Photo of Danièle Riendeau, MA, RCC, Counsellor
Danièle Riendeau
Counsellor, MA, RCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Victoria, BC V8W
Welcome, Bonjour. I’m Danièle (elle/she/her). I am passionate about mindfulness, the nervous system and learning to access our inner resources when faced with uncertainty and life's many challenges. In turning towards their felt experiences, I've witnesses clients learn to trust their bodies and themselves, making them more open and available in relationships and in life. My areas of focus include anxiety and trauma healing, perinatal mental health and life transitions.
Welcome, Bonjour. I’m Danièle (elle/she/her). I am passionate about mindfulness, the nervous system and learning to access our inner resources when faced with uncertainty and life's many challenges. In turning towards their felt experiences, I've witnesses clients learn to trust their bodies and themselves, making them more open and available in relationships and in life. My areas of focus include anxiety and trauma healing, perinatal mental health and life transitions.
(581) 221-5668 View (581) 221-5668
Photo of Jaime Baruta, BA, MA, RCC, Counsellor
Jaime Baruta
Counsellor, BA, MA, RCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Victoria, BC V8W  (Online Only)
Jaime was born and raised in Nanaimo and has lived in the Nanaimo area all her life. She enjoys spending time with her immediate and extended families, playing with her dog Tony, and reading about the latest clinical trends, admitting to spending too much time in Chapters. She works with individuals, families, and groups to address and meaningfully heal the wounds created by a multitude of issues such as mood and anxiety disorders, life transitions, grief and loss, parenting, relationship issues, and more.
Jaime was born and raised in Nanaimo and has lived in the Nanaimo area all her life. She enjoys spending time with her immediate and extended families, playing with her dog Tony, and reading about the latest clinical trends, admitting to spending too much time in Chapters. She works with individuals, families, and groups to address and meaningfully heal the wounds created by a multitude of issues such as mood and anxiety disorders, life transitions, grief and loss, parenting, relationship issues, and more.
(778) 588-9520 x6 View (778) 588-9520 x6
Photo of James Kerr, MPsych, BEd, RCC, Counsellor
James Kerr
Counsellor, MPsych, BEd, RCC
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Victoria, BC V8W
Born and raised in Alberta, James felt drawn to the culture and beauty of the West Coast. He currently resides in Victoria, and with the loving support of his wife they are raising two boys into young men. He takes an action-oriented, outcome-focused approach to his clinical work with clients, with a preference for working with motivated individuals and families that want to see genuine change in their quality of life and interpersonal relationships. Providing a compassionate yet direct and authentic environment for his clients while creating practical paths forward is a primary component of James’ practice.
Born and raised in Alberta, James felt drawn to the culture and beauty of the West Coast. He currently resides in Victoria, and with the loving support of his wife they are raising two boys into young men. He takes an action-oriented, outcome-focused approach to his clinical work with clients, with a preference for working with motivated individuals and families that want to see genuine change in their quality of life and interpersonal relationships. Providing a compassionate yet direct and authentic environment for his clients while creating practical paths forward is a primary component of James’ practice.
(778) 588-9520 x6 View (778) 588-9520 x6
Photo of Leanne Toews, MA, RCC, QArb, Counsellor
Leanne Toews
Counsellor, MA, RCC, QArb
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Victoria, BC V8W
Leanne was born and raised in the Lower Mainland, and has lived and worked in communities across Northern and Central British Columbia. She currently resides in Victoria, where she is active in the community supporting many initiatives, having run various programs and projects supporting youth and the community at large. Leanne holds a Masters Degree in Counselling Psychology, and a Bachelor of Arts in Child & Youth Care, with numerous diplomas and certificates acquired over years of experience in the field of mental wellness.
Leanne was born and raised in the Lower Mainland, and has lived and worked in communities across Northern and Central British Columbia. She currently resides in Victoria, where she is active in the community supporting many initiatives, having run various programs and projects supporting youth and the community at large. Leanne holds a Masters Degree in Counselling Psychology, and a Bachelor of Arts in Child & Youth Care, with numerous diplomas and certificates acquired over years of experience in the field of mental wellness.
(778) 588-9520 x2 View (778) 588-9520 x2
Photo of Alexis Winter, BA,  MPN, RPN, RCC, Psychiatric Nurse
Alexis Winter
Psychiatric Nurse, BA, MPN, RPN, RCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Victoria, BC V8W
I am taking a waitlist for DBT Group and for a couple's therapy weekend intensive. Welcome to our group practice. We are here to help you build a life worth living. We believe in meeting you where you are and helping you identify what is keeping you stuck to help you feel better. We are genuinely interested in your experiences and want to support you change them.
I am taking a waitlist for DBT Group and for a couple's therapy weekend intensive. Welcome to our group practice. We are here to help you build a life worth living. We believe in meeting you where you are and helping you identify what is keeping you stuck to help you feel better. We are genuinely interested in your experiences and want to support you change them.
(431) 808-0499 View (431) 808-0499
Photo of Miki Hotel, MC, RCC, Counsellor
Miki Hotel
Counsellor, MC, RCC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Victoria, BC V8W  (Online Only)
