Counselling in Sheffield

View neighbourhoods in Sheffield
Photo of Charlotte Gutu, MSc, MBACP, Psychotherapist
Charlotte Gutu
Psychotherapist, MSc, MBACP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Sheffield S7  (Online Only)
Hey! I’m Charlotte. I’m a therapist with an interest in helping people live with more authenticity, compassion and meaning. I work with people 1:1 and also have offerings at www.groundandascend.com Over my many years in practice, I've helped people make genuine shifts and changes in their lives and I hope to support you in doing the same. Therapy with me is non judgemental, compassionate and dynamic. It’s a space where we can take a look at the difficult stuff together and where I'll support you in growing towards where you want to go.
Hey! I’m Charlotte. I’m a therapist with an interest in helping people live with more authenticity, compassion and meaning. I work with people 1:1 and also have offerings at www.groundandascend.com Over my many years in practice, I've helped people make genuine shifts and changes in their lives and I hope to support you in doing the same. Therapy with me is non judgemental, compassionate and dynamic. It’s a space where we can take a look at the difficult stuff together and where I'll support you in growing towards where you want to go.
0114 303 2719 View 0114 303 2719
Photo of Andrea Moorhouse, MA, MNCPS Acc., Counsellor
Andrea Moorhouse
Counsellor, MA, MNCPS Acc.
Verified Verified
Sheffield S10
Many of us feel we're on a hamster wheel, where every day is an endless list of 'jobs'. We have no time to just quietly be, or when we do get a moment, we restlessly scroll through social media. Sometimes we struggle to process past experiences and relationships, making us feel stuck. In my counselling I offer a safe, confidential space for you to reflect and work through your feelings. Time that is just about you, with a warm and understanding counsellor to help you find meaning in the chaos.
Many of us feel we're on a hamster wheel, where every day is an endless list of 'jobs'. We have no time to just quietly be, or when we do get a moment, we restlessly scroll through social media. Sometimes we struggle to process past experiences and relationships, making us feel stuck. In my counselling I offer a safe, confidential space for you to reflect and work through your feelings. Time that is just about you, with a warm and understanding counsellor to help you find meaning in the chaos.
07717 710240 View 07717 710240
Photo of Haeran William Young - Evermore Therapies, PNCPS Acc., Counsellor
Evermore Therapies
Counsellor, PNCPS Acc.
Verified Verified
Sheffield S10
I work with a wide variety of clients and utilise an integrative modality; meaning that I draw from a variety of therapeutic approaches and techniques such as CBT (Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, Person-Centred therapy and Attachment theory) to meet the clients individual needs. No two clients are the same, therefore no two session plans are either. Each client is worked with to find their ideal future self and to work towards their chosen goals.
I work with a wide variety of clients and utilise an integrative modality; meaning that I draw from a variety of therapeutic approaches and techniques such as CBT (Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, Person-Centred therapy and Attachment theory) to meet the clients individual needs. No two clients are the same, therefore no two session plans are either. Each client is worked with to find their ideal future self and to work towards their chosen goals.
0114 697 4218 View 0114 697 4218
Photo of Dr Charlotte Clark, HCPC - Clin. Psych., Psychologist
Dr Charlotte Clark
Psychologist, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Sheffield S11  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
Hi I'm Charlotte and I'm a Clinical Psychologist and Systemic Practitioner. I feel strongly about working with people in a collaborative manner to form an effective working partnership in understanding some of the patterns that are keeping you ‘stuck’. You may currently feel trapped in a vicious and unhelpful cycle, uncertain of how you can break out of it. This can often mean that day to day life is really difficult, and for some people, this can get in the way of leading the fulfilling life they would want to live. I currently work with individuals from children aged 13+ through to older adults, as well as families and couples.
Hi I'm Charlotte and I'm a Clinical Psychologist and Systemic Practitioner. I feel strongly about working with people in a collaborative manner to form an effective working partnership in understanding some of the patterns that are keeping you ‘stuck’. You may currently feel trapped in a vicious and unhelpful cycle, uncertain of how you can break out of it. This can often mean that day to day life is really difficult, and for some people, this can get in the way of leading the fulfilling life they would want to live. I currently work with individuals from children aged 13+ through to older adults, as well as families and couples.
View
Photo of Linda Hardwick, MBABCP, Psychotherapist
Linda Hardwick
Psychotherapist, MBABCP
Verified Verified
Sheffield S11
Hello, my name is Linda and I am a CBT therapist and Sensory practitioner. I have over 13 years experience of working in the NHS. Since qualifying in 2009 I have worked with older adults, adults and with children and adolescents in a variety of different settings. These have involved working in educational environments, hospitals and in community mental health teams. The majority of my work has been within Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS). I have worked with children, young people and their families helping them with a wide range of issues. I provide face to face sessions on Thursday afternoons in Sheffield.
Hello, my name is Linda and I am a CBT therapist and Sensory practitioner. I have over 13 years experience of working in the NHS. Since qualifying in 2009 I have worked with older adults, adults and with children and adolescents in a variety of different settings. These have involved working in educational environments, hospitals and in community mental health teams. The majority of my work has been within Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS). I have worked with children, young people and their families helping them with a wide range of issues. I provide face to face sessions on Thursday afternoons in Sheffield.
