Photo of Hazel Stevenson, MCOSCA, Counsellor
Hazel Stevenson
Counsellor, MCOSCA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Welcome! Talking is a wonderful way to share what’s on your mind. You may not even know what is bothering you, but by talking, it helps to get in touch with your emotions and make sense of your thoughts. Changes are often small but can be significant. Speaking with someone who is really listening and can offer a non-judgemental space to fully express yourself, improve your self awareness, and accept you for being you, can help!
Welcome! Talking is a wonderful way to share what’s on your mind. You may not even know what is bothering you, but by talking, it helps to get in touch with your emotions and make sense of your thoughts. Changes are often small but can be significant. Speaking with someone who is really listening and can offer a non-judgemental space to fully express yourself, improve your self awareness, and accept you for being you, can help!
01764 915874 View 01764 915874
Photo of Tom Herron - Tom Herron - On the Prom, MBACP, Psychotherapist
Tom Herron - On the Prom
Psychotherapist, MBACP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Whatever problems or concerns you’re experiencing, I will offer you compassionate, non-judgmental, and thoughtful support. Trained in the person-centred therapeutic approach, I draw also on a range of psychodynamic and existentialist approaches to provide the support you need in exploring the issues with which you’re having difficulties.
Whatever problems or concerns you’re experiencing, I will offer you compassionate, non-judgmental, and thoughtful support. Trained in the person-centred therapeutic approach, I draw also on a range of psychodynamic and existentialist approaches to provide the support you need in exploring the issues with which you’re having difficulties.
0131 381 6371 View 0131 381 6371
Photo of Gulistan Karaca, MSc, GMBPsS, Psychologist
Gulistan Karaca
Psychologist, MSc, GMBPsS
Verified Verified
Have you been feeling depressed lately? Do you no longer enjoy what you did previously? If you need psychological support and want a better life for yourself. Please get in touch. Let's find a solution together.
Have you been feeling depressed lately? Do you no longer enjoy what you did previously? If you need psychological support and want a better life for yourself. Please get in touch. Let's find a solution together.
020 8138 8356 View 020 8138 8356
Photo of Ula Grabarczyk - SOULA - Ula , Counsellor
SOULA - Ula
Counsellor
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
We are like nature - cyclical, with diversity of experiences and various emotions flowing through us at any given moment. If you’re here it might be that you’ve been stuck in one of the seasons for too long, or that one of the weeds has overtaken the land and has been sucking the energy of the other beautiful plants growing in your inner forest. This means it’s time to do some clearing - to change unhelpful beliefs, habits, to release emotions that have been lingering for too long, keeping you stuck in the old ways of being. Where you are is exactly perfect to begin this process and to rewrite the new narrative for your story.
We are like nature - cyclical, with diversity of experiences and various emotions flowing through us at any given moment. If you’re here it might be that you’ve been stuck in one of the seasons for too long, or that one of the weeds has overtaken the land and has been sucking the energy of the other beautiful plants growing in your inner forest. This means it’s time to do some clearing - to change unhelpful beliefs, habits, to release emotions that have been lingering for too long, keeping you stuck in the old ways of being. Where you are is exactly perfect to begin this process and to rewrite the new narrative for your story.
0131 381 4724 View 0131 381 4724
Photo of Sandy Blair, BACP, Counsellor
Sandy Blair
Counsellor, BACP
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Sometimes when life is difficult and your troubles seem overwhelming it can feel like there is no-one to talk to, or when you do talk it feels like no-one actually hears what you are saying. I can offer you a warm, non-judgemental and compassionate space where you can talk and really be heard. There are many reasons why you may be thinking of counselling. You may be struggling with grief after a bereavement or loss, or feeling overwhelmed with anxiety. You may have been recently diagnosed (or self-diagnosed) with autism or ADHD and want to make meaning of your past, present and future with the diagnosis.
Sometimes when life is difficult and your troubles seem overwhelming it can feel like there is no-one to talk to, or when you do talk it feels like no-one actually hears what you are saying. I can offer you a warm, non-judgemental and compassionate space where you can talk and really be heard. There are many reasons why you may be thinking of counselling. You may be struggling with grief after a bereavement or loss, or feeling overwhelmed with anxiety. You may have been recently diagnosed (or self-diagnosed) with autism or ADHD and want to make meaning of your past, present and future with the diagnosis.
0131 381 8430 View 0131 381 8430
Photo of Ellen Higgins, MSc, HCPC-Art Therap., Psychotherapist
Ellen Higgins
Psychotherapist, MSc, HCPC-Art Therap.
Verified Verified
I provide a safe, non-judgemental and confidential space to explore your inner thoughts and feelings. As an Art Psychotherapist, I offer the opportunity to make art in my sessions to provide a way to communicate without words and explore new and creative ways to understanding the self.
I provide a safe, non-judgemental and confidential space to explore your inner thoughts and feelings. As an Art Psychotherapist, I offer the opportunity to make art in my sessions to provide a way to communicate without words and explore new and creative ways to understanding the self.
01764 915908 View 01764 915908
Photo of Marian Willoner, BACP, Counsellor
Marian Willoner
Counsellor, BACP
Verified Verified
