Eating Disorders Counselling in London

Photo of Catherine McCloskey - space-to-talk.com, MA, MBACP Accred, Counsellor
space-to-talk.com
Counsellor, MA, MBACP Accred
Verified Verified
London EC1A
I am a BACP accredited counsellor/psychotherapist with a London practice in the heart of the City (EC1). I combine this with working in the NHS where I have experience in a range of different settings including a primary care (IAPT) service, a secondary service specialising in complex mental health difficulties including complex trauma, and many years of working in an eating disorders service where I have specialist expertise.
I am a BACP accredited counsellor/psychotherapist with a London practice in the heart of the City (EC1). I combine this with working in the NHS where I have experience in a range of different settings including a primary care (IAPT) service, a secondary service specialising in complex mental health difficulties including complex trauma, and many years of working in an eating disorders service where I have specialist expertise.
020 8106 2489 View 020 8106 2489
Photo of Maria Constantinou - Maria Constantinou, MA, MUKCP, Psychotherapist
Maria Constantinou
Psychotherapist, MA, MUKCP
Verified Verified
London SW3
I am a Psychotherapist and 'training analyst' for students in training. I have 20+ years experience of working with anxiety, depression, loss, eating disorders and more. 1st session is FREE for 30 mins. I believe psychotherapy should be available and affordable to everyone. I use sliding scale charges, a quiet, private and confidential space to talk, to express your self. We can explore and uncover the complexity behind the issues, causing your difficulties, distress and unhappiness. We find meaning and understanding and work towards unveiling and promoting a self that is more confident, empowered, assertive and self authorising.
I am a Psychotherapist and 'training analyst' for students in training. I have 20+ years experience of working with anxiety, depression, loss, eating disorders and more. 1st session is FREE for 30 mins. I believe psychotherapy should be available and affordable to everyone. I use sliding scale charges, a quiet, private and confidential space to talk, to express your self. We can explore and uncover the complexity behind the issues, causing your difficulties, distress and unhappiness. We find meaning and understanding and work towards unveiling and promoting a self that is more confident, empowered, assertive and self authorising.
020 3893 2631 View 020 3893 2631
Photo of Melis Okur, MSc, GMBPsS, Psychologist
Melis Okur
Psychologist, MSc, GMBPsS
Verified Verified
London N17
People who have experienced depression, trauma, eating disorders, immigration/adaptation issues and anxiety are what I’ve specialized working with.
Welcome to my practice! I am a psychologist (registered with the BPS) who works with adolescents and adults of all backgrounds, cultures, genders and sexual orientations from an integrative/humanistic approach. I align my therapy work with the goals, wishes and needs of the clients I work with.
People who have experienced depression, trauma, eating disorders, immigration/adaptation issues and anxiety are what I’ve specialized working with.
Welcome to my practice! I am a psychologist (registered with the BPS) who works with adolescents and adults of all backgrounds, cultures, genders and sexual orientations from an integrative/humanistic approach. I align my therapy work with the goals, wishes and needs of the clients I work with.
020 3974 1811 View 020 3974 1811
Photo of Allison Rigg - The Fitzrovia Psychology Clinic, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych., Psychologist
The Fitzrovia Psychology Clinic
Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Verified Verified
London W1G
The Fitzrovia Psychology Clinic is an award-winning, independent private practice providing psychological help and services across London and Surrey. Our clinicians are hand-selected, highly skilled clinical and counselling psychologists, who have established academic backgrounds and NHS careers, in addition to their private work. We provide interventions for a wide variety of mental health conditions and difficulties including stress, anxiety, depression, personality disorders and eating disorders, all of which can have a hugely debilitating effect on our lives and the lives of people around us.
The Fitzrovia Psychology Clinic is an award-winning, independent private practice providing psychological help and services across London and Surrey. Our clinicians are hand-selected, highly skilled clinical and counselling psychologists, who have established academic backgrounds and NHS careers, in addition to their private work. We provide interventions for a wide variety of mental health conditions and difficulties including stress, anxiety, depression, personality disorders and eating disorders, all of which can have a hugely debilitating effect on our lives and the lives of people around us.
020 4538 4770 View 020 4538 4770
Photo of Angela J Brassett-Harknett, MA, MBACP, Psychotherapist
Angela J Brassett-Harknett
Psychotherapist, MA, MBACP
Verified Verified
London W1G
I am an integrative psychotherapist, specialising in working with adults (18 years+) with eating disorders and body image problems, as well as with adults with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), often owing to current or historical abuse. I have been in private practice since 2006, and work with individuals, couples and with groups. Aside from these specialisms, I also work with people troubled by all manner of other psychological problems (e.g. depression, anxiety, bereavement, relationship problems, OCD, identity problems, etc.), and I welcome whatever issues a client chooses to bring to therapy.