0114 697 7003 View 0114 697 7003
Photo of Debbie Vivienne Talbot - Crookes Counselling, MBACP, Counsellor
Crookes Counselling
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Sheffield S10
Not accepting new clients
I believe in offering a relationship which has, at its heart, a respect for the individual & willingness to listen in a non judgemental way. I have worked extensively with most issues that clients bring but particularly anxiety, depression & relationship difficulties. By offering a space that is confidential & safe, I hope you feel empowered to understand your situation in a clearer way, making choices and decisions that feel right for you.
I believe in offering a relationship which has, at its heart, a respect for the individual & willingness to listen in a non judgemental way. I have worked extensively with most issues that clients bring but particularly anxiety, depression & relationship difficulties. By offering a space that is confidential & safe, I hope you feel empowered to understand your situation in a clearer way, making choices and decisions that feel right for you.
07796 015108 View 07796 015108
Photo of Rebecca Eaton, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych., Psychologist
Rebecca Eaton
Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Verified Verified
Sheffield S7  (Online Only)
I provide specialist support for children, adolescents and young adults who are experiencing mental health difficulties. I utilise a range of evidenced-based therapies to support individuals that may be affected by a range of difficulties, including anxiety, low mood, OCD, PTSD, trauma and adjustment to health conditions or injuries.
I provide specialist support for children, adolescents and young adults who are experiencing mental health difficulties. I utilise a range of evidenced-based therapies to support individuals that may be affected by a range of difficulties, including anxiety, low mood, OCD, PTSD, trauma and adjustment to health conditions or injuries.
View
Photo of Karen ledger - Karen Ledger Ltd at KSL Consulting, DCounsPsych, MBACP, Psychotherapist
Karen Ledger Ltd at KSL Consulting
Psychotherapist, DCounsPsych, MBACP
Verified Verified
Sheffield S10
I am an experienced, therapist, executive coach and supervisor, having started my practice in 1995. I have been on the executive of the BACP and am a published author. My practice is informed by you about what you need and how you would like to work and I will provide the therapeutic relationship for you to get to where you want and need to be. We can work indoors (in Broomhill) or outdoors (at Ringinglow) in the countryside depending on what you prefer.
I am an experienced, therapist, executive coach and supervisor, having started my practice in 1995. I have been on the executive of the BACP and am a published author. My practice is informed by you about what you need and how you would like to work and I will provide the therapeutic relationship for you to get to where you want and need to be. We can work indoors (in Broomhill) or outdoors (at Ringinglow) in the countryside depending on what you prefer.
0114 697 3955 View 0114 697 3955
Photo of Sharmi Gowri Kriszyk - Stepping Stones Psychology, BACP, Psychotherapist
Stepping Stones Psychology
Psychotherapist, BACP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Sheffield S7
For some time now you might have been struggling to make sense of how you are feeling and wish to talk things through with a professional. This could relate to difficulties with your mood and some behaviours you are not happy with and want to explore and work on these. Perhaps this was because of a recent event, or something that is related to your early childhood experiences, or even a combination of different life circumstances. You may be thinking that despite already seeking help for some of the issues that you have been facing, you feel unfulfilled and think that something is missing in terms of healing.
For some time now you might have been struggling to make sense of how you are feeling and wish to talk things through with a professional. This could relate to difficulties with your mood and some behaviours you are not happy with and want to explore and work on these. Perhaps this was because of a recent event, or something that is related to your early childhood experiences, or even a combination of different life circumstances. You may be thinking that despite already seeking help for some of the issues that you have been facing, you feel unfulfilled and think that something is missing in terms of healing.
0114 478 2307 View 0114 478 2307
Photo of Matthew Clark, HCPC-Art Therap., Psychotherapist
Matthew Clark
Psychotherapist, HCPC-Art Therap.
Verified Verified
Sheffield S6
I offer private therapy to individuals, supervision to Art Therapists and training therapy to Art Therapist Trainees from my base in Sheffield. In NHS services NICE guidelines mention creative or arts based therapies as being useful especially for those people that struggle to put their thoughts and feelings into words required for more traditional, 'talking' therapies. Additionally, research had shown that arts therapies might boost self-confidence, self-esteem and concentration, help people gain self-awareness, communicate better with others and reduce feelings of isolation and exclusion.
I offer private therapy to individuals, supervision to Art Therapists and training therapy to Art Therapist Trainees from my base in Sheffield. In NHS services NICE guidelines mention creative or arts based therapies as being useful especially for those people that struggle to put their thoughts and feelings into words required for more traditional, 'talking' therapies. Additionally, research had shown that arts therapies might boost self-confidence, self-esteem and concentration, help people gain self-awareness, communicate better with others and reduce feelings of isolation and exclusion.
