am here to support you. With 20 years experience in counselling, I believe therapy is a creative act that can change your life. My clients often tell me how much they enjoy our sessions together. I can assist you to understand your inner self, and teach you some great tools to help you move past anxiety or low mood or low self esteem, and start to make the changes you want to. I have plenty of tools to help you with OCD, PTSD or trauma. Please have a look at my website and feel welcome to give me call and have a free chat.
If you want to feel happier, less stressed, more appreciative about yourself and your life, then I am here to support you. With 20 years experience in counselling, I believe therapy is a creative act that can change your life. My clients often tell me how much they enjoy our sessions together. I can assist you to understand your inner self, and teach you some great tools to help you move past anxiety or low mood or low self esteem, and start to make the changes you want to. I have plenty of tools to help you with OCD, PTSD or trauma. Please have a look at my website and feel welcome to give me call and have a free chat.
01276 543408 View 01276 543408
Photo of Kerry Cope, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych., Psychologist
Kerry Cope
Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Nottingham NG2
Are you struggling to cope with your thoughts, emotions, or behaviours? Have you experienced traumatic or painful events, which you are struggling to make sense of or move on from? I am a Clinical Psychologist and EMDR therapist with over 15 years experience of supporting people with mental health difficulties including anxiety, self-esteem, and trauma reactions, including PTSD. Alongside my private practice I also work in an NHS perinatal mental health service.
Are you struggling to cope with your thoughts, emotions, or behaviours? Have you experienced traumatic or painful events, which you are struggling to make sense of or move on from? I am a Clinical Psychologist and EMDR therapist with over 15 years experience of supporting people with mental health difficulties including anxiety, self-esteem, and trauma reactions, including PTSD. Alongside my private practice I also work in an NHS perinatal mental health service.
01777 802497 View 01777 802497
Photo of Sandra Hussey - Ash-Tree Counselling Service, MBACP, Psychotherapist
Ash-Tree Counselling Service
Psychotherapist, MBACP
Verified Verified
Nottingham NG5
I am a BACP registered counsellor. I am committed to providing a safe, confidential and non-judgmental space for clients to help explore issues that are troubling them. My experience includes working as a therapist for the NHS both in general mental health and counselling patients with chronic health issues. I also have specialised experience of working with depression, PTSD, couples counselling, family issues, bereavement, anxiety and suicidal clients. I have experience of delivering employee counselling for insurance companies. If change is what you desire then please get in touch.
I am a BACP registered counsellor. I am committed to providing a safe, confidential and non-judgmental space for clients to help explore issues that are troubling them. My experience includes working as a therapist for the NHS both in general mental health and counselling patients with chronic health issues. I also have specialised experience of working with depression, PTSD, couples counselling, family issues, bereavement, anxiety and suicidal clients. I have experience of delivering employee counselling for insurance companies. If change is what you desire then please get in touch.
0115 697 5863 View 0115 697 5863
Photo of Elaheh Akbari, MA, MBACP, Psychotherapist
Elaheh Akbari
Psychotherapist, MA, MBACP
Verified Verified
Nottingham NG1
Whether you're struggling with anxiety, depression, PTSD, relationship issues, or simply seeking personal growth and fulfillment, I am here to support you.
Are you seeking guidance, support, and empowerment to navigate life's challenges and achieve your goals? With over 30 years of experience working with adults and children, I am dedicated to helping you overcome obstacles, unlock your potential, and thrive in your life. I have worked closely with sufferers of significant trauma, including refugees from war zones, women and children who faced adversity. I offer specialised support to people suffering from anxiety, complex trauma, family issues, stress insomnia and anxiety and many more. Are mental barriers holding you back from moving forward? I help people overcome these hurdles.
Whether you're struggling with anxiety, depression, PTSD, relationship issues, or simply seeking personal growth and fulfillment, I am here to support you.
Are you seeking guidance, support, and empowerment to navigate life's challenges and achieve your goals? With over 30 years of experience working with adults and children, I am dedicated to helping you overcome obstacles, unlock your potential, and thrive in your life. I have worked closely with sufferers of significant trauma, including refugees from war zones, women and children who faced adversity. I offer specialised support to people suffering from anxiety, complex trauma, family issues, stress insomnia and anxiety and many more. Are mental barriers holding you back from moving forward? I help people overcome these hurdles.
020 3763 8563 View 020 3763 8563
Photo of Sarah Toft - Dr Sarah Toft Flourish Psychological Services Ltd, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych., Psychologist
Dr Sarah Toft Flourish Psychological Services Ltd
Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Verified Verified
Newark NG24
Having worked for 20 years in the NHS and in recent years within my private practice, I have a wealth of experience working with adults to improve their Psychological well-being, addressing a range of areas, including; anxiety, insomnia, panic, depression, self esteem, relationship concerns, post traumatic stress disorder ( PTSD), etc. If you wish to make changes in your life, to feel calmer, more confident and less down, then therapy could help you with this.
Having worked for 20 years in the NHS and in recent years within my private practice, I have a wealth of experience working with adults to improve their Psychological well-being, addressing a range of areas, including; anxiety, insomnia, panic, depression, self esteem, relationship concerns, post traumatic stress disorder ( PTSD), etc. If you wish to make changes in your life, to feel calmer, more confident and less down, then therapy could help you with this.
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Photo of Kiran Pell, MBABCP, Psychotherapist
Kiran Pell
Psychotherapist, MBABCP
Verified Verified
Nottingham NG1  (Online Only)
My expertise is in CBT for anxiety disorders, including PTSD (single and multiple trauma), in low self esteem and in physical illnesses.
Hello, I'm Kiran. I'm a qualified (University of Nottingham) and accredited (BABCP) Cognitive Behavioural Psychotherapist. Together we can find a way through your problems, help you find your calm & strengthen the best parts of you. Typical treatment lasts around 20 sessions (longer term therapy available) where we'll thoroughly assess the issue. We'll consider historical factors & create a 'formulation' or problem map. We'll apply personalised, evidence-based interventions to place the problem into remission. You'll be taught how to stay in recovery, keeping you well for longer and giving you back much deserved power in your life.
My expertise is in CBT for anxiety disorders, including PTSD (single and multiple trauma), in low self esteem and in physical illnesses.
Hello, I'm Kiran. I'm a qualified (University of Nottingham) and accredited (BABCP) Cognitive Behavioural Psychotherapist. Together we can find a way through your problems, help you find your calm & strengthen the best parts of you. Typical treatment lasts around 20 sessions (longer term therapy available) where we'll thoroughly assess the issue. We'll consider historical factors & create a 'formulation' or problem map. We'll apply personalised, evidence-based interventions to place the problem into remission. You'll be taught how to stay in recovery, keeping you well for longer and giving you back much deserved power in your life.
01773 301148 View 01773 301148