Let’s face it: life can sometimes feel like trying to fold a fitted sheet—awkward, frustrating, and no matter what you do, those corners just won’t match up. If you're neurodiverse, navigating this already chaotic world can feel like an extreme sport without protective gear. That’s where I come in. I'm Miki, and I specialize in helping adults with ADHD, ASD, and those within the queer and trans communities. Everyone deserves to have a space where they can be themselves. I'll be your co-pilot, guiding you through the turbulence with a sense of humor and a warm, non-judgmental space where you can unfold into your most authentic self.
Let’s face it: life can sometimes feel like trying to fold a fitted sheet—awkward, frustrating, and no matter what you do, those corners just won’t match up. If you're neurodiverse, navigating this already chaotic world can feel like an extreme sport without protective gear. That’s where I come in. I'm Miki, and I specialize in helping adults with ADHD, ASD, and those within the queer and trans communities. Everyone deserves to have a space where they can be themselves. I'll be your co-pilot, guiding you through the turbulence with a sense of humor and a warm, non-judgmental space where you can unfold into your most authentic self.
(450) 823-0407 View (450) 823-0407
Photo of Jim Kragtwyk, M Ed, RCC, ICADC, Counsellor
Jim Kragtwyk
Counsellor, M Ed, RCC, ICADC
Verified Verified
Victoria, BC V8W
With over 38 years of experience as a counsellor and psychotherapist, I can support your journey to healing and wellness in a sensitive, attuned and skillful manner. Creating a safe, confidential and non-judgmental space for you to deal with life's challenges so you can become more free as a human being and become your most authentic self. Helping you create the life you want, the relationships you want and achieving the goals that inspire you is where I can serve you best. Experienced, quaified and competent.
With over 38 years of experience as a counsellor and psychotherapist, I can support your journey to healing and wellness in a sensitive, attuned and skillful manner. Creating a safe, confidential and non-judgmental space for you to deal with life's challenges so you can become more free as a human being and become your most authentic self. Helping you create the life you want, the relationships you want and achieving the goals that inspire you is where I can serve you best. Experienced, quaified and competent.
(778) 784-4850 View (778) 784-4850
Photo of Margaret MacGillivray, MEd,, RCC, Counsellor
Margaret MacGillivray
Counsellor, MEd,, RCC
Verified Verified
Victoria, BC V8W  (Online Only)
I believe in a non-judgemental person centered form of counselling. In particular, I work with children and youth who identify as neurodivergent. Together with parent(s)/and/or caregiver(s) I provide support and care for the daunting challenges that can occur when a person is neurodivergent. I have been working in the school system for over 21 years. I have experience working with children and youth from ages 5-17 as a support teacher and school counsellor. I understand the importance of providing a safe, caring, and secure relationship with all students but particularly with neurodiverse children.
I believe in a non-judgemental person centered form of counselling. In particular, I work with children and youth who identify as neurodivergent. Together with parent(s)/and/or caregiver(s) I provide support and care for the daunting challenges that can occur when a person is neurodivergent. I have been working in the school system for over 21 years. I have experience working with children and youth from ages 5-17 as a support teacher and school counsellor. I understand the importance of providing a safe, caring, and secure relationship with all students but particularly with neurodiverse children.
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Photo of Dawn Cox - Dawn Cox Counselling, MEd, RCC, Counsellor
Dawn Cox Counselling
Counsellor, MEd, RCC
Verified Verified
Victoria, BC V8W
No matter what you are struggling with, remember that on the other side of this difficult time will be increased wisdom, the exciting potential of a better you and more of what you want. We all have a survivor inside of us, an innate ability to overcome even the most difficult of challenges. Talking to someone can help you harness the strength that lives inside you. That is the essence of counselling.
No matter what you are struggling with, remember that on the other side of this difficult time will be increased wisdom, the exciting potential of a better you and more of what you want. We all have a survivor inside of us, an innate ability to overcome even the most difficult of challenges. Talking to someone can help you harness the strength that lives inside you. That is the essence of counselling.
(705) 702-5479 View (705) 702-5479
Photo of Melanie Claassen, BA, Pre-Licensed Professional
Melanie Claassen
Pre-Licensed Professional, BA
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Victoria, BC V8W
As a counsellor, I aim to create an environment where you feel safe and comfortable to share any aspects about your identity, your life, beliefs or perspectives that feel right. I see you as the expert in your life, and I walk alongside you to assist you in reaching the goals you have for yourself. My approach to counselling is collaborative and I consider clients to be co-creators of our therapeutic work. I practice within a person-centered approach and may utilize elements of CBT, systemic therapy, and mindfulness as we collaborate to find a good fit for achieving your goals.
As a counsellor, I aim to create an environment where you feel safe and comfortable to share any aspects about your identity, your life, beliefs or perspectives that feel right. I see you as the expert in your life, and I walk alongside you to assist you in reaching the goals you have for yourself. My approach to counselling is collaborative and I consider clients to be co-creators of our therapeutic work. I practice within a person-centered approach and may utilize elements of CBT, systemic therapy, and mindfulness as we collaborate to find a good fit for achieving your goals.
