Psychodynamic Counselling in Bath
![Photo of Jade Luck, UKCP Trainee, Psychotherapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/94fe49bd-224d-4746-8b64-463b40c76ab4/1/320x400.png)
Life can be full of unexpected challenges leaving us feeling low, anxious, disconnected or confused. Having a safe, confidential space to explore what’s going on in our lives can help us to feel less alone. My approach incorporates mindfulness with psychodynamic therapy, with a focus on compassion and awareness. I can support you to work through past and present issues that are currently impacting on you in your life.
Life can be full of unexpected challenges leaving us feeling low, anxious, disconnected or confused. Having a safe, confidential space to explore what’s going on in our lives can help us to feel less alone. My approach incorporates mindfulness with psychodynamic therapy, with a focus on compassion and awareness. I can support you to work through past and present issues that are currently impacting on you in your life.
![Photo of Meyrem Musa, PsychD, Psychologist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/e51cf3b5-6612-4a42-9458-43e36b84d047/2/320x400.jpeg)
I have practised as a Chartered Clinical Psychologist since 2002 in different clinical NHS settings (GP surgeries and hospitals), private healthcare (outpatient clinics and residential placements) and universities (therapist on randomised controlled trials). I have a wealth of knowledge, experience and specialist skills in psychological assessment, formulation, treatment and consultation. I am an accredited Cognitive-Behavioural Therapist (CBT). I am also experienced in using evidence-based techniques from Dialectical Behavioural Therapy, Family Therapy, Schema Therapy, EMDR, Mindfulness and Psychodynamic approaches.
I have practised as a Chartered Clinical Psychologist since 2002 in different clinical NHS settings (GP surgeries and hospitals), private healthcare (outpatient clinics and residential placements) and universities (therapist on randomised controlled trials). I have a wealth of knowledge, experience and specialist skills in psychological assessment, formulation, treatment and consultation. I am an accredited Cognitive-Behavioural Therapist (CBT). I am also experienced in using evidence-based techniques from Dialectical Behavioural Therapy, Family Therapy, Schema Therapy, EMDR, Mindfulness and Psychodynamic approaches.
![Photo of Catelyn Dorsey, MSc, MBACP, Counsellor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/0ac460c0-b830-4f4b-a3e1-007bac7fe5f5/1/320x400.jpeg)
I am an integrative practitioner, meaning I lean on and merge varying therapeutic modalities such psychodynamic, CBT, and systemic theories.
Life is inevitably filled with many challenges and transitions and it’s not unusual to become overwhelmed. We can easily struggle with who we are and what we want from life. Maybe you're experiencing the breakdown of a relationship with a loved one, you’ve lost your job, just become a parent, received a diagnosis, started university, or maybe you’re just struggling with the idea of making a change in your life. Therapy can help you understand yourself better so that you can confidently adjust to change, set boundaries, navigate relationships, implement coping strategies & give yourself grace if you stumble.
I am an integrative practitioner, meaning I lean on and merge varying therapeutic modalities such psychodynamic, CBT, and systemic theories.
Life is inevitably filled with many challenges and transitions and it’s not unusual to become overwhelmed. We can easily struggle with who we are and what we want from life. Maybe you're experiencing the breakdown of a relationship with a loved one, you’ve lost your job, just become a parent, received a diagnosis, started university, or maybe you’re just struggling with the idea of making a change in your life. Therapy can help you understand yourself better so that you can confidently adjust to change, set boundaries, navigate relationships, implement coping strategies & give yourself grace if you stumble.
![Photo of Frances Hamilton, MUKCP, Psychotherapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/1d2b2de7-7dff-49e4-833e-2b8c48a290d1/1/320x400.jpeg)
I tend to work from a psychodynamic/psychoanalytic framework where your early experiences in growing up can be understood and seen through the influences they bring to bear on your current motivations and relationships.
Wondering what to do, unsure what or who can help. And how? Whatever is troubling you, whatever is getting you down you don't have to struggle alone. Talking to someone outside your circle of family, friends or even colleagues at work can be the start of a new path. A path where you can discover how you got to this place in your life. And perhaps more importantly what it is you are seeking.
