Counselling in Littlehampton

Photo of Richard Neil Papworth, MBACP, Counsellor
Richard Neil Papworth
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Littlehampton BN16  (Online Only)
Psychodynamic psychotherapeutic counselling has a distinct focus on events which have troubled us in the past, although we might not have awareness of them, and continue to trouble us in the present often through repeated patterns. There might not be any defined areas of concern for clients, and issues can be deep-seated; however, the therapeutic relationship aims to bring these aspects into consciousness in a manageable way so that they may be worked through safely. While psychodynamic psychotherapeutic counselling is often open-ended and can span several years, short courses of six months or less have also shown to be effective.
Psychodynamic psychotherapeutic counselling has a distinct focus on events which have troubled us in the past, although we might not have awareness of them, and continue to trouble us in the present often through repeated patterns. There might not be any defined areas of concern for clients, and issues can be deep-seated; however, the therapeutic relationship aims to bring these aspects into consciousness in a manageable way so that they may be worked through safely. While psychodynamic psychotherapeutic counselling is often open-ended and can span several years, short courses of six months or less have also shown to be effective.
023 8144 0269 View 023 8144 0269
Photo of Lavanniya Langa, MBACP, Counsellor
Lavanniya Langa
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Littlehampton BN16
Often people wonder how counselling or talking to someone can help. When you see a Counsellor/Therapist, you will have a consistency and continuity of a professional relationship, which provides you a space where you are being properly listened to. This can then allow you to think, and get a clear idea of what is going on for you. Together with your Counsellor/Therapist you can begin to explore and unpack your ideas, views, opinions, etc. This could lead you to more clarity and you may become more mindful of yourself.
Often people wonder how counselling or talking to someone can help. When you see a Counsellor/Therapist, you will have a consistency and continuity of a professional relationship, which provides you a space where you are being properly listened to. This can then allow you to think, and get a clear idea of what is going on for you. Together with your Counsellor/Therapist you can begin to explore and unpack your ideas, views, opinions, etc. This could lead you to more clarity and you may become more mindful of yourself.
01903 924221 View 01903 924221
Photo of Sam Walker - Sam Walker (Walker Way Psychotherapy), MBABCP, Psychotherapist
Sam Walker (Walker Way Psychotherapy)
Psychotherapist, MBABCP
Verified Verified
Littlehampton BN17
Not accepting new clients
Hello! I am an NHS-trained and BABCP-accredited Cognitive Behavioural Therapist offering a supportive and personalised approach to better understand and manage the automatic (default) thoughts and behaviours that may be keeping you ‘stuck’ in cycles that make you feel anxious, frustrated or low. We would work with examples from your daily life, to understand how the way you think affects how you feel and respond, and consider what you may want to try doing differently to improve how you feel and how you interact with others.
Hello! I am an NHS-trained and BABCP-accredited Cognitive Behavioural Therapist offering a supportive and personalised approach to better understand and manage the automatic (default) thoughts and behaviours that may be keeping you ‘stuck’ in cycles that make you feel anxious, frustrated or low. We would work with examples from your daily life, to understand how the way you think affects how you feel and respond, and consider what you may want to try doing differently to improve how you feel and how you interact with others.
Photo of Christine Mortimer, MBACP, Counsellor
Christine Mortimer
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Littlehampton BN17
We sometimes find it difficult to cope with the things that life throws at us, be it relationship issues, health problems, self esteem and self doubt, anxiety, depression, panic attacks or phobias. Sometimes we just need a safe space where we can explore and talk about the things that worry us with someone who can help us find our own way through the struggle in an empathic and totally non-judgmental way. I am a fully integrative psychotherapist offering counselling and hypnotherapy in a calm, mindful and supportive environment.
We sometimes find it difficult to cope with the things that life throws at us, be it relationship issues, health problems, self esteem and self doubt, anxiety, depression, panic attacks or phobias. Sometimes we just need a safe space where we can explore and talk about the things that worry us with someone who can help us find our own way through the struggle in an empathic and totally non-judgmental way. I am a fully integrative psychotherapist offering counselling and hypnotherapy in a calm, mindful and supportive environment.
07401 206504 View 07401 206504
Photo of Lasma Korobenko, MNCPS Acc., Counsellor
Lasma Korobenko
Counsellor, MNCPS Acc.
Verified Verified
Littlehampton BN16  (Online Only)
I am a psychotherapeutic counsellor. I offer online counselling sessions via video calls. I am dedicated to helping my clients build healthier relationships with their inner selves and achieve better emotional balance. I have extensive experience working with individuals dealing with anxiety, depression and life transitions.
I am a psychotherapeutic counsellor. I offer online counselling sessions via video calls. I am dedicated to helping my clients build healthier relationships with their inner selves and achieve better emotional balance. I have extensive experience working with individuals dealing with anxiety, depression and life transitions.
01903 948388 View 01903 948388
Photo of Andy Escott, BACP, Counsellor
Andy Escott
Counsellor, BACP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Littlehampton BN17