(587) 818-5924 View (587) 818-5924
Photo of Adele Worobey, BSW, MA, RCC-ACS, Counsellor
Adele Worobey
Counsellor, BSW, MA, RCC-ACS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Victoria, BC V8W
Waitlist for new clients
As a therapist I create space and opportunity for you to explore behaviours, relationships, feelings, or thoughts which benefit you and those that trouble you or cause difficulty in your life. I work alongside you to support you to develop deeper personal insight and awareness, better ways of understanding and coping with problems, and improved relationships, daily functioning, and quality of life. Whether you are experiencing overwhelm, low mood, anxiety, trauma, life transitions, or stress, together we can draw on your strengths, competence, and wisdom and create more ease in your life.
As a therapist I create space and opportunity for you to explore behaviours, relationships, feelings, or thoughts which benefit you and those that trouble you or cause difficulty in your life. I work alongside you to support you to develop deeper personal insight and awareness, better ways of understanding and coping with problems, and improved relationships, daily functioning, and quality of life. Whether you are experiencing overwhelm, low mood, anxiety, trauma, life transitions, or stress, together we can draw on your strengths, competence, and wisdom and create more ease in your life.
(249) 490-5972 View (249) 490-5972
Photo of Sean Angus Scott, MA, RCC, Counsellor
Sean Angus Scott
Counsellor, MA, RCC
Verified Verified
Victoria, BC V8W
I see counselling as a collaborative process and believe that therapy offers a chance to heal, grow, and excel in life. I am passionate about helping people see their strengths and recover from limiting beliefs that are often a result of the minor or major traumas that are a part of life. I view symptoms and undesired behaviours as wise, but outdated adaptations that can be transformed. Befriending our mind and finding self acceptance are key tenets that influence my therapy. With a strong emphasis on the therapeutic relationship, I strive to provide a safe, curious, and humorous (at times), space for your personal growth.
I see counselling as a collaborative process and believe that therapy offers a chance to heal, grow, and excel in life. I am passionate about helping people see their strengths and recover from limiting beliefs that are often a result of the minor or major traumas that are a part of life. I view symptoms and undesired behaviours as wise, but outdated adaptations that can be transformed. Befriending our mind and finding self acceptance are key tenets that influence my therapy. With a strong emphasis on the therapeutic relationship, I strive to provide a safe, curious, and humorous (at times), space for your personal growth.
(778) 400-6534 View (778) 400-6534
Photo of Linnea Strom, RSW, Registered Social Worker
Linnea Strom
Registered Social Worker, RSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Victoria, BC V8W
I am passionate about supporting folks to release past trauma, nurture their self-compassion, and improve emotional regulation. My style is warm, relational and body-based. I bring skills in navigating complex life issues, with lived and professional experience in areas such as parenting, gender and sexuality, grief, depression/anxiety, medicalization/chronic health issues, neurodivergence, trauma and more.
I am passionate about supporting folks to release past trauma, nurture their self-compassion, and improve emotional regulation. My style is warm, relational and body-based. I bring skills in navigating complex life issues, with lived and professional experience in areas such as parenting, gender and sexuality, grief, depression/anxiety, medicalization/chronic health issues, neurodivergence, trauma and more.
(249) 444-4019 View (249) 444-4019
Photo of Tina Borsa, Pre-Licensed Professional
Tina Borsa
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Victoria, BC V8W  (Online Only)
I specialize in working with marginalized people like people of colour, women, LGBTQ+, and neurodivergent folks. I also have a keen interest in supporting adolescence navigate life's challenges. I want you to feel comfortable to share your honest truth, your struggles, your fears, and learn and discover the meaning behind your story. Sometimes life can be confusing when we are faced with cultural norms that limit us, and make us feel unworthy.
I specialize in working with marginalized people like people of colour, women, LGBTQ+, and neurodivergent folks. I also have a keen interest in supporting adolescence navigate life's challenges. I want you to feel comfortable to share your honest truth, your struggles, your fears, and learn and discover the meaning behind your story. Sometimes life can be confusing when we are faced with cultural norms that limit us, and make us feel unworthy.
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Photo of Nicole Alexander, MEd, CCC, Counsellor
Nicole Alexander
Counsellor, MEd, CCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Victoria, BC V8W
I understand that struggling can make us feel hopeless, unmotivated, and frustrated. My human experience allows me to identify with the challenges you are facing, because I face them too. It is my calling to help others at a human level on this journey of healing, and through counselling, you can feel empowered to reclaim your confidence and take back control of your life. You will not be seen as someone who is needing to be fixed or who is broken, but as a whole being who is currently struggling. Let me help you deal with the challenges and transitions that show up along the way, and lead you to a more empowered and authentic life.