I tend to work from a psychodynamic/psychoanalytic framework where your early experiences in growing up can be understood and seen through the influences they bring to bear on your current motivations and relationships.
Wondering what to do, unsure what or who can help. And how? Whatever is troubling you, whatever is getting you down you don't have to struggle alone. Talking to someone outside your circle of family, friends or even colleagues at work can be the start of a new path. A path where you can discover how you got to this place in your life. And perhaps more importantly what it is you are seeking.
![Photo of Louise Pivcevic, MA, BACP, Psychotherapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/c98a3ac2-5536-4199-855d-baee9f9c909b/3/320x400.jpeg)
Psychodynamic psychotherapy, an evidence-based approach, helps to integrate past and present experiences, nurturing insight, personal growth and self efficacy.
I'm a Tavistock trained psychotherapist for adolescents, young adults up to 26 and parents., specialising in student mental health, also in parenting including successful co-parenting around separation/divorce. I have 16 years experience in the NHS and a busy private practice. I have a warm, empathic approach, meeting you where you are. I aim to help you discover more freedom and authenticity in how you relate to yourself and others. I treat a diverse range of issues - anxiety, depression, trauma, life transitions, relationship issues, transgender, sexuality, Member of BACP, ACP and Tavistock Society of Psychotherapists.
Psychodynamic psychotherapy, an evidence-based approach, helps to integrate past and present experiences, nurturing insight, personal growth and self efficacy.
I'm a Tavistock trained psychotherapist for adolescents, young adults up to 26 and parents., specialising in student mental health, also in parenting including successful co-parenting around separation/divorce. I have 16 years experience in the NHS and a busy private practice. I have a warm, empathic approach, meeting you where you are. I aim to help you discover more freedom and authenticity in how you relate to yourself and others. I treat a diverse range of issues - anxiety, depression, trauma, life transitions, relationship issues, transgender, sexuality, Member of BACP, ACP and Tavistock Society of Psychotherapists.
![Photo of Vanessa de Macedo Ellis, BACP, Counsellor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/ad7fa318-7c12-4fdf-9f61-283a3ced1ce9/2/320x400.jpeg)
My approach to Counselling is Integrative, drawing from Psychodynamic and Humanistic model.
I offer a safe and confidential space where you will have the chance to share your problems, your difficult feelings, your pain and your life story. Talking about our life honestly and openly, with an empathic and non-judgemental therapist can be a deeply healing process. Having a space where we can be fully ourselves, where we’re invited to slow down, breathe and investigate our inner world and our emotions is necessary, today, more than ever. We live busy lives and for many, it is difficult to stop and notice, most of the time, what is going on inside us. As we reconnect to our feelings and our essence there is an immediate sense
My approach to Counselling is Integrative, drawing from Psychodynamic and Humanistic model.
I offer a safe and confidential space where you will have the chance to share your problems, your difficult feelings, your pain and your life story. Talking about our life honestly and openly, with an empathic and non-judgemental therapist can be a deeply healing process. Having a space where we can be fully ourselves, where we’re invited to slow down, breathe and investigate our inner world and our emotions is necessary, today, more than ever. We live busy lives and for many, it is difficult to stop and notice, most of the time, what is going on inside us. As we reconnect to our feelings and our essence there is an immediate sense
![Photo of Doug Teeling, MA, MUKCP, Psychotherapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/49c329dc-46cd-11ea-a6ad-06142c356176/2/320x400.jpeg)
I work in an integrative way, and find psychodynamic and relational approaches in particular offer great insight into how our past can live on in the present.
Whether you have recently experienced a crisis in life, or are dealing with a more prolonged sense of disillusionment, I offer a compassionate space for you to explore whatever issue brings you to therapy. Beginning to talk about yourself and what you are dealing with may feel new or even unnerving, so I am always mindful to work with you at your own pace. In this process many different issues may come up for you, and through talking together we have an opportunity to explore, reflect upon and understand more fully how and why you feel the way you do.
I work in an integrative way, and find psychodynamic and relational approaches in particular offer great insight into how our past can live on in the present.
Whether you have recently experienced a crisis in life, or are dealing with a more prolonged sense of disillusionment, I offer a compassionate space for you to explore whatever issue brings you to therapy. Beginning to talk about yourself and what you are dealing with may feel new or even unnerving, so I am always mindful to work with you at your own pace. In this process many different issues may come up for you, and through talking together we have an opportunity to explore, reflect upon and understand more fully how and why you feel the way you do.