I am an integrative psychotherapist, specialising in working with adults (18 years+) with eating disorders and body image problems, as well as with adults with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), often owing to current or historical abuse. I have been in private practice since 2006, and work with individuals, couples and with groups. Aside from these specialisms, I also work with people troubled by all manner of other psychological problems (e.g. depression, anxiety, bereavement, relationship problems, OCD, identity problems, etc.), and I welcome whatever issues a client chooses to bring to therapy.
020 3872 2576 View 020 3872 2576
Photo of Orri Specialist Treatment For Eating Disorders - Orri, MBACP, Psychotherapist
Orri
Psychotherapist, MBACP
Verified Verified
London W1W
Orri is an online and in person Specialist Treatment Service for individuals aged 16 and over who are looking for support with eating disorders and co-occurring conditions (such as depression, anxiety, trauma, personality disorders, etc). We offer a programme package which includes a blend of daily group therapy, mealtime support, individual weekly therapy, dietetic support and occupational therapy support. We take a personalised, stepped approach to treatment so that every person’s programme is appropriate to their individual needs and evolves with them over time.
Orri is an online and in person Specialist Treatment Service for individuals aged 16 and over who are looking for support with eating disorders and co-occurring conditions (such as depression, anxiety, trauma, personality disorders, etc). We offer a programme package which includes a blend of daily group therapy, mealtime support, individual weekly therapy, dietetic support and occupational therapy support. We take a personalised, stepped approach to treatment so that every person’s programme is appropriate to their individual needs and evolves with them over time.
020 3917 4529 View 020 3917 4529
Photo of Carrie Beth Emery, DCounsPsych, HCPC - Couns. Psych., Psychologist
Carrie Beth Emery
Psychologist, DCounsPsych, HCPC - Couns. Psych.
Verified Verified
London N8
I have extensive experience working with Eating Disorders and have also worked with anxiety, depression, trauma, interpersonal difficulties, compulsions, infertility, life transitions.
I am passionate about empowering clients to develop or strengthen their own sense of agency in the world, so that they feel in control. In order to do this, I work collaboratively with clients rather than acting as an expert. I walk alongside my clients in their therapeutic journey, rather than taking the lead and instructing which can at times feel disempowering. Whilst I use my knowledge and expertise to help clients consider new ways of viewing the world and offer guidance on ways they may consider changing their behaviours to better suit their needs, I do not act as an "expert" as I believe each person knows themselves best.
I have extensive experience working with Eating Disorders and have also worked with anxiety, depression, trauma, interpersonal difficulties, compulsions, infertility, life transitions.
I am passionate about empowering clients to develop or strengthen their own sense of agency in the world, so that they feel in control. In order to do this, I work collaboratively with clients rather than acting as an expert. I walk alongside my clients in their therapeutic journey, rather than taking the lead and instructing which can at times feel disempowering. Whilst I use my knowledge and expertise to help clients consider new ways of viewing the world and offer guidance on ways they may consider changing their behaviours to better suit their needs, I do not act as an "expert" as I believe each person knows themselves best.
020 4538 2574 View 020 4538 2574
Photo of Emmanuelle Dufour, MBABCP, Psychotherapist
Emmanuelle Dufour
Psychotherapist, MBABCP
Verified Verified
London SE5
I specialise in eating disorders but can help with anxiety disorders and depression.
I am a registered Occupational Therapist and accredited Cognitive-Behavioural therapist with a range of experiences in mental health services within the NHS. I have a strong interest in helping people having a meaningful life despite their difficulties. I believe in the importance of personal recovery. I can help develop motivation to participate in a range of meaningful occupations including self-care, leisure, and work, replace unhealthy routines with healthier ones, rebuild identity by developing new roles outside of the illness, manage emotions and improve motivation and confidence in a range of day-to-day tasks.
I specialise in eating disorders but can help with anxiety disorders and depression.
I am a registered Occupational Therapist and accredited Cognitive-Behavioural therapist with a range of experiences in mental health services within the NHS. I have a strong interest in helping people having a meaningful life despite their difficulties. I believe in the importance of personal recovery. I can help develop motivation to participate in a range of meaningful occupations including self-care, leisure, and work, replace unhealthy routines with healthier ones, rebuild identity by developing new roles outside of the illness, manage emotions and improve motivation and confidence in a range of day-to-day tasks.