I have some availability for both in person and online sessions - do get in touch. Are you finding it all too much? Stressed out? Not sure which direction to take? Or maybe you are struggling with isolation or lack of confidence in social situations? Maybe you are dealing with being neuro-diverse (ADHD or autism) in a neuro-typical world? Perhaps you want to be more your authentic self or make a transition in your life? Are you trying to cope with a difficult situation such as grief, loss, illness, caring or a break up? In all these situations I can listen to you, support you and help you to find ways forward.
I have some availability for both in person and online sessions - do get in touch. Are you finding it all too much? Stressed out? Not sure which direction to take? Or maybe you are struggling with isolation or lack of confidence in social situations? Maybe you are dealing with being neuro-diverse (ADHD or autism) in a neuro-typical world? Perhaps you want to be more your authentic self or make a transition in your life? Are you trying to cope with a difficult situation such as grief, loss, illness, caring or a break up? In all these situations I can listen to you, support you and help you to find ways forward.
0131 381 8542 View 0131 381 8542
Photo of Christiane Kelegher, MSc, HCPC-Art Therap., Psychotherapist
Christiane Kelegher
Psychotherapist, MSc, HCPC-Art Therap.
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Edinburgh EH15  (Online Only)
I work with whatever my clients bring into the therapy room and have a particular interest in personal identities and how my clients wish to be seen and accepted in the world. This includes identities around chronic illness and disability, as well as around gender, sexuality and relationship diversity. I do not work as a blank mirror but instead use my knowledge and training to create a dialogue between me and my clients.
I work with whatever my clients bring into the therapy room and have a particular interest in personal identities and how my clients wish to be seen and accepted in the world. This includes identities around chronic illness and disability, as well as around gender, sexuality and relationship diversity. I do not work as a blank mirror but instead use my knowledge and training to create a dialogue between me and my clients.
0191 743 0329 View 0191 743 0329
Photo of Dr Ellie Caldwell - Vital Space Psychology Services, Dr Ellie Caldwell, HCPC - Clin. Psych., Psychologist
Vital Space Psychology Services, Dr Ellie Caldwell
Psychologist, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Verified Verified
Edinburgh EH15  (Online Only)
I get it. You never imagined yourself being the one looking for help. The people who engage my services are the ones who everyone else looks up to – CEOs, medics, senior leaders, people in the public eye. I understand that it can feel like an indulgence to focus on yourself... but also how rare it is for you to be able to let your guard down and talk freely with someone who not only has your best interests at heart, but is qualified to help you. I realise you are an expert at overcoming challenges and making a success of things. In fact, you tick most of the boxes of success. But I am guessing you have never pretended to be perfect.
I get it. You never imagined yourself being the one looking for help. The people who engage my services are the ones who everyone else looks up to – CEOs, medics, senior leaders, people in the public eye. I understand that it can feel like an indulgence to focus on yourself... but also how rare it is for you to be able to let your guard down and talk freely with someone who not only has your best interests at heart, but is qualified to help you. I realise you are an expert at overcoming challenges and making a success of things. In fact, you tick most of the boxes of success. But I am guessing you have never pretended to be perfect.
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Photo of Anna Shepherd, MSc, HCPC-Art Therap., Psychotherapist
Anna Shepherd
Psychotherapist, MSc, HCPC-Art Therap.
Verified Verified
Hello. My name is Anna Shepherd. I have been a Psychotherapist for over 20 years. I offer Art Psychotherapy, Talking Therapy, EMDR and Mindfulness. Seeking help can feel a bit daunting. I offer a confidential space in which you will be supported to explore whatever brings you to therapy. I will meet you with gentle compassion, curiosity, warmth and humour. Meaningful connection will be the cornerstone of our work and together we will find helpful ways to ease whatever distress has brought you here.
Hello. My name is Anna Shepherd. I have been a Psychotherapist for over 20 years. I offer Art Psychotherapy, Talking Therapy, EMDR and Mindfulness. Seeking help can feel a bit daunting. I offer a confidential space in which you will be supported to explore whatever brings you to therapy. I will meet you with gentle compassion, curiosity, warmth and humour. Meaningful connection will be the cornerstone of our work and together we will find helpful ways to ease whatever distress has brought you here.
0131 381 1136 View 0131 381 1136
Photo of Kirstie Allan - Kirstie Allan - SeeSpace Therapy, MSc, MNCPS Acc., Counsellor
Kirstie Allan - SeeSpace Therapy
Counsellor, MSc, MNCPS Acc.
Verified Verified
Welcome to SeeSpace, a safe, nurturing, person-centred counselling space which is built on the very human - but too often elusive - principles of empathy, compassion and inner wisdom. Here you will be met without judgement or expectation, and supported to explore, share, heal and grow as we begin to understand more about the experiences and relationships which have led you here and the complex challenges, relational patterns and survival strategies you have faced and employed along the way. Together we will work in service to softening the story you bring by creating space for deeper self-awareness, insight and self-compassion.
Welcome to SeeSpace, a safe, nurturing, person-centred counselling space which is built on the very human - but too often elusive - principles of empathy, compassion and inner wisdom. Here you will be met without judgement or expectation, and supported to explore, share, heal and grow as we begin to understand more about the experiences and relationships which have led you here and the complex challenges, relational patterns and survival strategies you have faced and employed along the way. Together we will work in service to softening the story you bring by creating space for deeper self-awareness, insight and self-compassion.