![Photo of Nicholas William Fredrick lovelace - brighter pathways, MBACP, Counsellor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/47a6b764-46cd-11ea-a6ad-06142c356176/1/320x400.jpeg)
I am an integrative counsellor that has worked in person centered organisations but I have a strong affiliation towards Psychodynamic counselling.
I am a qualified counsellor and teacher, I have studied Counselling and Substance Misuse at FdSc level and have a Diploma in Social Work, as well as having a wide range of work and life experience. My down to earth nature empowers me to be accessible, approachable and non-judgmental which is an essential part of a successful working therapeutic relationship. Aiding people to work through their own life challenges is my absolute passion and driving force behind Brighter Pathways Counselling.
I am an integrative counsellor that has worked in person centered organisations but I have a strong affiliation towards Psychodynamic counselling.
I am a qualified counsellor and teacher, I have studied Counselling and Substance Misuse at FdSc level and have a Diploma in Social Work, as well as having a wide range of work and life experience. My down to earth nature empowers me to be accessible, approachable and non-judgmental which is an essential part of a successful working therapeutic relationship. Aiding people to work through their own life challenges is my absolute passion and driving force behind Brighter Pathways Counselling.
![Photo of Chris Northey-Vyse, MBABCP, Psychotherapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/e6a004ef-58ac-44a2-91ed-371bddc0f8bb/2/320x400.jpeg)
I primarily work using a CBT model but draw too on my psychodynamic and attachment training as well as EMDR.
Hi I'm Chris, an accredited CBT therapist, Dramatherapist and EMDR therapist. I work with children, young people and adults that are struggling with a range of mental health difficulties. I have been a therapist for over a decade and I have worked with all age ranges. My education, training and experience in multiple different settings means I am able to relate to what you might need, allowing us to create an effective treatment plan together. I have a collaborative approach as I know that you are the expert of your experiences. We work together to find the tools and techniques that will best help you.
I primarily work using a CBT model but draw too on my psychodynamic and attachment training as well as EMDR.
Hi I'm Chris, an accredited CBT therapist, Dramatherapist and EMDR therapist. I work with children, young people and adults that are struggling with a range of mental health difficulties. I have been a therapist for over a decade and I have worked with all age ranges. My education, training and experience in multiple different settings means I am able to relate to what you might need, allowing us to create an effective treatment plan together. I have a collaborative approach as I know that you are the expert of your experiences. We work together to find the tools and techniques that will best help you.
![Photo of Helen Sanderson-Davies, MBACP, Psychotherapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/c39d0cf4-284e-4c75-81e3-358769a70bc4/3/320x400.jpeg)
I have a clinical MSc in Psychodynamic psychotherapy and I continue to pursue advanced training.
If you are like most people, you are probably considering therapy because you want to change something. This might be the way you feel or behave; it might be how you believe other people see you, or how you see yourself. It might be things you think about or dwell upon, or the way you get on (or don’t) with others. Whatever it is, individual therapy provides a space to talk about what it is you want to change and to learn how to bring that change about. A space that is safe, confidential and non-judgemental. As your therapist I see myself as someone who can support you on all aspects of your life journey.
I have a clinical MSc in Psychodynamic psychotherapy and I continue to pursue advanced training.
If you are like most people, you are probably considering therapy because you want to change something. This might be the way you feel or behave; it might be how you believe other people see you, or how you see yourself. It might be things you think about or dwell upon, or the way you get on (or don’t) with others. Whatever it is, individual therapy provides a space to talk about what it is you want to change and to learn how to bring that change about. A space that is safe, confidential and non-judgemental. As your therapist I see myself as someone who can support you on all aspects of your life journey.
![Photo of Peter Aston, MUKCP, Psychotherapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/f0e6c0c8-df44-46ca-a3ed-1ba4d6dcca7b/1/320x400.jpeg)
I am a psychodynamic psychotherapist with more than 30 years’ experience working in the NHS and in private practice. I offer a confidential and safe space for individuals, couples, and groups. My practices are in two locations - central Bath and London. I have a wealth of expertise in working with a wide variety and complexity of issues that people bring. These include anxiety, depression, bereavement, relationship difficulties, suicidality, physical and sexual abuse, self-harm, borderline personality disorder, grief, loss, and work-related stress. I work with adults of all ages both face to face and online.