020 3697 8578 View 020 3697 8578
Photo of Stephanie Jory, MBACP, Counsellor
Stephanie Jory
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
London N8
I think we sometimes come to therapy not knowing exactly what it is that's causing us pain. Maybe we feel fear, anger, confusion or just a sense of detachment from who we feel we used to be or could be; sometimes it is only symptoms (such as addictions, eating disorders, OCD) which we can identify. Past, unaddressed, trauma may be arsing or you might be experiencing family or work issues or, maybe, you’re in grief (from a death/relationship breakdown). Whatever your reason for wanting therapy I know that, ultimately, we want to feel better than we do right now.
I think we sometimes come to therapy not knowing exactly what it is that's causing us pain. Maybe we feel fear, anger, confusion or just a sense of detachment from who we feel we used to be or could be; sometimes it is only symptoms (such as addictions, eating disorders, OCD) which we can identify. Past, unaddressed, trauma may be arsing or you might be experiencing family or work issues or, maybe, you’re in grief (from a death/relationship breakdown). Whatever your reason for wanting therapy I know that, ultimately, we want to feel better than we do right now.
020 3984 9635 View 020 3984 9635
Photo of Maria Sergeeva, MSc, Psychotherapist
Maria Sergeeva
Psychotherapist, MSc
Verified Verified
London SE1
I am an integrative neurodivergence and LGBTQ+ trained psychotherapist (ACT, CBT, CFT, IFS, DBT skills training) meaning that I combine several approaches depending on a client, their needs and goals. I’m also a clinical psychologist and sex therapist. My main specialities include: eating disorders, ADHD and ASD in adults, DBT skills training for ADHD and ASD, impulse control disorders and trauma-informed care. My interests in sex and relationship therapy include kink-affirming practice, gender identity and sexuality questioning, trauma-informed care, sexuality, intimacy and relationships in neurodivergent individuals.
I am an integrative neurodivergence and LGBTQ+ trained psychotherapist (ACT, CBT, CFT, IFS, DBT skills training) meaning that I combine several approaches depending on a client, their needs and goals. I’m also a clinical psychologist and sex therapist. My main specialities include: eating disorders, ADHD and ASD in adults, DBT skills training for ADHD and ASD, impulse control disorders and trauma-informed care. My interests in sex and relationship therapy include kink-affirming practice, gender identity and sexuality questioning, trauma-informed care, sexuality, intimacy and relationships in neurodivergent individuals.
020 4538 8900 View 020 4538 8900
Photo of Oliver Fallon, MBACP, Counsellor
Oliver Fallon
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
London E2
I have long experience working in the National Eating Disorders and OCD Services in the NHS.
Specialist OCD and Eating Disorder Therapy. If you or someone you love suffers from an eating disorder or severe OCD it can be incredibly distressing and serious. Talking to a specialist who understands the complex issues around anorexia and bulimia and OCD is your first step towards recovery. You can be free from your obsessions and compulsions and problems with food, body image and exercise. The first step is simply to talk about what's going on with an empathetic and understanding person. You don't have to be in crisis to have therapy, you just have to want to change things for the better.
I have long experience working in the National Eating Disorders and OCD Services in the NHS.
Specialist OCD and Eating Disorder Therapy. If you or someone you love suffers from an eating disorder or severe OCD it can be incredibly distressing and serious. Talking to a specialist who understands the complex issues around anorexia and bulimia and OCD is your first step towards recovery. You can be free from your obsessions and compulsions and problems with food, body image and exercise. The first step is simply to talk about what's going on with an empathetic and understanding person. You don't have to be in crisis to have therapy, you just have to want to change things for the better.
020 3816 1637 View 020 3816 1637
Photo of Becky Sarah Burnett, MA, HCPC-Art Therap., Psychotherapist
Becky Sarah Burnett
Psychotherapist, MA, HCPC-Art Therap.
Verified Verified
London W11
Waitlist for new clients
I've worked for six years supporting people suffering with eating disorders, body image issues, anxiety, depression and various addictions. My extensive experience has shown me that these symptoms are often a response to distressing or painful situations which can come from all areas of life, perhaps difficult relationships, grief or troubling events. I strive to meet all my clients with unconditional positive regard, with compassion and empathy. I work alongside my clients to nurture a space where they feel they can bring all of themselves, and meet even the most painful or shamed parts without judgment or criticism.
I've worked for six years supporting people suffering with eating disorders, body image issues, anxiety, depression and various addictions. My extensive experience has shown me that these symptoms are often a response to distressing or painful situations which can come from all areas of life, perhaps difficult relationships, grief or troubling events. I strive to meet all my clients with unconditional positive regard, with compassion and empathy. I work alongside my clients to nurture a space where they feel they can bring all of themselves, and meet even the most painful or shamed parts without judgment or criticism.
