Therapists in Toronto, ON

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Photo of Trish McKeough, MSW, RSW, Registered Social Worker
Trish McKeough
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M4C
I support individuals and families who are struggling - whether it's with anxiety, depression or tough emotions, a sense of loneliness or social struggles, attention and learning difficulties, struggles around gender and sexuality, family conflict, or behaviour challenges. I am passionate about supporting parents/caregivers to be a primary source of support and healing for their loved ones. I value diverse ways of thinking and being in the world and welcome working with folks from all backgrounds and family structures. I am committed to equity and inclusion work within myself, in my work and in my community.
I support individuals and families who are struggling - whether it's with anxiety, depression or tough emotions, a sense of loneliness or social struggles, attention and learning difficulties, struggles around gender and sexuality, family conflict, or behaviour challenges. I am passionate about supporting parents/caregivers to be a primary source of support and healing for their loved ones. I value diverse ways of thinking and being in the world and welcome working with folks from all backgrounds and family structures. I am committed to equity and inclusion work within myself, in my work and in my community.
(437) 747-6335 View (437) 747-6335
Photo of James Gangl, BA, Pre-Licensed Professional
James Gangl
Pre-Licensed Professional, BA
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M6R
Many things might be motivating your search for a therapist. Maybe you're seeking self improvement. Maybe life isn't turning out quite like you hoped. Maybe you're dealing with the aftershocks of trauma or trying to find meaning after a significant loss. Whatever brought you here, I want to hear your story. We'll work together to deeply understand what doesn't feel quite right in your life, but we'll also celebrate the things that do. Together, we'll create a nurturing space for your voice to be heard and your story to be told.
Many things might be motivating your search for a therapist. Maybe you're seeking self improvement. Maybe life isn't turning out quite like you hoped. Maybe you're dealing with the aftershocks of trauma or trying to find meaning after a significant loss. Whatever brought you here, I want to hear your story. We'll work together to deeply understand what doesn't feel quite right in your life, but we'll also celebrate the things that do. Together, we'll create a nurturing space for your voice to be heard and your story to be told.
(647) 492-9213 View (647) 492-9213
Photo of Talya Feldman-Lloyd, 00, 93, 72, Registered Psychotherapist
Talya Feldman-Lloyd
Registered Psychotherapist, 00, 93, 72
Verified Verified
Toronto, ON M4P
I help people reclaim their truest, most authentic selves. I work with people with: mental health issues/ mental illness, sex and intimacy struggles, lack of boundaries, trauma, grief and bereavement, low self-esteem and lack of self love, suicidal ideation, anger management, and more. I am happy to work with clients who are committed to the healing process; who show up consistently, who are willing to put in the work, are honest with both themselves and myself, and are open-minded to try alternative tools and techniques.
I help people reclaim their truest, most authentic selves. I work with people with: mental health issues/ mental illness, sex and intimacy struggles, lack of boundaries, trauma, grief and bereavement, low self-esteem and lack of self love, suicidal ideation, anger management, and more. I am happy to work with clients who are committed to the healing process; who show up consistently, who are willing to put in the work, are honest with both themselves and myself, and are open-minded to try alternative tools and techniques.
(647) 493-9185 View (647) 493-9185
Photo of Nina Chiodo, MACP, Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying)
Nina Chiodo
Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying), MACP
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M5H
When faced with distressing emotions and experiences, life can feel overwhelming. In these moments, additional help can make all the difference in processing, coping with, and overcoming these challenges. If you find your emotions difficult to manage and impacting your function, I provide a safe and nurturing environment where we work towards cultivating self-awareness, self-compassion, and healing. With a background in human development and extensive experience in physical rehabilitation, I approach counselling through a holistic, non-pathologizing lens, aimed at enhancing overall quality of life through improved coping methods.
