Photo of Dr Nikki Wood, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych., Psychologist
Dr Nikki Wood
Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Verified Verified
Saffron Walden CB11  (Online Only)
I work with adults using a holistic approach who are feeling stuck. Many people are struggling with depression, stress, anxiety, and burnout. Some people are turning to alcohol, drugs or other addictive behaviours such as doom scrolling. I specialise in working with people who are worrying they aren’t managing their mental health and who may have experienced trauma, I offer an entirely non-judgemental, confidential, compassionate and safe space to talk about some of these things and help you to identify what changes you would like to make. I also specialise in working with ADHD and offering post-diagnostic support.
I work with adults using a holistic approach who are feeling stuck. Many people are struggling with depression, stress, anxiety, and burnout. Some people are turning to alcohol, drugs or other addictive behaviours such as doom scrolling. I specialise in working with people who are worrying they aren’t managing their mental health and who may have experienced trauma, I offer an entirely non-judgemental, confidential, compassionate and safe space to talk about some of these things and help you to identify what changes you would like to make. I also specialise in working with ADHD and offering post-diagnostic support.
01799 619184 View 01799 619184
Photo of Shelley Thurgood, MBACP, Counsellor
Shelley Thurgood
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Hello, my name is Shelley, and I am an Integrative Psychotherapeutic Counsellor. There are times in life when you may experience feeling overwhelmed, lost and alone due to life difficulties and personal life events. I understand it can often feel daunting to face this journey alone. Therefore, during these times, I offer a safe, empathic and non-judgemental space where you can explore any life challenges you may be experiencing.
Hello, my name is Shelley, and I am an Integrative Psychotherapeutic Counsellor. There are times in life when you may experience feeling overwhelmed, lost and alone due to life difficulties and personal life events. I understand it can often feel daunting to face this journey alone. Therefore, during these times, I offer a safe, empathic and non-judgemental space where you can explore any life challenges you may be experiencing.
01223 679735 View 01223 679735
Photo of Judy Wilson-Smith, MA, MUKCP, Counsellor
Judy Wilson-Smith
Counsellor, MA, MUKCP
Verified Verified
Are you an individual struggling with relationship decisions concerning separation or divorce or the practical and ethical difficulties of living with an addict/alcoholic family member? Perhaps you are struggling with work/life balance or are facing redundancy or retirement and feeling anxious about the impact of these on your significant relationships. Maybe someone important to you has left; you feel rejected and profoundly sad or you feel trapped and want to leave. You are looking for individual therapy to talk about your relationship dilemma; to feel heard and validated; to find your own way through without judgement or advice.
Are you an individual struggling with relationship decisions concerning separation or divorce or the practical and ethical difficulties of living with an addict/alcoholic family member? Perhaps you are struggling with work/life balance or are facing redundancy or retirement and feeling anxious about the impact of these on your significant relationships. Maybe someone important to you has left; you feel rejected and profoundly sad or you feel trapped and want to leave. You are looking for individual therapy to talk about your relationship dilemma; to feel heard and validated; to find your own way through without judgement or advice.
01799 611025 View 01799 611025
Photo of Edward Safo - New waves CBT, MBABCP, Psychotherapist
New waves CBT
Psychotherapist, MBABCP
Verified Verified
I have 25 years working in mental health. I use predominately CBT but also use elements of third wave therapies, which are therapies that have evolved from CBT. These include: Dialectical Behavioural Therapy; Acceptance and commitment therapy; Meta cognitive therapy; Compassionate based therapy; Mindfulness; General Meta Formulation. I am the creator and founder of the CBT approach called the General Meta Formulation. This is an approach that stems from a range of cognitive and Behavioural Approaches. It focuses on the beliefs that people have about their and others thoughts, emotions, behaviours and physiology.
I have 25 years working in mental health. I use predominately CBT but also use elements of third wave therapies, which are therapies that have evolved from CBT. These include: Dialectical Behavioural Therapy; Acceptance and commitment therapy; Meta cognitive therapy; Compassionate based therapy; Mindfulness; General Meta Formulation. I am the creator and founder of the CBT approach called the General Meta Formulation. This is an approach that stems from a range of cognitive and Behavioural Approaches. It focuses on the beliefs that people have about their and others thoughts, emotions, behaviours and physiology.
01223 658327 View 01223 658327
Photo of Karin Ball, MA, HCPC-Drama Therap., Psychotherapist
Karin Ball
Psychotherapist, MA, HCPC-Drama Therap.
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
If you and/or your child are finding things challenging at the moment for whatever reason I am devoted in supporting you in a holistic way. I specialise in working with children, adolescents and parents/caregivers offering a range of services.
If you and/or your child are finding things challenging at the moment for whatever reason I am devoted in supporting you in a holistic way. I specialise in working with children, adolescents and parents/caregivers offering a range of services.
01799 619445 View 01799 619445
Photo of Jenni Flight, MBACP Accred, Counsellor
Jenni Flight
Counsellor, MBACP Accred
Verified Verified
Saffron Walden CB11  (Online Only)