I understand that struggling can make us feel hopeless, unmotivated, and frustrated. My human experience allows me to identify with the challenges you are facing, because I face them too. It is my calling to help others at a human level on this journey of healing, and through counselling, you can feel empowered to reclaim your confidence and take back control of your life. You will not be seen as someone who is needing to be fixed or who is broken, but as a whole being who is currently struggling. Let me help you deal with the challenges and transitions that show up along the way, and lead you to a more empowered and authentic life.
(807) 697-1508 View (807) 697-1508
Photo of Susan McConnell, MSW, RSW, RCC, Counsellor
Susan McConnell
Counsellor, MSW, RSW, RCC
Verified Verified
Victoria, BC V8W
You may be struggling with depression, anxiety, grief, relationship difficulties, anger or other difficult emotions, reaction to trauma, parenting or caring for other dependents. As a skilled and compassionate counselor, I can help by supporting you in cultivating kindness to yourself, finding new and more helpful patterns of thought and behavior, and creating a more satisfying and fulfilling life.
You may be struggling with depression, anxiety, grief, relationship difficulties, anger or other difficult emotions, reaction to trauma, parenting or caring for other dependents. As a skilled and compassionate counselor, I can help by supporting you in cultivating kindness to yourself, finding new and more helpful patterns of thought and behavior, and creating a more satisfying and fulfilling life.
(855) 628-0515 View (855) 628-0515
Photo of Julie Evans - Julie Evans Counselling, MEd, RCC
Julie Evans Counselling
MEd, RCC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Victoria, BC V8W
I provide skilled therapy for individuals ages 18+ who are having difficulties coping with the inevitable ups and downs of life. I believe that even the most confident and capable of us can sometimes get stuck in challenging circumstances and unhelpful patterns of thinking, feeling and acting that takes us away from what matters most. My approach to therapy can help you learn new ways of understanding, relating to and coping with your painful experiences and encourages you to take intentional steps towards a rich and meaningful life.
I provide skilled therapy for individuals ages 18+ who are having difficulties coping with the inevitable ups and downs of life. I believe that even the most confident and capable of us can sometimes get stuck in challenging circumstances and unhelpful patterns of thinking, feeling and acting that takes us away from what matters most. My approach to therapy can help you learn new ways of understanding, relating to and coping with your painful experiences and encourages you to take intentional steps towards a rich and meaningful life.
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Photo of Carrie Everett, MC, CCC, Counsellor
Carrie Everett
Counsellor, MC, CCC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Victoria, BC V8W
Navigating through the world comes with inherent challenges, and sometimes what we’re seeking for support is more than what our friends or family can provide. My goal is to create a safe, non-judgmental therapeutic space where you can show up as you are, feel seen and heard, and together, we co-create the helpful way forward. My approach is integrative, trauma-informed, and social justice oriented.
Navigating through the world comes with inherent challenges, and sometimes what we’re seeking for support is more than what our friends or family can provide. My goal is to create a safe, non-judgmental therapeutic space where you can show up as you are, feel seen and heard, and together, we co-create the helpful way forward. My approach is integrative, trauma-informed, and social justice oriented.
(249) 504-3094 View (249) 504-3094
Photo of Kendra Pomfret, BA, MC, RCC, Counsellor
Kendra Pomfret
Counsellor, BA, MC, RCC
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Victoria, BC V8W
All humans have the capacity for wellness, healing, and growth, despite the adversities we face. As a former national team athlete and current RCC, I have a unique understanding of the psychological pressures that coincide with sport-participation and managing difficult emotions. I also enjoy working with a diverse range of clients (14+) and couples to address a variety of concerns. These areas may include, but are not limited to, challenges with performance and social anxiety, depression, trauma/abuse, relational conflict, grief/loss, and disordered eating/RED-S.
All humans have the capacity for wellness, healing, and growth, despite the adversities we face. As a former national team athlete and current RCC, I have a unique understanding of the psychological pressures that coincide with sport-participation and managing difficult emotions. I also enjoy working with a diverse range of clients (14+) and couples to address a variety of concerns. These areas may include, but are not limited to, challenges with performance and social anxiety, depression, trauma/abuse, relational conflict, grief/loss, and disordered eating/RED-S.
(236) 301-2744 View (236) 301-2744
Photo of Jessamyn Stewart, RSW, Registered Social Worker
Jessamyn Stewart
Registered Social Worker, RSW
Verified Verified
Victoria, BC V8W
Sometimes challenges can feel too big to hold all on our own. I find most folks just need a safe space to unfold, feel heard and be understood. I see this as our birthright. I work in a client-led, compassionate and inquisitive way that allows insights and deeper truths to emerge. I love helping clients uncover unmet needs and long-held desires so that they can embrace themselves more fully. I especially love to work with clients navigating non-monogamy or those exploring their gender, sexuality and neurodivergence.
Sometimes challenges can feel too big to hold all on our own. I find most folks just need a safe space to unfold, feel heard and be understood. I see this as our birthright. I work in a client-led, compassionate and inquisitive way that allows insights and deeper truths to emerge. I love helping clients uncover unmet needs and long-held desires so that they can embrace themselves more fully. I especially love to work with clients navigating non-monogamy or those exploring their gender, sexuality and neurodivergence.
(548) 901-3890 View (548) 901-3890