0114 697 7775 View 0114 697 7775
Photo of Dr Rachel Attfield, HCPC - Clin. Psych., Psychologist
Dr Rachel Attfield
Psychologist, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Sheffield S11
Hello. I'm Dr Rachel Attfield, an HCPC registered Clinical Psychologist. I have experience in working with people with a range of psychological issues. For over 15 years, I have worked with people who are living with physical health conditions (including life limiting diagnoses). Such diagnoses can impact how someone feels emotionally and it can be important to think about the interaction between physical and mental health. In addition to this, I have experience working with a range of different presentations, including trauma, OCD , depression and people struggling to make the changes that they want in life.
Hello. I'm Dr Rachel Attfield, an HCPC registered Clinical Psychologist. I have experience in working with people with a range of psychological issues. For over 15 years, I have worked with people who are living with physical health conditions (including life limiting diagnoses). Such diagnoses can impact how someone feels emotionally and it can be important to think about the interaction between physical and mental health. In addition to this, I have experience working with a range of different presentations, including trauma, OCD , depression and people struggling to make the changes that they want in life.
View
Photo of Claire York, MBACP, Counsellor
Claire York
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Sheffield S25
I believe that counselling provides an opportunity for clients to progress towards a more satisfying way of life. It provides you with the opportunity to find your own solutions to personal emotional problems. It is often easier for us to talk about life issues with someone who is completely impartial and will maintain our confidentiality.
I believe that counselling provides an opportunity for clients to progress towards a more satisfying way of life. It provides you with the opportunity to find your own solutions to personal emotional problems. It is often easier for us to talk about life issues with someone who is completely impartial and will maintain our confidentiality.
0114 303 3347 View 0114 303 3347
Photo of Shauna Bruce, BACP, Counsellor
Shauna Bruce
Counsellor, BACP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Sheffield S2
Not accepting new clients
Central Sheffield location for face to face sessions. Life can be hard and in our most challenging moments it can be difficult to reach out to those around us for help. That's where counselling comes in. I offer an unbiased, empathetic, warm, non-judgemental space to explore what is holding you back from reaching your true potential.
Central Sheffield location for face to face sessions. Life can be hard and in our most challenging moments it can be difficult to reach out to those around us for help. That's where counselling comes in. I offer an unbiased, empathetic, warm, non-judgemental space to explore what is holding you back from reaching your true potential.
View
Photo of Carmen Calvo-Rodriguez, MA, MNCPS Acc., Counsellor
Carmen Calvo-Rodriguez
Counsellor, MA, MNCPS Acc.
Verified Verified
Sheffield S6
People seek therapy for different reasons. You may be feeling low, depressed, anxious or stressed; or perhaps you just have the feeling that things are not quite right. It might be that the distress is such that you cannot function at all. These could be recent feelings or you may have been experiencing them for years. In any case, counselling or psychotherapy can help you make sense of things, explore different options or make changes. Some of these issues can be sorted after a few sessions; in other instances, a more long-term approach will be needed.
People seek therapy for different reasons. You may be feeling low, depressed, anxious or stressed; or perhaps you just have the feeling that things are not quite right. It might be that the distress is such that you cannot function at all. These could be recent feelings or you may have been experiencing them for years. In any case, counselling or psychotherapy can help you make sense of things, explore different options or make changes. Some of these issues can be sorted after a few sessions; in other instances, a more long-term approach will be needed.
0114 551 8792 View 0114 551 8792
Photo of Monika Sobczak-Edmans, PhD, MBACP, Psychotherapist
Monika Sobczak-Edmans
Psychotherapist, PhD, MBACP
Verified Verified
Sheffield S11
I am a fully qualified, experienced psychotherapist. I offer one-to-one talking therapy to adults who have a variety of concerns including stress, anxiety, bereavement. My academic and clinical training affiliations are with the Institute of Psychoanalysis in London, Brunel University and Krakovian Psychotherapy Centre. I am a registered member of the British Association for Psychotherapy and Counselling. I hold an updated DBS Enhanced Certificate for work with adults and children. Alongside my private practice, I have also worked in the NHS and in counselling services. In addition to clinical work, I teach counselling to students.
I am a fully qualified, experienced psychotherapist. I offer one-to-one talking therapy to adults who have a variety of concerns including stress, anxiety, bereavement. My academic and clinical training affiliations are with the Institute of Psychoanalysis in London, Brunel University and Krakovian Psychotherapy Centre. I am a registered member of the British Association for Psychotherapy and Counselling. I hold an updated DBS Enhanced Certificate for work with adults and children. Alongside my private practice, I have also worked in the NHS and in counselling services. In addition to clinical work, I teach counselling to students.
View
Photo of Sonia Dixon, BACP, Counsellor
Sonia Dixon
Counsellor, BACP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Sheffield S8