I am a psychodynamic psychotherapist with more than 30 years’ experience working in the NHS and in private practice. I offer a confidential and safe space for individuals, couples, and groups. My practices are in two locations - central Bath and London. I have a wealth of expertise in working with a wide variety and complexity of issues that people bring. These include anxiety, depression, bereavement, relationship difficulties, suicidality, physical and sexual abuse, self-harm, borderline personality disorder, grief, loss, and work-related stress. I work with adults of all ages both face to face and online.
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![Photo of Akin Omobitan, MBACP, Counsellor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/2662237a-ce1f-48b1-a8f9-736edd0779a9/2/320x400.jpeg)
Hi, I'm Akin, a therapist specialising in psychodynamic, person-centred and cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT). I help people resolve issues related to anxiety, depression and stress, people who wish to experience change, healing and self-discovery. I offer the therapeutic time and space needed for you to freely process past or present experiences such as trauma, abuse or life crises. For you, such issues might be presenting in the form of low self-esteem, low self-confidence, low quality relationships or a need for anger management or support with addiction. Let's talk about what's brought you here and work on a way forward.
Hi, I'm Akin, a therapist specialising in psychodynamic, person-centred and cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT). I help people resolve issues related to anxiety, depression and stress, people who wish to experience change, healing and self-discovery. I offer the therapeutic time and space needed for you to freely process past or present experiences such as trauma, abuse or life crises. For you, such issues might be presenting in the form of low self-esteem, low self-confidence, low quality relationships or a need for anger management or support with addiction. Let's talk about what's brought you here and work on a way forward.
![Photo of Christopher James Westray - Westray Psychotherapy (EMDR, LifeSpan Integration), MA, HCPC-Art Therap., Psychotherapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/f76e7d07-fb0c-4ecc-97ad-c3c10b3326f8/2/320x400.jpeg)
Westray Psychotherapy (EMDR, LifeSpan Integration)
Psychotherapist, MA, HCPC-Art Therap.
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Bath BA1 (Online Only)
I work within a relational framework which synthesises humanistic, psychodynamic, and solution focussed approaches.
Anxiety? Stress? Hi, I’m Chris, I can help you to a consistent, calm and confident state of being. Life can be hard and while we hope that we will be able to cope if we’re feeling low, anxious or distressed; sometimes coping just isn’t enough. Psychotherapy can help you find structure and stability when things feel chaotic. It can help when it feels like no one around you understands what it’s like to be you; when the way you feel makes no sense; or if you no longer feel that you're in control. With empathy and gentle curiosity, I use a combination of verbal and non-verbal, techniques to help you into your truest, clearest self.
I work within a relational framework which synthesises humanistic, psychodynamic, and solution focussed approaches.
Anxiety? Stress? Hi, I’m Chris, I can help you to a consistent, calm and confident state of being. Life can be hard and while we hope that we will be able to cope if we’re feeling low, anxious or distressed; sometimes coping just isn’t enough. Psychotherapy can help you find structure and stability when things feel chaotic. It can help when it feels like no one around you understands what it’s like to be you; when the way you feel makes no sense; or if you no longer feel that you're in control. With empathy and gentle curiosity, I use a combination of verbal and non-verbal, techniques to help you into your truest, clearest self.
![Photo of Craig Philip Smith, MBACP, Counsellor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/48f65d47-46cd-11ea-a6ad-06142c356176/1/320x400.jpeg)
I can work with you around family issues, teen problems, child behaviour, ASC issues, illness and disability. I will support, collaborate and try to make sense of what is going on. All things eventually pass - I will offer to weather the storm with you. I won’t be judging you or not taking you seriously. We will work together - and it will be work - but we will also aim to have fun and be creative in our work.
I can work with you around family issues, teen problems, child behaviour, ASC issues, illness and disability. I will support, collaborate and try to make sense of what is going on. All things eventually pass - I will offer to weather the storm with you. I won’t be judging you or not taking you seriously. We will work together - and it will be work - but we will also aim to have fun and be creative in our work.