020 3984 8731 View 020 3984 8731
Photo of Valérie Wendorff - Dr Valérie Wendorff-CPsychol/Psychotherapist, PhD, HCPC - Clin. Psych., Psychologist
Dr Valérie Wendorff-CPsychol/Psychotherapist
Psychologist, PhD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Verified Verified
London W1U
I have 15 years of experience and have worked in a variety of settings across the lifespan in both public and private sectors. My roles were not limited to clinical work but also at a management level such as being the Supervisor and Training Manager at an eating disorders facility and head of a disability department at a school. I have extensive experience in different presentations: OCD, eating disorders, depression, anxiety, personality disorders, relationship issues, and psychological assessments. I am recognised by Bupa Global, Aviva and WPA.
I have 15 years of experience and have worked in a variety of settings across the lifespan in both public and private sectors. My roles were not limited to clinical work but also at a management level such as being the Supervisor and Training Manager at an eating disorders facility and head of a disability department at a school. I have extensive experience in different presentations: OCD, eating disorders, depression, anxiety, personality disorders, relationship issues, and psychological assessments. I am recognised by Bupa Global, Aviva and WPA.
020 3962 0466 View 020 3962 0466
Photo of Dunya Sullivan- Eating Disorders, MA, Psychotherapist
Dunya Sullivan- Eating Disorders
Psychotherapist, MA
Verified Verified
London EC2R  (Online Only)
Welcome! I am a clinical psychologist and a TA psychotherapist (transactional analysis). I work with a variety of psychological challenges but I am specialized in working with individuals struggling with eating disorders (bulimia nervosa, anorexia nervosa, binge-eating disorder). The individuals I work with often come to therapy having tried many behavioral interventions that brought little change (being more disciplined with their diet, exercising more/less, creating plans etc.).
Welcome! I am a clinical psychologist and a TA psychotherapist (transactional analysis). I work with a variety of psychological challenges but I am specialized in working with individuals struggling with eating disorders (bulimia nervosa, anorexia nervosa, binge-eating disorder). The individuals I work with often come to therapy having tried many behavioral interventions that brought little change (being more disciplined with their diet, exercising more/less, creating plans etc.).
020 4538 2690 View 020 4538 2690
Photo of Silvia Vittoria Vitello, MSc, GMBPsS, Psychologist
Silvia Vittoria Vitello
Psychologist, MSc, GMBPsS
Verified Verified
London SE1  (Online Only)
I am an Italian Constructivist Therapy. According to the abovementioned approach, I will use the therapeutic relationship dynamics to help the person achieve greater emotional and relational self-awareness. My master's degree in Clinical and Health psychology helped me to dive into the psychological treatment of mental, emotional, and behavioral illnesses such as alcoholism, eating disorders, or depression. Thanks to a year-long experience in Canada, I also combine the clinical aspect with the cultural to provide a multifaceted approach where both cognitive, relational, and cultural aspects can be take into account.
I am an Italian Constructivist Therapy. According to the abovementioned approach, I will use the therapeutic relationship dynamics to help the person achieve greater emotional and relational self-awareness. My master's degree in Clinical and Health psychology helped me to dive into the psychological treatment of mental, emotional, and behavioral illnesses such as alcoholism, eating disorders, or depression. Thanks to a year-long experience in Canada, I also combine the clinical aspect with the cultural to provide a multifaceted approach where both cognitive, relational, and cultural aspects can be take into account.
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Photo of Jodi Mishcon, DCounsPsych, MBACP, Psychotherapist
Jodi Mishcon
Psychotherapist, DCounsPsych, MBACP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
London NW11
I have specialist training in working with eating disorders, group work and trauma informed therapy.
I offer warmth, openness and curiosity, providing a creative and flexible environment in which you can feel safe enough to explore all parts of yourself including those that might feel challenging or unacceptable. I hope that our work together will enable you to begin to heal and grow. At the core of my practice is my belief in the importance of seeing the individual in front of me and I aim to hear and learn to understand your needs in relation to you.
I have specialist training in working with eating disorders, group work and trauma informed therapy.
I offer warmth, openness and curiosity, providing a creative and flexible environment in which you can feel safe enough to explore all parts of yourself including those that might feel challenging or unacceptable. I hope that our work together will enable you to begin to heal and grow. At the core of my practice is my belief in the importance of seeing the individual in front of me and I aim to hear and learn to understand your needs in relation to you.
020 3835 4359 View 020 3835 4359