0131 297 6105 View 0131 297 6105
Photo of Angela McLachlan, DCounsPsych, BACP, Counsellor
Angela McLachlan
Counsellor, DCounsPsych, BACP
Verified Verified
Have you had a recent difficult experience? Or maybe you are going through something painful just now? Perhaps you feel stuck and unable to move forward? It can often be difficult to understand feelings such as anxiety, overwhelm, panic, distress, fear, immobilisation, anger or sadness. Working collaboratively with you, at your own pace, I can help you process your feelings and faciliate a deeper and compassionate understanding of your current situation. In exploring and talking about both your present and past experiences and memories, I can offer you a safe and calming space to help you move forward.
Have you had a recent difficult experience? Or maybe you are going through something painful just now? Perhaps you feel stuck and unable to move forward? It can often be difficult to understand feelings such as anxiety, overwhelm, panic, distress, fear, immobilisation, anger or sadness. Working collaboratively with you, at your own pace, I can help you process your feelings and faciliate a deeper and compassionate understanding of your current situation. In exploring and talking about both your present and past experiences and memories, I can offer you a safe and calming space to help you move forward.
0131 381 1458 View 0131 381 1458
Photo of Janis Sinclair, PMCOSCA, Psychotherapist
Janis Sinclair
Psychotherapist, PMCOSCA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Are you anxious and finding life overwhelming, suddenly the simplest decisions are impossible - this may be situational, relational or historical; large or small I offer a space to speak freely secure in the knowledge our sessions are confidential. My theory is person centred although I offer Integrative therapy which is a progressive form of psychotherapy that combines different therapeutic tools and approaches to fit the needs of the individual client.
Are you anxious and finding life overwhelming, suddenly the simplest decisions are impossible - this may be situational, relational or historical; large or small I offer a space to speak freely secure in the knowledge our sessions are confidential. My theory is person centred although I offer Integrative therapy which is a progressive form of psychotherapy that combines different therapeutic tools and approaches to fit the needs of the individual client.
01785 338104 View 01785 338104
Photo of Toni Kearton, MCOSCA, Counsellor
Toni Kearton
Counsellor, MCOSCA
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Hello. I'm Toni, a person-centred counsellor, working one-to-one with adults, in person near Grantown on Spey (both indoors and outside "walk and talk" sessions), and online and by phone from anywhere in the UK. I work with the person, not "the problem" - I'm interested in you, your experience, and what brings you here. Perhaps you’re suffering from past trauma, facing major life changes, or feeling down, depressed or anxious - or perhaps you simply want to understand yourself better. There’s no “right” or “wrong” reason to come to counselling, and you don’t have to be in crisis to do so.
Hello. I'm Toni, a person-centred counsellor, working one-to-one with adults, in person near Grantown on Spey (both indoors and outside "walk and talk" sessions), and online and by phone from anywhere in the UK. I work with the person, not "the problem" - I'm interested in you, your experience, and what brings you here. Perhaps you’re suffering from past trauma, facing major life changes, or feeling down, depressed or anxious - or perhaps you simply want to understand yourself better. There’s no “right” or “wrong” reason to come to counselling, and you don’t have to be in crisis to do so.
01479 787931 View 01479 787931
Photo of Cathie Hutchison, MBACP Accred, Psychotherapist
Cathie Hutchison
Psychotherapist, MBACP Accred
Verified Verified
Edinburgh EH15  (Online Only)
I have worked with individuals and couples bringing a varied range of issues from relationship breakdowns, anxiety, stress, depression, childhood emotional neglect, childhood abuse, confidence and self esteem issues, life transitions, bereavement, chronic ill health. I get deep satisfaction watching clients work through their issues and develop new coping strategies and tools. I love to see them leave at the end of the work smiling and content. Some even say that getting there is fun as well as satisfying. Let's get to work getting you what you want!
I have worked with individuals and couples bringing a varied range of issues from relationship breakdowns, anxiety, stress, depression, childhood emotional neglect, childhood abuse, confidence and self esteem issues, life transitions, bereavement, chronic ill health. I get deep satisfaction watching clients work through their issues and develop new coping strategies and tools. I love to see them leave at the end of the work smiling and content. Some even say that getting there is fun as well as satisfying. Let's get to work getting you what you want!
01620 674972 View 01620 674972
Photo of Iain Campbell - Iain Campbell Counselling , MUKCP, Counsellor
Iain Campbell Counselling
Counsellor, MUKCP
Verified Verified
Why do we seek counselling? When life seems to move in ways we cannot control, we might feel anxious, overwhelmed or fearful. When we are out of sync with life, we can feel stuck, depressed or isolated. As a result, we can feel the impact on our emotional and mental well-being in our personal and professional lives, not to mention relationships. Do you want to live a more connected life? In therapeutic sessions with me, I will support you to understand and deal with difficult thoughts as well as challenging feelings and emotions so you can live a more integrated life.