![Photo of Georgie Wheeler, MBACP, Counsellor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/2ff51779-51c5-47db-bb13-6f3648f4cb6c/1/320x400.jpeg)
Therapy can help you unpack what is going on for you right now and how the past fits with that. Within the safe space of therapy, you are able to listen to those parts of yourself that have not been heard for a while, putting you in touch with all of you; and all of the wisdom that lies within. As you trust in the process more and more, healing begins.
Therapy can help you unpack what is going on for you right now and how the past fits with that. Within the safe space of therapy, you are able to listen to those parts of yourself that have not been heard for a while, putting you in touch with all of you; and all of the wisdom that lies within. As you trust in the process more and more, healing begins.
![Photo of Stanka Krnacova, MA, MUKCP, Psychotherapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/76f95b96-e1b8-4b6b-ae23-d70e03e2d592/1/320x400.jpeg)
Do you feel like it is difficult to reach your partner emotionally, are you being stone walled, afraid of conflict or are you people pleasing for a quiet life? Do you have a pattern of being submissive, passive aggressive or unable to effectively communicate your wants and needs? Do you feel like you and your partner don’t understand each other or feel as if you have married your mother or father? Couples therapy aims to uncover reactionary aspects of yourself that lead to discontent and a loss of connection and intimacy in your relationship. We will examine unhelpful dynamics and behavioural patterns and explore where you are stuck
Do you feel like it is difficult to reach your partner emotionally, are you being stone walled, afraid of conflict or are you people pleasing for a quiet life? Do you have a pattern of being submissive, passive aggressive or unable to effectively communicate your wants and needs? Do you feel like you and your partner don’t understand each other or feel as if you have married your mother or father? Couples therapy aims to uncover reactionary aspects of yourself that lead to discontent and a loss of connection and intimacy in your relationship. We will examine unhelpful dynamics and behavioural patterns and explore where you are stuck
![Photo of Susie Travis, MBACP, Counsellor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/a9653b5c-024b-4157-8766-2ae55ed63403/2/320x400.jpeg)
I'm an integrative counsellor providing face-to-face and online therapy. I'm currently working a lot with issues around self-esteem, anxiety, relationship struggles and depression. I do a lot of work with students and young adults, as well as with clients who are struggling with burnout, work stress and family dynamics. I will offer a non-judgemental space and walk alongside you as you process emotions and build awareness at your own pace. You may want to talk through something significant that has happened in your life, or you may be feeling stuck, anxious, or overwhelmed in your life now.
I'm an integrative counsellor providing face-to-face and online therapy. I'm currently working a lot with issues around self-esteem, anxiety, relationship struggles and depression. I do a lot of work with students and young adults, as well as with clients who are struggling with burnout, work stress and family dynamics. I will offer a non-judgemental space and walk alongside you as you process emotions and build awareness at your own pace. You may want to talk through something significant that has happened in your life, or you may be feeling stuck, anxious, or overwhelmed in your life now.
![Photo of Nadine Benn, MBACP, Counsellor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/cfdf86d6-bb2f-4f31-a8f0-4c139fb02a7b/1/320x400.png)
Welcome! Reaching out for support in a time of difficulty or to address issues from the past can feel challenging and unsafe and you have now taken the first step. For all of us, life is multi-faceted with many ups and downs. The process of counselling can be transformative, helping you weather past and present storms, feel safer and more connected with yourself and others, and simply live a more meaningful life with greater satisfaction. I am a BACP registered Counsellor (MBACP) with many years of client experience and also over 15 years working as a mentor and NHS Midwife. I work in a ‘humanistic-integrative’ manner
Welcome! Reaching out for support in a time of difficulty or to address issues from the past can feel challenging and unsafe and you have now taken the first step. For all of us, life is multi-faceted with many ups and downs. The process of counselling can be transformative, helping you weather past and present storms, feel safer and more connected with yourself and others, and simply live a more meaningful life with greater satisfaction. I am a BACP registered Counsellor (MBACP) with many years of client experience and also over 15 years working as a mentor and NHS Midwife. I work in a ‘humanistic-integrative’ manner
![Photo of Alex Evans - Alex Evans - Resilient Nation, MA, MBACP, Counsellor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/c2f4860f-e0ae-4127-9cb7-5e88fd2f119e/2/320x400.jpeg)
I am a compassionate trauma-informed integrative practitioner with my own deeply lived experience and personal journey. I live and work in central Bath. Alongside many trainings over the years, I am committed to my therapeutic practice and my own path of personal development, healing and spiritual enquiry. My personal experience in life has been extensive and rich. I’ve walked a diverse path so far through life and this has enabled me to bring understanding to working with many people. Development and practices that sustain and resource me on this journey are somatic meditation, embodied enquiry and the wisdom of the natural world.