I am a fully qualified counsellor with many years of experience. I work with individuals and couples. I am also qualified to work as an adolescent counsellor and can offer sessions to younger children too. I have a special interest in working with individuals and families living with ASD, tailoring traditional therapy approaches to meet the needs of everyone. All my sessions are currently online which allows my clients to choose my expertise rather than location as well as remain in the comfort of their home.
I am a fully qualified counsellor with many years of experience. I work with individuals and couples. I am also qualified to work as an adolescent counsellor and can offer sessions to younger children too. I have a special interest in working with individuals and families living with ASD, tailoring traditional therapy approaches to meet the needs of everyone. All my sessions are currently online which allows my clients to choose my expertise rather than location as well as remain in the comfort of their home.
01962 571682 View 01962 571682
Photo of Adrian Wilson-Smith, MBACP, Counsellor
Adrian Wilson-Smith
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Is your relationship or marriage in the middle of a crisis or heading that way? Most of my work is in helping to save relationships ravaged by a variety of issues. My greatest skill is in listening to you, and helping you to understand yourself and your relationships in a way that suits you and the context. To do this, I work in a relational way with you, establishing a sense of trust in a safe therapeutic environment, that in turn will enable you to clarify just what it is that is happening with your troubled relationship. My own life experience, as well as my training provides me with the tools to walk with you at times of crisis.
Is your relationship or marriage in the middle of a crisis or heading that way? Most of my work is in helping to save relationships ravaged by a variety of issues. My greatest skill is in listening to you, and helping you to understand yourself and your relationships in a way that suits you and the context. To do this, I work in a relational way with you, establishing a sense of trust in a safe therapeutic environment, that in turn will enable you to clarify just what it is that is happening with your troubled relationship. My own life experience, as well as my training provides me with the tools to walk with you at times of crisis.
07831 656697 View 07831 656697
Photo of Dr Emily Hudson, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych., Psychologist
Dr Emily Hudson
Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Verified Verified
I am a Chartered Clinical Psychologist who has specialised perinatal support. Some of the difficulties I work with include, Anxiety, Depression, processing past trauma, OCD, birth trauma, phobia of birth, difficulties with bonding, gender disappointment, adjusting to parenthood, low self-esteem and the sad loss of a pregnancy. I understand the complicated mix of emotions that are experienced as people embark on becoming parents. I will work alongside you to develop an intervention plan that fits for you, based upon your needs, your goals and the evidence bases for effective treatment.
I am a Chartered Clinical Psychologist who has specialised perinatal support. Some of the difficulties I work with include, Anxiety, Depression, processing past trauma, OCD, birth trauma, phobia of birth, difficulties with bonding, gender disappointment, adjusting to parenthood, low self-esteem and the sad loss of a pregnancy. I understand the complicated mix of emotions that are experienced as people embark on becoming parents. I will work alongside you to develop an intervention plan that fits for you, based upon your needs, your goals and the evidence bases for effective treatment.
01799 619454 View 01799 619454
Photo of Christine Barton, Counsellor
Christine Barton
Counsellor
Verified Verified
I understand that to make that first call or email for counselling can be extremely difficult, the fact you’re here means you’ve taken the first step towards making positive changes in your life. Are you stuck, feeling lost or alone, afraid or upset? I aim to help you to make sense of your fears, worries and anxieties. Many people find it easier to talk to someone who they see as being separate to their life rather than friends or family. I can help you make sense of experiences of the past and resolve complicated feelings linked to these. Therapy can be used to better yourself, allowing you to take complete control of your life.
I understand that to make that first call or email for counselling can be extremely difficult, the fact you’re here means you’ve taken the first step towards making positive changes in your life. Are you stuck, feeling lost or alone, afraid or upset? I aim to help you to make sense of your fears, worries and anxieties. Many people find it easier to talk to someone who they see as being separate to their life rather than friends or family. I can help you make sense of experiences of the past and resolve complicated feelings linked to these. Therapy can be used to better yourself, allowing you to take complete control of your life.
07723 440410 View 07723 440410
Photo of Charmaine Dunmow Bsc.(Hons) Ukcp Accredited, Counsellor
Making the decision to come for counselling is the first step on the journey to discovering and understanding more about yourself, your relationships and your place in the world. I offer counselling and personal development on a medium or longer term basis in Saffron Walden in Essex. I enjoy working individually, with couples and with small groups.
Making the decision to come for counselling is the first step on the journey to discovering and understanding more about yourself, your relationships and your place in the world. I offer counselling and personal development on a medium or longer term basis in Saffron Walden in Essex. I enjoy working individually, with couples and with small groups.
01223 658837 View 01223 658837
Photo of Joanna Ranson, DCounsPsych, MNCPS Acc., Counsellor
Joanna Ranson
Counsellor, DCounsPsych, MNCPS Acc.
Verified Verified
I work with individuals and couples who are dealing with challenges as diverse and unique as they are. Perhaps you're struggling with intimate or family relationship issues? Maybe you're feeling anxious, depressed, stressed or plagued by self doubt? Perhaps you're having difficulties coming to terms with a bereavement or loss or adapting to a life change? Or maybe you feel stuck, unfulfilled or generally unhappy? Whatever your personal situation, in therapy we work together to help you make sense of what is happening in your life and enable you to bring about the healing, growth and change you wish for yourself.