The counselling relationship is at the heart of my work, therefore my focus is to create a warm, trusting and safe environment. Together we can explore what is happening for you and begin working through the process, avoiding judgement or dismissal. Perhaps you are experiencing anxiety, depression, low mood, low self esteem, abuse or need to process grief, difficult/overwhelming feelings, relationship issues. Maybe you would like to make some life changes and need to gain some clarity and confidence in what you are doing and where you are going. Whatever has led you to this point, I’m here to do the journey with you.
The counselling relationship is at the heart of my work, therefore my focus is to create a warm, trusting and safe environment. Together we can explore what is happening for you and begin working through the process, avoiding judgement or dismissal. Perhaps you are experiencing anxiety, depression, low mood, low self esteem, abuse or need to process grief, difficult/overwhelming feelings, relationship issues. Maybe you would like to make some life changes and need to gain some clarity and confidence in what you are doing and where you are going. Whatever has led you to this point, I’m here to do the journey with you.
01903 944049 View 01903 944049
Photo of Mel Crowe, MBACP, Counsellor
Mel Crowe
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Littlehampton BN17  (Online Only)
If you have a narcissistic parent, I am the right counsellor for you! Do you feel like you are living with the consequences of bad parenting? Were you treated badly or unfairly during your childhood by your parent? Do they still treat you badly even though you're an adult? Do they ever give you the silent treatment? Does all this still affect you today, and you can’t stop thinking about the way they treated you? Does this leave you feeling confused and with a low self esteem, but you don’t know what to do about it or how to get over it? If so, then you might be feeling really hurt and alone, unable to see a way out.
If you have a narcissistic parent, I am the right counsellor for you! Do you feel like you are living with the consequences of bad parenting? Were you treated badly or unfairly during your childhood by your parent? Do they still treat you badly even though you're an adult? Do they ever give you the silent treatment? Does all this still affect you today, and you can’t stop thinking about the way they treated you? Does this leave you feeling confused and with a low self esteem, but you don’t know what to do about it or how to get over it? If so, then you might be feeling really hurt and alone, unable to see a way out.
07403 931297 View 07403 931297
Photo of Jeni Gill, MA, HCPC-Art Therap., Psychotherapist
Jeni Gill
Psychotherapist, MA, HCPC-Art Therap.
Verified Verified
Littlehampton BN17
Hello I’m Jeni. As an experienced Dramatherapist I have found that when things are too hard to talk about initially, creativity can help us to express and process and then release what no longer serves us. My private practice allows me to work online with adults, and young people, and in a Primary school with a specialist speech and language unit. I have also worked in numerous Secondary schools. I have experience in working with anxiety, low self esteem, pre and post bereavement, fostering and adoption (life story work) neurodiversity and survivors of sexual assault
Hello I’m Jeni. As an experienced Dramatherapist I have found that when things are too hard to talk about initially, creativity can help us to express and process and then release what no longer serves us. My private practice allows me to work online with adults, and young people, and in a Primary school with a specialist speech and language unit. I have also worked in numerous Secondary schools. I have experience in working with anxiety, low self esteem, pre and post bereavement, fostering and adoption (life story work) neurodiversity and survivors of sexual assault
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Photo of Jane Finlay - Counselling with Jane, MBACP, Counsellor
Counselling with Jane
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Littlehampton BN16  (Online Only)
Hello and welcome! My name is Jane Finlay, and I'm a registered Psychotherapeutic Counsellor with the BACP with over ten years of professional work experience. Throughout my career, I’ve been able to support clients who have been facing various challenges, such as stress and anxiety, relationship issues, motivation, self-esteem, self-confidence, depression, and more. I am passionate about making a positive difference to people and their lives. I believe in valuing each person for their individuality and treating them with respect, and my approach is centred around cultivating compassionate understanding.
Hello and welcome! My name is Jane Finlay, and I'm a registered Psychotherapeutic Counsellor with the BACP with over ten years of professional work experience. Throughout my career, I’ve been able to support clients who have been facing various challenges, such as stress and anxiety, relationship issues, motivation, self-esteem, self-confidence, depression, and more. I am passionate about making a positive difference to people and their lives. I believe in valuing each person for their individuality and treating them with respect, and my approach is centred around cultivating compassionate understanding.
01903 497597 View 01903 497597
Photo of Marie Cairney, MA, MBACP, Counsellor
Marie Cairney
Counsellor, MA, MBACP
Verified Verified
Littlehampton BN16
As a professionally qualified, Relate-trained relationship specialist with more than 10 years experience, I help couples; families and individuals manage and enhance their relationships by improving communication and by helping them develop a better appreciation of their own and others’ relationship needs. When facing relationship issues and crises, I work with my clients to resolve ongoing conflict, reach important decisions, and importantly; make desired changes.
As a professionally qualified, Relate-trained relationship specialist with more than 10 years experience, I help couples; families and individuals manage and enhance their relationships by improving communication and by helping them develop a better appreciation of their own and others’ relationship needs. When facing relationship issues and crises, I work with my clients to resolve ongoing conflict, reach important decisions, and importantly; make desired changes.
01442 953380 View 01442 953380
Photo of Tina Barber, MBACP, Counsellor
Tina Barber
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Littlehampton BN17