I am a compassionate trauma-informed integrative practitioner with my own deeply lived experience and personal journey. I live and work in central Bath. Alongside many trainings over the years, I am committed to my therapeutic practice and my own path of personal development, healing and spiritual enquiry. My personal experience in life has been extensive and rich. I’ve walked a diverse path so far through life and this has enabled me to bring understanding to working with many people. Development and practices that sustain and resource me on this journey are somatic meditation, embodied enquiry and the wisdom of the natural world.
![Photo of Claire Braybrook, DCounsPsych, MNCPS Acc., Counsellor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/8707a487-5aa3-4c71-9130-992cebe22653/1/320x400.jpeg)
A warm hello and welcome to taking the first step towards feeling better. My approach is supportive and collaborative, offering you a safe, confidential, non-judgemental space to help you feel supported, heard and understood. I will offer compassion and insight to help you process your emotions. I am an experienced, fully qualified and accredited therapist working with adults aged 18 years +. I work with a wide range of issues including, but not limited to, trauma, anxiety, depression, low self esteem/worth, grief and loss, childhood neglect, relationship/family issues, infidelities, separation, academic and work place issues.
A warm hello and welcome to taking the first step towards feeling better. My approach is supportive and collaborative, offering you a safe, confidential, non-judgemental space to help you feel supported, heard and understood. I will offer compassion and insight to help you process your emotions. I am an experienced, fully qualified and accredited therapist working with adults aged 18 years +. I work with a wide range of issues including, but not limited to, trauma, anxiety, depression, low self esteem/worth, grief and loss, childhood neglect, relationship/family issues, infidelities, separation, academic and work place issues.
See more therapy options for Bath
Nearby Psychodynamic Counsellors Searches for Bath
- Bathampton
- Bradford-on-Avon
- Bruton
- Chippenham
- Corsham
- Frome
- Melksham
- Pulborough
- Shepton Mallet
- Trowbridge
- Warminster
- Wells
Psychodynamic Counsellors
Is psychodynamic therapy evidence-based?
Studies have found psychodynamic therapy to be effective in treating conditions like social anxiety, eating disorders, chronic pain, some personality disorders, and depression; indeed, some studies have found it to be just as effective as CBT or medication. What’s more, several studies have found that the benefits of psychodynamic therapy tend to endure—even grow—long after treatment has ended.
How long does psychodynamic therapy last?
Unlike CBT and other more structured forms of therapy, psychodynamic therapy tends to be open-ended and may not be limited to a set number of sessions. It is common for clients to be in therapy for a year or longer and to see their therapist one to three times a week, though the exact schedule and timeline may vary depending on a client’s challenges and progress. However, brief psychodynamic therapy is available, which tends to be more goal-oriented and typically unfolds over 16 to 30 sessions.
Does psychodynamic therapy work?
Research finds that psychodynamic therapy can help someone manage or reduce symptoms of diagnosable mental health conditions like depression or anxiety. The modality may also offer a range of benefits that are harder to measure but just as valuable—such as increased self-worth or healthier relationships. While no therapy type will work for everyone, research and anecdotal evidence suggest that psychodynamic therapy can be highly effective.
What are the limitations of psychodynamic therapy?
Some meta-analyses have concluded that there is little evidence to suggest that psychodynamic therapy can effectively treat certain mental health conditions such as PTSD, OCD, or psychosis, though it is sometimes used to do so. More broadly, the open-ended, free-association structure of psychodynamic therapy may be frustrating for clients who prefer a more structured, time-limited, or goal-oriented approach.