When faced with distressing emotions and experiences, life can feel overwhelming. In these moments, additional help can make all the difference in processing, coping with, and overcoming these challenges. If you find your emotions difficult to manage and impacting your function, I provide a safe and nurturing environment where we work towards cultivating self-awareness, self-compassion, and healing. With a background in human development and extensive experience in physical rehabilitation, I approach counselling through a holistic, non-pathologizing lens, aimed at enhancing overall quality of life through improved coping methods.
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Photo of Ron Lorenzo, MA, MSW, RSW, Registered Social Worker
Ron Lorenzo
Registered Social Worker, MA, MSW, RSW
Verified Verified
Toronto, ON M4V
Sometimes , the journey of life can be a rough one. You feel lost, defeated, alone, and full of fear. But you haven’t given up. There’s a part of you that tells you that somehow there’s still hope, that you just need a helping hand.
Sometimes , the journey of life can be a rough one. You feel lost, defeated, alone, and full of fear. But you haven’t given up. There’s a part of you that tells you that somehow there’s still hope, that you just need a helping hand.
(437) 747-0954 View (437) 747-0954
Photo of Toula Kourgiantakis, PhD, MSW, CCFT, Registered Social Worker
Toula Kourgiantakis
Registered Social Worker, PhD, MSW, CCFT
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M5P
Not accepting new clients
I am a Social Worker and Certified Couple and Family Therapist with 30 years of experience working with families/couples. Some of the areas I address in couple therapy include how to repair and strengthen relationships, reduce conflict, improve communication, and enhance emotional and physical intimacy. For families supporting someone with a mental health and/or addiction-related concern, I provide psychoeducation about mental health and addictions, help families strengthen coping skills and self-care, and also focus on improving communication and setting limits. Family is a broad concept that includes families of choice.
I am a Social Worker and Certified Couple and Family Therapist with 30 years of experience working with families/couples. Some of the areas I address in couple therapy include how to repair and strengthen relationships, reduce conflict, improve communication, and enhance emotional and physical intimacy. For families supporting someone with a mental health and/or addiction-related concern, I provide psychoeducation about mental health and addictions, help families strengthen coping skills and self-care, and also focus on improving communication and setting limits. Family is a broad concept that includes families of choice.
(855) 848-2034 View (855) 848-2034
Photo of Nicole Withers, BSW, MSW, RSW, Registered Social Worker
Nicole Withers
Registered Social Worker, BSW, MSW, RSW
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M4Y
Nicole uses a holistic, person-centred and empathetic approach to provide therapy to children, young people, and their families. A registered Clinical Social Worker, Nicole holds a Bachelor of Social Work from Memorial University, and a Master’s of Social Work from McGill University. She has received specific training in Cognitive Behaviour and Play Therapy approaches from Laurier University and the Canadian Association of Play Therapy.
Nicole uses a holistic, person-centred and empathetic approach to provide therapy to children, young people, and their families. A registered Clinical Social Worker, Nicole holds a Bachelor of Social Work from Memorial University, and a Master’s of Social Work from McGill University. She has received specific training in Cognitive Behaviour and Play Therapy approaches from Laurier University and the Canadian Association of Play Therapy.
(438) 834-7509 View (438) 834-7509
Photo of Tera Beaulieu, MA, RP, Registered Psychotherapist
Tera Beaulieu
Registered Psychotherapist, MA, RP
Verified Verified
Toronto, ON M6S  (Online Only)
I obtained my PhD in Clinical & Counselling Psychology at University of Toronto and am a Registered Psychotherapist and Citizen of the Métis Nation of Ontario. I've worked clinically with a range of individuals and issues, including relationship difficulties, overwhelming emotions, perinatal challenges, fat/body acceptance and general life events. I have worked extensively with women, trauma survivors, 2SLGBTQ+ & Indigenous (First Nation, Inuit & Métis) peoples on their healing journeys. I believe psychotherapy is founded on building a safe and collaborative space where therapist & client work together to achieve greater well-being.