Why do we seek counselling? When life seems to move in ways we cannot control, we might feel anxious, overwhelmed or fearful. When we are out of sync with life, we can feel stuck, depressed or isolated. As a result, we can feel the impact on our emotional and mental well-being in our personal and professional lives, not to mention relationships. Do you want to live a more connected life? In therapeutic sessions with me, I will support you to understand and deal with difficult thoughts as well as challenging feelings and emotions so you can live a more integrated life.
01764 915673 View 01764 915673
Photo of Sue Cooper, MA, MBACP, Counsellor
Sue Cooper
Counsellor, MA, MBACP
Verified Verified
If you are reading this today it may be that you are feeling low in mood or anxious. You may want your life to move in a more productive direction or feel more balanced in your relationships. Counselling offers the possibility of getting to know who you really are and to understand what might be stopping you from finding fulfillment and ease in your life. The journey to yourself can feel challenging and sometimes scary, but it is through this process that you will begin to find your potential to grow in self awareness. Through self-understanding develops confidence, self-worth and a greater freedom to choose the right path for you.
If you are reading this today it may be that you are feeling low in mood or anxious. You may want your life to move in a more productive direction or feel more balanced in your relationships. Counselling offers the possibility of getting to know who you really are and to understand what might be stopping you from finding fulfillment and ease in your life. The journey to yourself can feel challenging and sometimes scary, but it is through this process that you will begin to find your potential to grow in self awareness. Through self-understanding develops confidence, self-worth and a greater freedom to choose the right path for you.
01506 379386 View 01506 379386
Photo of Dr Michelle Kitson, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych., Psychologist
Dr Michelle Kitson
Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Verified Verified
Edinburgh EH15  (Online Only)
I am an experienced Clinical Psychologist who can provide high quality evidence based psychological assessment and treatment for a range of mental health difficulties. I have over a decade of clinical experience and continue to hold senior positions within NHS mental health services. I have specialised in supporting individuals affected by trauma and adverse events across their lives. I also have extensive experience in working with people affected by anxiety disorders such as OCD; generalised anxiety; panic attacks and phobias; social anxiety and fears around health.
I am an experienced Clinical Psychologist who can provide high quality evidence based psychological assessment and treatment for a range of mental health difficulties. I have over a decade of clinical experience and continue to hold senior positions within NHS mental health services. I have specialised in supporting individuals affected by trauma and adverse events across their lives. I also have extensive experience in working with people affected by anxiety disorders such as OCD; generalised anxiety; panic attacks and phobias; social anxiety and fears around health.
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Photo of Helen-Marie Tuiwaiwai - Evolve CBT, MBABCP, Psychotherapist
Evolve CBT
Psychotherapist, MBABCP
Verified Verified
Do you feel stressed or have problems coping? Are your thoughts making you feel anxious or bringing your mood down? Sometimes we need help to make sense of why we think, feel, and behave the way we do. My name is Helen-Marie and I am an accredited Cognitive Behavioural Therapist (CBT) and Associate Certified Coach (ACC). CBT is a problem-focused therapy that shows how your thinking can affect your feelings and behaviours. You will learn new skills and positive coping strategies which can help you achieve your goals and make long-term changes in your life. It is important that we work together at your pace to achieve your goals.
Do you feel stressed or have problems coping? Are your thoughts making you feel anxious or bringing your mood down? Sometimes we need help to make sense of why we think, feel, and behave the way we do. My name is Helen-Marie and I am an accredited Cognitive Behavioural Therapist (CBT) and Associate Certified Coach (ACC). CBT is a problem-focused therapy that shows how your thinking can affect your feelings and behaviours. You will learn new skills and positive coping strategies which can help you achieve your goals and make long-term changes in your life. It is important that we work together at your pace to achieve your goals.
0131 510 2783 View 0131 510 2783
Photo of Rachel Rickman, MBACP, Psychotherapist
Rachel Rickman
Psychotherapist, MBACP
Verified Verified
Hello I’m Rachel and a very warm welcome. As you find yourself here, you may be feeling stuck in life at the moment and perhaps issues or difficulties may be causing you distress or to feel overwhelmed. Perhaps you feel anxious, depressed or have low self esteem? Often through no fault of our own we can get caught up in these difficult cycles. The good news is I can help you get "unstuck" and help you to achieve lasting change in your life. I will help you move towards your goals and lead a more fulfilled life. I am here to support you every step of the way, giving you the space and time to discover yourself.
Hello I’m Rachel and a very warm welcome. As you find yourself here, you may be feeling stuck in life at the moment and perhaps issues or difficulties may be causing you distress or to feel overwhelmed. Perhaps you feel anxious, depressed or have low self esteem? Often through no fault of our own we can get caught up in these difficult cycles. The good news is I can help you get "unstuck" and help you to achieve lasting change in your life. I will help you move towards your goals and lead a more fulfilled life. I am here to support you every step of the way, giving you the space and time to discover yourself.
0131 381 8606 View 0131 381 8606