My offering as a therapist is rooted from lived experiences and working within the community to support people through information sharing, kindness and integrity. I specialise in supporting women with health & well-being, peri-menopause, being a single parent and domestic abuse relationships (intimate, family or friends). I offer a safe space to discuss your needs and goals for your future and support you to reach your potential.
My offering as a therapist is rooted from lived experiences and working within the community to support people through information sharing, kindness and integrity. I specialise in supporting women with health & well-being, peri-menopause, being a single parent and domestic abuse relationships (intimate, family or friends). I offer a safe space to discuss your needs and goals for your future and support you to reach your potential.
01903 944092 View 01903 944092
Photo of Jo Shanahan, BACP, Counsellor
Jo Shanahan
Counsellor, BACP
Verified Verified
Littlehampton BN17
When life presents us with challenges, uncertainty or suffering, the most helpful choice can be seeking the support we need to navigate these. Nestled by the sea, my counselling space offers a place of non-judgement and empathic understanding for anyone dealing with personal struggles or adversity. As a qualified, experienced Humanistic Psychotherapeutic Counsellor using an integrative approach, I offer personalised support tailored to your specific needs and circumstances, whether experiencing low mood; low self-esteem; shame; depression; anxiety; loss; difficult life events or life transitions.
When life presents us with challenges, uncertainty or suffering, the most helpful choice can be seeking the support we need to navigate these. Nestled by the sea, my counselling space offers a place of non-judgement and empathic understanding for anyone dealing with personal struggles or adversity. As a qualified, experienced Humanistic Psychotherapeutic Counsellor using an integrative approach, I offer personalised support tailored to your specific needs and circumstances, whether experiencing low mood; low self-esteem; shame; depression; anxiety; loss; difficult life events or life transitions.
01903 497454 View 01903 497454
Photo of Anthony Bedell, MA, BPC, Psychotherapist
Anthony Bedell
Psychotherapist, MA, BPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Littlehampton BN17
Many of us can struggle with how we feel sometimes. I hope that what I offer is a place where you can talk about what is going on for you and how you are feeling. I see psychotherapy as a way of offering you a space to say everything, to be listened to at depth; it is about being able to say out all those thoughts and feelings that run through our minds. It is to help you find hope, a way of getting to be back in charge, of being able to cope, of moving towards happiness and relationship.
Many of us can struggle with how we feel sometimes. I hope that what I offer is a place where you can talk about what is going on for you and how you are feeling. I see psychotherapy as a way of offering you a space to say everything, to be listened to at depth; it is about being able to say out all those thoughts and feelings that run through our minds. It is to help you find hope, a way of getting to be back in charge, of being able to cope, of moving towards happiness and relationship.
01903 254582 View 01903 254582
Photo of Margaret Louden-Gray Yarlett, MBACP, Counsellor
Margaret Louden-Gray Yarlett
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Littlehampton BN17
Are you waking up every day filled with hopelessness and dread? Have you had your life devastated by a recent event that came out of the blue or perhaps you are caught in a toxic relationship with no escape and can't plan for your future? No matter how painful the experience, I am happy to listen to you and together we will find a way to resolve your troubles. I have a wide expanse of life experience and I will offer you a nonjudgmental, down-to-earth approach to any situation. There is no subject I can not listen to and I will always do my utmost to support your needs.
Are you waking up every day filled with hopelessness and dread? Have you had your life devastated by a recent event that came out of the blue or perhaps you are caught in a toxic relationship with no escape and can't plan for your future? No matter how painful the experience, I am happy to listen to you and together we will find a way to resolve your troubles. I have a wide expanse of life experience and I will offer you a nonjudgmental, down-to-earth approach to any situation. There is no subject I can not listen to and I will always do my utmost to support your needs.
01903 952048 View 01903 952048
Photo of Cherie Davies, MBACP, Counsellor
Cherie Davies
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Littlehampton BN16
Hello, are you feeling low? experiencing anxiety? dealing with a loss or bereavement? Maybe you are struggling with emotional issues from the past that are intruding in your current life? At times we can find life difficult and struggle to make sense of it. Overcoming our problems on our own or talking with people we are closest to can be hard so speaking confidentially to a counsellor may be what you are looking for. Talking helps you to explore your thoughts and feelings so you can get a clearer view of your life. I will listen without judgement to how it feels to be you so you can discover what really matters to you.
Hello, are you feeling low? experiencing anxiety? dealing with a loss or bereavement? Maybe you are struggling with emotional issues from the past that are intruding in your current life? At times we can find life difficult and struggle to make sense of it. Overcoming our problems on our own or talking with people we are closest to can be hard so speaking confidentially to a counsellor may be what you are looking for. Talking helps you to explore your thoughts and feelings so you can get a clearer view of your life. I will listen without judgement to how it feels to be you so you can discover what really matters to you.
07934 189770 View 07934 189770
Photo of Natalie Salter, MBACP, Counsellor
Natalie Salter
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Littlehampton BN17