I work with individuals and couples who are dealing with challenges as diverse and unique as they are. Perhaps you're struggling with intimate or family relationship issues? Maybe you're feeling anxious, depressed, stressed or plagued by self doubt? Perhaps you're having difficulties coming to terms with a bereavement or loss or adapting to a life change? Or maybe you feel stuck, unfulfilled or generally unhappy? Whatever your personal situation, in therapy we work together to help you make sense of what is happening in your life and enable you to bring about the healing, growth and change you wish for yourself.
01799 610571 View 01799 610571
Photo of Helen Joy Neale, MBACP, Counsellor
Helen Joy Neale
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
It might feel like it is hard to talk to someone you have never met about your feelings, and life's difficulties. Perhaps you are feeling lost, and unable to move on? Or you are anxious, hurt, angry or depressed? It can bring both relief and acceptance to talk about past experiences, or future worries; to help make sense of them and to accept and grow. Therapy can help you find a way forward, at a time when you cannot see how to break through and feel more control of your emotions and experiences.
It might feel like it is hard to talk to someone you have never met about your feelings, and life's difficulties. Perhaps you are feeling lost, and unable to move on? Or you are anxious, hurt, angry or depressed? It can bring both relief and acceptance to talk about past experiences, or future worries; to help make sense of them and to accept and grow. Therapy can help you find a way forward, at a time when you cannot see how to break through and feel more control of your emotions and experiences.
01799 611291 View 01799 611291
Photo of Neill Anthony Bartlett, MUKCP, Psychotherapist
Neill Anthony Bartlett
Psychotherapist, MUKCP
Verified Verified
Debden CB11
I have over 18 years' experience as a senior specialist psychotherapist and counsellor in the NHS. My approach to both psychological and physiological suffering is to help patients work through their often long-standing personal difficulties, whilst promoting self-acceptance and committed action. An assumption I bring to my clinical practice is that most people want to live their lives in a direction of their choosing and in a way that reflects their personal values. As a therapist, my main focus is on those things that keep us 'stuck', that make it difficult for us to feel connected to the people and things that matter to us.
I have over 18 years' experience as a senior specialist psychotherapist and counsellor in the NHS. My approach to both psychological and physiological suffering is to help patients work through their often long-standing personal difficulties, whilst promoting self-acceptance and committed action. An assumption I bring to my clinical practice is that most people want to live their lives in a direction of their choosing and in a way that reflects their personal values. As a therapist, my main focus is on those things that keep us 'stuck', that make it difficult for us to feel connected to the people and things that matter to us.
01799 619984 View 01799 619984
Photo of Emma Catherine Coyle, MA, BACP, Psychotherapist
Emma Catherine Coyle
Psychotherapist, MA, BACP
Verified Verified
I aim to instil an overall sense of mental wellbeing and health; to help clients work through past traumas by showing them a different, more positive way of understanding them; and to free individuals from long held anxieties so they can maintain better relationships and live a happier life. Alongside Private Practice, I work for the NHS as the Health and Wellbeing Practitioner at the Royal Papworth Hospital in Cambridgeshire, offering onsite counselling to staff members. Prior to re-training as a Counsellor, I worked for 14 years in the Financial Sector and so have plenty of knowledge and understanding of the Corporate world.
I aim to instil an overall sense of mental wellbeing and health; to help clients work through past traumas by showing them a different, more positive way of understanding them; and to free individuals from long held anxieties so they can maintain better relationships and live a happier life. Alongside Private Practice, I work for the NHS as the Health and Wellbeing Practitioner at the Royal Papworth Hospital in Cambridgeshire, offering onsite counselling to staff members. Prior to re-training as a Counsellor, I worked for 14 years in the Financial Sector and so have plenty of knowledge and understanding of the Corporate world.
07588 727030 View 07588 727030
Photo of Katie Abbott - BraveSpace CBT, Psychotherapist
BraveSpace CBT
Psychotherapist
Verified Verified
I am Katie, and I am a qualified CBT therapist, and able to work with adults and young people aged 13 years and over. I began my career in mental health whilst studying Psychology as my undergraduate Honours degree. Following this I worked in a range of mental health settings with both adults, children and young people. Prior to qualifying as a CBT therapist, I have worked for the last 3 years specifically supporting young people who are experiencing life challenges such as anxiety, depression, low self esteem, anger difficulties and relationships.
I am Katie, and I am a qualified CBT therapist, and able to work with adults and young people aged 13 years and over. I began my career in mental health whilst studying Psychology as my undergraduate Honours degree. Following this I worked in a range of mental health settings with both adults, children and young people. Prior to qualifying as a CBT therapist, I have worked for the last 3 years specifically supporting young people who are experiencing life challenges such as anxiety, depression, low self esteem, anger difficulties and relationships.
View
Photo of Alina Szablowska, MA
Alina Szablowska
MA
Verified Verified