For the past twenty years, I have worked with various forms of abuse, mainly presenting in relationships; such as physical, emotional and sexual abuse, and have supported individuals to work through experiences of trauma when it intersects with experiences of multiple disadvantages and complex mental health. I have extensive experience also working with anxiety, depression, bereavement and bereavement by suicide, as well as issues such as anger, sadness, shame and relationship issues.
For the past twenty years, I have worked with various forms of abuse, mainly presenting in relationships; such as physical, emotional and sexual abuse, and have supported individuals to work through experiences of trauma when it intersects with experiences of multiple disadvantages and complex mental health. I have extensive experience also working with anxiety, depression, bereavement and bereavement by suicide, as well as issues such as anger, sadness, shame and relationship issues.
01724 514379 View 01724 514379
Photo of Gill Wier - Sheffield Central Counselling Ltd, MBACP Accred, Counsellor
Sheffield Central Counselling Ltd
Counsellor, MBACP Accred
Verified Verified
Sheffield S1
Whether you’re feeling stressed about work, worried about your relationship or feeling depressed and anxious, we’re a team of professionals qualified in counselling and psychotherapy, and we can help. We aim to make counselling accessible and offer sessions in the daytime, evenings and weekends. We offer both remote sessions and face to face sessions for individuals and couples. Sessions last 50 minutes and you can come for as many sessions as you like. Our online booking and payment system allows you to view our counsellors' availability and book an appointment that works for you.
Whether you’re feeling stressed about work, worried about your relationship or feeling depressed and anxious, we’re a team of professionals qualified in counselling and psychotherapy, and we can help. We aim to make counselling accessible and offer sessions in the daytime, evenings and weekends. We offer both remote sessions and face to face sessions for individuals and couples. Sessions last 50 minutes and you can come for as many sessions as you like. Our online booking and payment system allows you to view our counsellors' availability and book an appointment that works for you.
0114 697 6958 View 0114 697 6958
Photo of Hayley Janette Day - Day Psychology , HCPC - Clin. Psych., Psychologist
Day Psychology
Psychologist, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Verified Verified
Sheffield S10
Hello I’m Hayley, Clinical Psychologist based in Derbyshire and South Yorkshire with over 16 years of experience working in the NHS, independent health settings and the voluntary sector. Seeking help and beginning therapy can be a big step and can feel daunting. My goal is to offer you a supportive and understanding environment where you can freely explore and address your psychological concerns. I value the therapeutic relationship as being the key to therapeutic change and enjoy working collaboratively.
Hello I’m Hayley, Clinical Psychologist based in Derbyshire and South Yorkshire with over 16 years of experience working in the NHS, independent health settings and the voluntary sector. Seeking help and beginning therapy can be a big step and can feel daunting. My goal is to offer you a supportive and understanding environment where you can freely explore and address your psychological concerns. I value the therapeutic relationship as being the key to therapeutic change and enjoy working collaboratively.
01629 701540 View 01629 701540
Photo of Marc Sleney - Rivelin Counselling & Wellbeing Services, MBACP, Counsellor
Rivelin Counselling & Wellbeing Services
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Sheffield S6
I know that even thinking about counselling is a big decision and can seem really overwhelming, but it can be an opportunity for you to be in a safe space that is purely for you to explore what you are finding difficult. Before you even come to a session, lets have a chat to see if it feels right before taking the next step. I work with what you bring into the room, however, people learn in different ways and I can work in a Person Centred way or with Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, or even a mixture of both. As a trained listener, I aim to develop a therapeutic relationship to help you explore your issues at a pace to suit you.
I know that even thinking about counselling is a big decision and can seem really overwhelming, but it can be an opportunity for you to be in a safe space that is purely for you to explore what you are finding difficult. Before you even come to a session, lets have a chat to see if it feels right before taking the next step. I work with what you bring into the room, however, people learn in different ways and I can work in a Person Centred way or with Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, or even a mixture of both. As a trained listener, I aim to develop a therapeutic relationship to help you explore your issues at a pace to suit you.
0114 697 1324 View 0114 697 1324
Photo of Chloe Goddard Mcloughlin, PsychD, MBACP Accred, Psychotherapist
Chloe Goddard Mcloughlin
Psychotherapist, PsychD, MBACP Accred
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Sheffield S10
Whether you're are feeling stuck in life, experiencing anxiety or depression or perhaps struggling with relationship issues that can't be resolved, the good news is that these are common issues that counselling can help with. I use the three main proven approaches used within counselling - psychodynamic, person-centred (sometimes referred to as humanistic) and cognitive-behavioural as well as EMDR therapy to treat trauma. This gives you more choice and, in turn, creates the flexibility to move towards your personal goals.
Whether you're are feeling stuck in life, experiencing anxiety or depression or perhaps struggling with relationship issues that can't be resolved, the good news is that these are common issues that counselling can help with. I use the three main proven approaches used within counselling - psychodynamic, person-centred (sometimes referred to as humanistic) and cognitive-behavioural as well as EMDR therapy to treat trauma. This gives you more choice and, in turn, creates the flexibility to move towards your personal goals.
0114 697 3280 View 0114 697 3280
1
...