See more therapy options for V8W

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in V8W

100+

Average cost per session

$150

Counsellors in V8W who prioritize treating:

90% Anxiety
85% Depression
85% Self Esteem
84% Relationship Issues
70% Stress
67% Trauma and PTSD
65% Life Transitions

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

43% SunLife
37% Green Shield Canada
37% Pacific Blue Cross

How Counsellors in V8W see their clients

81% In Person and Online
19% Online Only

Gender breakdown

79% Female
17% Male
4% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in V8W?

Search for nearby therapists or counsellors by inputting your city, postal code, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postal code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Most Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are certified by one of the main professional associations, mainly the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association (CCPA), and will have a Certified Canadian Counsellor (CCC) designation with their name. Social Workers listed in the directory must be registered members of the college specific to their province. To be listed in the directory, Psychologists must be registered with the psychological college specific to their province or territory.

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given the considerable variation in professional regulation and prerequisites across Canadian provinces, some providers may possess significant professional qualifications without necessarily holding professional memberships or being obliged to acquire them. As a result, they may be selectively included without the "Verified" seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Psychologists, counsellors, psychotherapists and social workers can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and supervised, practical experience that enable them to do so in Canada.

Psychologists have a master's and/or doctoral degree and have passed both written and oral exams. Psychologists are able to complete mental health assessments and provide diagnostic information to clients as well as provide counselling therapy or psychotherapy. Counsellors and psychotherapists are expected to have a master's or doctoral degree in counselling psychology, social work, or a related mental health discipline and certification by a professional association, such as the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association. Registered Social Workers possess a Bachelor's or Master's degree in Social Work and where possible must be licensed or certified by the provincial government and/or regulatory college.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, the cost of a therapy session in Canada could be between $100 and $200. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. Some types of outpatient mental health services are covered by Medicare, provided these are performed by a licensed mental health professional in the provinces or territory you reside in and who accepts the assignment.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postal code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Professionals licensed by regulatory colleges and those certified by associations such as the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association are obligated to uphold client confidentiality unless there is a legal reason that requires them to disclose information. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there is the potential or known harm to the client or others, or a court order, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.