I can help if you think about life changes, such as considering marriage, divorce, retirement, career change or if you are trying to cope with grief and loss. If you are suffering with depression, anxiety, struggling with difficult thoughts and feelings, have a personal or relationship problem to sort out, you are invited to phone or email to make an appointment. I work with people who want to understand their behavior, emotions and thoughts. Working with me is discovering how the past and the old relationships affect activities and present intimate relationships. I provide help in Polish and English. Confidentiality is assured.
I can help if you think about life changes, such as considering marriage, divorce, retirement, career change or if you are trying to cope with grief and loss. If you are suffering with depression, anxiety, struggling with difficult thoughts and feelings, have a personal or relationship problem to sort out, you are invited to phone or email to make an appointment. I work with people who want to understand their behavior, emotions and thoughts. Working with me is discovering how the past and the old relationships affect activities and present intimate relationships. I provide help in Polish and English. Confidentiality is assured.
01449 706651 View 01449 706651
Photo of James Ferguson, MSc, MBABCP, Psychotherapist
James Ferguson
Psychotherapist, MSc, MBABCP
Verified Verified
Chelmsford CB11  (Online Only)
We all face challenges in our lives and it is a normal part of being human to experience low mood, self-critical thoughts, stress, anxiety and self-doubt. If you are at a point in your life where you want to make changes, understand how you have learnt to cope with life and discover new perspectives and responses that will improve your self-esteem and overall wellbeing then we can make a great team.
We all face challenges in our lives and it is a normal part of being human to experience low mood, self-critical thoughts, stress, anxiety and self-doubt. If you are at a point in your life where you want to make changes, understand how you have learnt to cope with life and discover new perspectives and responses that will improve your self-esteem and overall wellbeing then we can make a great team.
01206 583767 View 01206 583767
Photo of Lauren Anne Calder, MA, HCPC - Couns. Psych., Psychologist
Lauren Anne Calder
Psychologist, MA, HCPC - Couns. Psych.
Verified Verified
Chelmsford CB11  (Online Only)
Most people choose therapy at a time when they are experiencing a “crises in meaning”, “crises in ego” or "crises in relationship". This is a call to action. Whether the struggle is to do with a relationship, depression, anxiety or adjustment to change, the person has a desire to find resolution or relief. This is a necessary process in the path toward psychological maturity, humility and self-acceptance. Therapy facilitates this process. ​I am a senior psychologist, in practice since 2005. I am trained as a Child & Family Mediator and completed a specialisation in Transpersonal Psychology which informs my approach to therapy.
Most people choose therapy at a time when they are experiencing a “crises in meaning”, “crises in ego” or "crises in relationship". This is a call to action. Whether the struggle is to do with a relationship, depression, anxiety or adjustment to change, the person has a desire to find resolution or relief. This is a necessary process in the path toward psychological maturity, humility and self-acceptance. Therapy facilitates this process. ​I am a senior psychologist, in practice since 2005. I am trained as a Child & Family Mediator and completed a specialisation in Transpersonal Psychology which informs my approach to therapy.
View
Photo of Michele Watson, DCounsPsych, MBACP Snr. Accred, Psychotherapist
Michele Watson
Psychotherapist, DCounsPsych, MBACP Snr. Accred
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Waitlist for new clients
I am a Senior Accredited Member of the BACP having worked for over 20 years in a large GP practice in Saffron Walden. In my new consulting rooms in the centre of town I offer a safe and supportive environment where the well-being of every client is paramount. You may be feeling “flat” or stuck or feel you are just existing. Perhaps you are feeling uncertain or unable to see how things can improve. Counselling can help find new coping strategies, reflect on unresolved grief and loss, build awareness of your thoughts, behaviours and feelings and will help you develop more capacity to deal with the struggles you are facing.
I am a Senior Accredited Member of the BACP having worked for over 20 years in a large GP practice in Saffron Walden. In my new consulting rooms in the centre of town I offer a safe and supportive environment where the well-being of every client is paramount. You may be feeling “flat” or stuck or feel you are just existing. Perhaps you are feeling uncertain or unable to see how things can improve. Counselling can help find new coping strategies, reflect on unresolved grief and loss, build awareness of your thoughts, behaviours and feelings and will help you develop more capacity to deal with the struggles you are facing.
01223 948941 View 01223 948941
Dr Melanie Rein
Psychotherapist, PhD, MUKCP
Verified Verified
I am an analytical psychologist, psychotherapist, and supervisor based in Cambridge. While I work with a wide variety of people who have a range of issues and concerns, each person who comes to see me is special and each problem or concern they have is unique to them. Some of the concerns and issues that bring people to contact me are deep trauma and feelings of desperation, while others find themselves faced with an unexpected situation or difficult decision or want to explore and develop a deeper understanding of their life experience.
I am an analytical psychologist, psychotherapist, and supervisor based in Cambridge. While I work with a wide variety of people who have a range of issues and concerns, each person who comes to see me is special and each problem or concern they have is unique to them. Some of the concerns and issues that bring people to contact me are deep trauma and feelings of desperation, while others find themselves faced with an unexpected situation or difficult decision or want to explore and develop a deeper understanding of their life experience.
01223 679962 View 01223 679962
1