See more therapy options for Sheffield

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in Sheffield

200+

Average cost per session

£55

Counsellors in Sheffield who prioritize treating:

90% Anxiety
86% Depression
85% Self Esteem
81% Stress
77% Relationship Issues
73% Trauma and PTSD
61% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

9 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

59% Bupa
54% Aviva
54% AXA PPP

How Counsellors in Sheffield see their clients

74% In Person and Online
26% Online Only

Gender breakdown

80% Female
19% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in Sheffield?

Search for nearby therapists or counsellors by inputting your city, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are members of the main professional associations, mainly the British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy (BACP) and the UK Council for Psychotherapy (UKCP). Most Psychologists in the directory are accredited members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and/or are registered in the Health and Care Professions Council (HPCP).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for psychotherapists and counsellors in the UK, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and experience that enable them to do so in the UK. Psychologists have earned a degree in psychology and many are members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and have completed a postgraduate qualification in a specialism. Counsellors and Psychotherapists are not required to have a psychology degree, but to belong to a professional organisation such as the BACP or UKCP, they are required to have completed a training course as well as clinical and supervision hours.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the UK could be between £30 - £60 when seeing a counsellor and £60 - £150 and up when seeing a clinical psychologist. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The NHS Talking therapies programme offers free of charge counselling for common mental health problems like anxiety and depression. The service is available to anyone registered with a GP, though you do not necessarily need to be referred by your GP and can refer yourself directly to a Talking therapies service. The service will provide different solutions, including group and individual therapy, for a limited number of sessions which are generally up to six.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the BACP, the UKCP, or BPS are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there has been participation in a criminal act or act of terror, or if there is potential or known harm to the client or others, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.