See more therapy options for EH15

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in EH15

20+

Average cost per session

£60

Counsellors in EH15 who prioritize treating:

95% Anxiety
90% Depression
90% Self Esteem
80% Bereavement
75% Stress
65% Relationship Issues
65% Trauma and PTSD

Average years in practice

5 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

67% Cigna and Evernorth
67% Bupa
33% Aviva

How Counsellors in EH15 see their clients

80% In Person and Online
20% Online Only

Gender breakdown

95% Female
5% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in EH15?

Search for nearby therapists or counsellors by inputting your city, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are members of the main professional associations, mainly the British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy (BACP) and the UK Council for Psychotherapy (UKCP). Most Psychologists in the directory are accredited members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and/or are registered in the Health and Care Professions Council (HPCP).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for psychotherapists and counsellors in the UK, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and experience that enable them to do so in the UK. Psychologists have earned a degree in psychology and many are members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and have completed a postgraduate qualification in a specialism. Counsellors and Psychotherapists are not required to have a psychology degree, but to belong to a professional organisation such as the BACP or UKCP, they are required to have completed a training course as well as clinical and supervision hours.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the UK could be between £30 - £60 when seeing a counsellor and £60 - £150 and up when seeing a clinical psychologist. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The NHS Talking therapies programme offers free of charge counselling for common mental health problems like anxiety and depression. The service is available to anyone registered with a GP, though you do not necessarily need to be referred by your GP and can refer yourself directly to a Talking therapies service. The service will provide different solutions, including group and individual therapy, for a limited number of sessions which are generally up to six.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the BACP, the UKCP, or BPS are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there has been participation in a criminal act or act of terror, or if there is potential or known harm to the client or others, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.