See more therapy options for CB11

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in CB11

20+

Average cost per session

£70

Counsellors in CB11 who prioritize treating:

91% Depression
91% Anxiety
83% Relationship Issues
74% Stress
70% Family Conflict
70% Coping Skills
70% Self Esteem

Average years in practice

13 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

86% Aviva
71% AXA PPP
71% Vitality

How Counsellors in CB11 see their clients

83% In Person and Online
17% Online Only

Gender breakdown

83% Female
17% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in CB11?

Search for nearby therapists or counsellors by inputting your city, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are members of the main professional associations, mainly the British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy (BACP) and the UK Council for Psychotherapy (UKCP). Most Psychologists in the directory are accredited members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and/or are registered in the Health and Care Professions Council (HPCP).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for psychotherapists and counsellors in the UK, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and experience that enable them to do so in the UK. Psychologists have earned a degree in psychology and many are members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and have completed a postgraduate qualification in a specialism. Counsellors and Psychotherapists are not required to have a psychology degree, but to belong to a professional organisation such as the BACP or UKCP, they are required to have completed a training course as well as clinical and supervision hours.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the UK could be between £30 - £60 when seeing a counsellor and £60 - £150 and up when seeing a clinical psychologist. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The NHS Talking therapies programme offers free of charge counselling for common mental health problems like anxiety and depression. The service is available to anyone registered with a GP, though you do not necessarily need to be referred by your GP and can refer yourself directly to a Talking therapies service. The service will provide different solutions, including group and individual therapy, for a limited number of sessions which are generally up to six.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the BACP, the UKCP, or BPS are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there has been participation in a criminal act or act of terror, or if there is potential or known harm to the client or others, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.