Photo of Keyong Ma, DCounsPsych, HCPC - Couns. Psych., Psychologist
Keyong Ma
Psychologist, DCounsPsych, HCPC - Couns. Psych.
Verified Verified
London W14  (Online Only)
With a diverse background in community psychological services, NHS secondary care affective disorder services, specialist eating disorder services, and NeuroDevelopmental Disorder services, I possess a wealth of experience in addressing a wide range of issues, including ADHD, depression, anxiety, eating disorders, emotion dysregulation, borderline disorder, bipolar disorders and trauma. I aim to tailor treatment to meet the specific needs of clients, rather than requiring clients to adapt to a pre-determined model.
With a diverse background in community psychological services, NHS secondary care affective disorder services, specialist eating disorder services, and NeuroDevelopmental Disorder services, I possess a wealth of experience in addressing a wide range of issues, including ADHD, depression, anxiety, eating disorders, emotion dysregulation, borderline disorder, bipolar disorders and trauma. I aim to tailor treatment to meet the specific needs of clients, rather than requiring clients to adapt to a pre-determined model.
020 4538 4999 View 020 4538 4999
Photo of Caroline Salter, HCPC - Clin. Psych., Psychologist
Caroline Salter
Psychologist, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Verified Verified
London SW19  (Online Only)
I worked with people with a variety of mental health problems in the NHS since 2010, and privately since 2020. I have five years experience working in a leading specialist eating disorder service in London, and currently work as acting lead psychologist in a general adult psychology service. I specialise in Cognitive Behaviour Therapy and Cognitive Analytic Therapy for eating disorders (including anorexia, bulimia and binge eating disorder), depression, anxiety, trauma, low self-esteem and persistent self-criticism.
I worked with people with a variety of mental health problems in the NHS since 2010, and privately since 2020. I have five years experience working in a leading specialist eating disorder service in London, and currently work as acting lead psychologist in a general adult psychology service. I specialise in Cognitive Behaviour Therapy and Cognitive Analytic Therapy for eating disorders (including anorexia, bulimia and binge eating disorder), depression, anxiety, trauma, low self-esteem and persistent self-criticism.
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Photo of Amanda Greenlees, MA, MUKCP, Psychotherapist
Amanda Greenlees
Psychotherapist, MA, MUKCP
Verified Verified
London N8  (Online Only)
I have worked with a wide range of clients on a variety of issues and I specialise in working with eating disorders, anxiety, and trauma (Sensorimotor Psychotherapy and EMDR).
If you are feeling powerless to bring about the change you want or struggling to get through something that is current for you right now, I can help. I know it can be difficult making the decision to seek help, without the added challenge of finding the right therapist. If you are feeling this way, call or email me to discuss what you want to get out of therapy and ask any questions you have.
I have worked with a wide range of clients on a variety of issues and I specialise in working with eating disorders, anxiety, and trauma (Sensorimotor Psychotherapy and EMDR).
If you are feeling powerless to bring about the change you want or struggling to get through something that is current for you right now, I can help. I know it can be difficult making the decision to seek help, without the added challenge of finding the right therapist. If you are feeling this way, call or email me to discuss what you want to get out of therapy and ask any questions you have.
020 4538 2504 View 020 4538 2504
Photo of Kate Pryce, HCPC - Clin. Psych., Psychologist
Kate Pryce
Psychologist, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Verified Verified
London E1
I am a clinical psychologist with over 10 years' experience of working in the NHS. As a clinical psychologist I am trained to provide a range of psychological therapies for many different problems. In my private practice I focus on using a form of psychological therapy called Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT). Research evidence indicates that CBT can help with many difficulties which include: · Anxiety based problems including: · panic attacks · post-traumatic stress disorder · obsessive compulsive disorder · social anxiety · health anxiety · phobias · Depression and low mood · Sleep difficulties · Low self esteem · Problematic perfectionism · Eating disorders · Sleep difficulties · Anger
I am a clinical psychologist with over 10 years' experience of working in the NHS. As a clinical psychologist I am trained to provide a range of psychological therapies for many different problems. In my private practice I focus on using a form of psychological therapy called Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT). Research evidence indicates that CBT can help with many difficulties which include: · Anxiety based problems including: · panic attacks · post-traumatic stress disorder · obsessive compulsive disorder · social anxiety · health anxiety · phobias · Depression and low mood · Sleep difficulties · Low self esteem · Problematic perfectionism · Eating disorders · Sleep difficulties · Anger
020 3870 3852 View 020 3870 3852
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Eating Disorders Counsellors