Counselling is a space solely for you. Your experience of life is unique to you, no one knows how it feels to be you. It may feel difficult to get through each day carrying around how you really feel, whilst being who you have to be. Worries may build up over time and the heaviness never seems to get any lighter. A counselling relationship is unlike any other relationship you may experience with family and friends because it is all about you and there are no expectations on how you need to be. Through our therapeutic relationship we shall explore your thoughts and feelings together, so you may take control of your life.
Counselling is a space solely for you. Your experience of life is unique to you, no one knows how it feels to be you. It may feel difficult to get through each day carrying around how you really feel, whilst being who you have to be. Worries may build up over time and the heaviness never seems to get any lighter. A counselling relationship is unlike any other relationship you may experience with family and friends because it is all about you and there are no expectations on how you need to be. Through our therapeutic relationship we shall explore your thoughts and feelings together, so you may take control of your life.
01903 497508 View 01903 497508
Photo of Caroline Lane - Lanes Counselling, BACP, Counsellor
Lanes Counselling
Counsellor, BACP
Verified Verified
Littlehampton BN16
I am a Relate trained relationship counsellor with over 20 years experience. I am very passionate about helping clients move forward and I often challenge and draw upon a vast array of tools to help clients get out of a "stuck" place. My practice offers a wide range of therapies from a variety of approaches to help individuals, couples, children and adolescents with a spectrum of difficulties and symptoms. We are passionate about getting you to the place you want to be. Each counsellor is trained in a range of approaches which enables us to tailor our approach to suit each individual or couple,
I am a Relate trained relationship counsellor with over 20 years experience. I am very passionate about helping clients move forward and I often challenge and draw upon a vast array of tools to help clients get out of a "stuck" place. My practice offers a wide range of therapies from a variety of approaches to help individuals, couples, children and adolescents with a spectrum of difficulties and symptoms. We are passionate about getting you to the place you want to be. Each counsellor is trained in a range of approaches which enables us to tailor our approach to suit each individual or couple,
01903 924199 View 01903 924199
Photo of Shameem Slow, MBACP Accred, Psychotherapist
Shameem Slow
Psychotherapist, MBACP Accred
Verified Verified
Littlehampton BN17
I have a specialist interest in working with people who have suffered or are suffering abuse. Abuse can happen to anyone, any gender any age any type such as physical, emotional, sexual and even financial. I will create a safe environment where it is warm and non judgemental. I will be open and genuine so we are able to work towards growth, change and your full potential. We can do this by talking, or creatively by art or a sand tray, which can bridge what is going on in the unconscious to the conscious to then become aware of what may be holding us back.
I have a specialist interest in working with people who have suffered or are suffering abuse. Abuse can happen to anyone, any gender any age any type such as physical, emotional, sexual and even financial. I will create a safe environment where it is warm and non judgemental. I will be open and genuine so we are able to work towards growth, change and your full potential. We can do this by talking, or creatively by art or a sand tray, which can bridge what is going on in the unconscious to the conscious to then become aware of what may be holding us back.
01903 947009 View 01903 947009
Photo of Rob Rhodes-Kubiak, PhD, MBACP, Counsellor
Rob Rhodes-Kubiak
Counsellor, PhD, MBACP
Verified Verified
Littlehampton BN16
Whatever you are struggling with, whatever is on your mind, whatever is causing you difficulty - I am here to help. Whether it be relationship issues, mental health, stress, work or family - or indeed something else - please contact me and we can talk it through. I have experience, training and qualifications in working with many different people and different issues. Counselling with me will provide you with the space to talk, share, and work through your difficulties and the possible solutions together.
Whatever you are struggling with, whatever is on your mind, whatever is causing you difficulty - I am here to help. Whether it be relationship issues, mental health, stress, work or family - or indeed something else - please contact me and we can talk it through. I have experience, training and qualifications in working with many different people and different issues. Counselling with me will provide you with the space to talk, share, and work through your difficulties and the possible solutions together.
01903 947228 View 01903 947228
Photo of Selina Wigmore, MBACP, Counsellor
Selina Wigmore
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Littlehampton BN16
We can sometimes struggle with anxiety, relationships, and feel a sense of disconnection from life, not knowing our purpose, how others view us, and how to find meaning in our lives. Some of us struggle with boundaries, finding ourselves pleasing others: family, friends, or work. This can result in frustration, feeling powerless, and depressed. Talking to family and friends becomes a discussion, a sharing of information, a risk of being judged or told what to do. This is where therapy can help, by providing a safe, non-judgmental space to explore our feelings and give them validation, enabling us to grow strong.
We can sometimes struggle with anxiety, relationships, and feel a sense of disconnection from life, not knowing our purpose, how others view us, and how to find meaning in our lives. Some of us struggle with boundaries, finding ourselves pleasing others: family, friends, or work. This can result in frustration, feeling powerless, and depressed. Talking to family and friends becomes a discussion, a sharing of information, a risk of being judged or told what to do. This is where therapy can help, by providing a safe, non-judgmental space to explore our feelings and give them validation, enabling us to grow strong.
01903 924231 View 01903 924231
1