See more therapy options for Bingham

Trauma and PTSD Counsellors

When should I seek treatment for trauma?

Not everyone who undergoes trauma needs therapy to heal, but many do. If, after experiencing a traumatic event, you find yourself struggling with symptoms such as nightmares, dissociation, irritability, or emotional numbness—especially if these symptoms last more than a month and are severe enough to interfere with your daily functioning—you may benefit from seeking out therapy with a trauma-informed provider.

How long does trauma therapy take?

Different types of therapy for trauma unfold on different timelines. Prolonged exposure therapy and cognitive processing therapy, for example, each take about three months, while trauma-informed CBT may last anywhere from 8 to 25 sessions. Other approaches, especially those that are less structured or that incorporate elements from multiple modalities, may be more open-ended, though many patients report feeling better within the first few months of treatment.

What happens if trauma is left untreated?

Unaddressed trauma can have serious—even devastating—effects on relationships, career, and day-to-day functioning. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) can lead people to distrust or lash out at others, making it difficult to maintain intimate relationships; it can also trigger symptoms such as flashbacks or hyperreactivity that can interfere with a person’s ability to function effectively, personally and/or professionally. Some sufferers turn to drugs to find relief. Symptoms may lessen on their own with time, but there is no guarantee that PTSD will resolve on its own.

Can PTSD come back after treatment?

It is possible for PTSD symptoms to recur months or years after successful treatment. This is because, like most mental health disorders, it is not possible to “cure” PTSD, and stressful life events may cause symptoms to recur in even the most resilient individuals. There is no shame in re-experiencing PTSD symptoms nor in returning to therapy when such relapses occur; indeed, many forms of trauma therapy explicitly encourage periodic “maintenance sessions” to reinforce coping skills and ensure that symptoms stay manageable.