What happens in therapy for eating disorders?

In therapy for eating disorders, patients typically describe their eating and exercise behaviours, their patterns of eating in relation to stress, their beliefs about their body, the ways their eating behaviour affects their relationships, and their desire (or lack of it) to change. Such information helps the therapist understand the origins of the disorder and the role it plays in the patient’s life, important for guiding treatment. Attitudes and feelings about food and eating, body weight, and physical appearance are common topics of discussion throughout treatment.

What therapy types help with eating disorders?

Once any acute medical or psychiatric emergency is resolved, psychoactive medication is often prescribed, requiring the supervision of a psychiatrist. In addition, patients receive some form of nutritional counselling along with one or more forms of psychotherapy. For adolescents, family-based treatment is empirically validated and considered the first line of treatment; parents and their children meet weekly with a clinician as the adults are coached on how to nourish and psychologically support the young patient. Adults typically receive some form of individual psychotherapy, intended to resolve the cognitive and behavioural disturbances that underlie the disorder and to relieve the mood disturbances that accompany it. In addition, patients may also be helped by group therapy.

What is the goal of therapy for eating disorders?

The most immediate goal of treatment for eating disorders is to save the life of people who are on a path of starving themselves to death or engaging in eating patterns that are doing irreparable physical harm to their body. Once the acute medical danger is past, therapy is required to understand the nature of the disordered eating and/or exercise patterns, establish healthy eating behaviour, and to tackle the many erroneous beliefs and distorted self-perceptions that underlie eating disorders and continue to pose a threat to health and life. Therapy also addresses the impaired mood that not only accompanies eating disorders but intensifies the danger to health and life.

What are the limitations of therapy for eating disorders?

Therapy can be very helpful for eating disorders—but that can happen only after people recognise they have a condition that must be treated. Especially with anorexia, the distortions in self-image that accompany the disorder can keep people from acknowledging they have a problem. Individuals may in fact see their eating disorder as a badge of self-control. Those with binge-eating disorder may feel too ashamed to seek help. Therapy cannot help those who do not avail themselves of it.

How long does therapy last for eating disorders?

Because of their complexity, recovery from eating disorders is usually a long-term process—measured in months and years— often marked by setbacks and relapse. Some form of help, such as individual or group therapy, may be advisable for much of that time. It is a general rule of thumb that the longer the illness has endured and the dysregulated eating behaviour has taken root, the longer treatment is likely to be needed.