See more therapy options for Littlehampton

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in Littlehampton

30+

Average cost per session

£55

Counsellors in Littlehampton who prioritize treating:

90% Depression
90% Anxiety
87% Self Esteem
82% Stress
74% Relationship Issues
67% Bereavement
64% Family Conflict

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

50% Aviva
50% AXA PPP
50% Vitality

How Counsellors in Littlehampton see their clients

88% In Person and Online
12% Online Only

Gender breakdown

82% Female
18% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in Littlehampton?

Search for nearby therapists or counsellors by inputting your city, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are members of the main professional associations, mainly the British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy (BACP) and the UK Council for Psychotherapy (UKCP). Most Psychologists in the directory are accredited members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and/or are registered in the Health and Care Professions Council (HPCP).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for psychotherapists and counsellors in the UK, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and experience that enable them to do so in the UK. Psychologists have earned a degree in psychology and many are members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and have completed a postgraduate qualification in a specialism. Counsellors and Psychotherapists are not required to have a psychology degree, but to belong to a professional organisation such as the BACP or UKCP, they are required to have completed a training course as well as clinical and supervision hours.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the UK could be between £30 - £60 when seeing a counsellor and £60 - £150 and up when seeing a clinical psychologist. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The NHS Talking therapies programme offers free of charge counselling for common mental health problems like anxiety and depression. The service is available to anyone registered with a GP, though you do not necessarily need to be referred by your GP and can refer yourself directly to a Talking therapies service. The service will provide different solutions, including group and individual therapy, for a limited number of sessions which are generally up to six.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the BACP, the UKCP, or BPS are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there has been participation in a criminal act or act of terror, or if there is potential or known harm to the client or others, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.