I obtained my PhD in Clinical & Counselling Psychology at University of Toronto and am a Registered Psychotherapist and Citizen of the Métis Nation of Ontario. I've worked clinically with a range of individuals and issues, including relationship difficulties, overwhelming emotions, perinatal challenges, fat/body acceptance and general life events. I have worked extensively with women, trauma survivors, 2SLGBTQ+ & Indigenous (First Nation, Inuit & Métis) peoples on their healing journeys. I believe psychotherapy is founded on building a safe and collaborative space where therapist & client work together to achieve greater well-being.
(647) 696-1511 View (647) 696-1511
Photo of Anna Kiseleva, MA, RP, Registered Psychotherapist
Anna Kiseleva
Registered Psychotherapist, MA, RP
Verified Verified
10 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M5G  (Online Only)
Do you ever feel like you're stuck in a cycle of self-doubt and self-criticism? Are you constantly worried about what others think of you, struggling to say “no” or speak up for yourself? I understand how overwhelming it can be to carry the weight of these emotions. I am here to tell you that it does not have to be this way. I help adults tame their anxiety and build resilient and trusting relationships with themselves. Asking for help takes courage and I invite you to take this journey together.
Do you ever feel like you're stuck in a cycle of self-doubt and self-criticism? Are you constantly worried about what others think of you, struggling to say “no” or speak up for yourself? I understand how overwhelming it can be to carry the weight of these emotions. I am here to tell you that it does not have to be this way. I help adults tame their anxiety and build resilient and trusting relationships with themselves. Asking for help takes courage and I invite you to take this journey together.
(437) 600-9601 View (437) 600-9601
Photo of Andrea Brzezinski, MA, Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying)
Andrea Brzezinski
Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying), MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M4P  (Online Only)
Are you feeling stuck, anxious, or worried about what the future may hold? Have you experienced trauma, grief, or wondering, “how can I move forward like this?” Reaching out for help can be hard but is often the first step to making positive changes within our lives. I meet my clients where they currently are in their lives and work as a team to help them identify their strengths, provide clarity, and motivation in regards to building a way forward in life.
Are you feeling stuck, anxious, or worried about what the future may hold? Have you experienced trauma, grief, or wondering, “how can I move forward like this?” Reaching out for help can be hard but is often the first step to making positive changes within our lives. I meet my clients where they currently are in their lives and work as a team to help them identify their strengths, provide clarity, and motivation in regards to building a way forward in life.
(647) 370-1584 View (647) 370-1584
Photo of Deshawna Dookie, RSW, RYT, Registered Social Worker
Deshawna Dookie
Registered Social Worker, RSW, RYT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M5N  (Online Only)
I am a Trauma-Informed Social Worker, Therapist and Yoga Instructor based in Toronto, Ontario. For over ten years I have been working towards mental health awareness within Black, Indigenous, People of Colour (BIPOC) communities. Through culturally informed counselling, my clients are able to address generational trauma, attachment based relationship issues, and improving self-esteem, just to name a few possibilities. In sessions, we will work together to understand the root causes that bring you to counselling, and how we can empower you with the tools to overcome them.
I am a Trauma-Informed Social Worker, Therapist and Yoga Instructor based in Toronto, Ontario. For over ten years I have been working towards mental health awareness within Black, Indigenous, People of Colour (BIPOC) communities. Through culturally informed counselling, my clients are able to address generational trauma, attachment based relationship issues, and improving self-esteem, just to name a few possibilities. In sessions, we will work together to understand the root causes that bring you to counselling, and how we can empower you with the tools to overcome them.
(647) 250-0327 View (647) 250-0327
Photo of Dr. Scott Anderson, PsyD, CPsych, Psychologist
Dr. Scott Anderson
Psychologist, PsyD, CPsych
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M6J  (Online Only)
Do you continue to relive or think about a traumatic experience that affects your relationships and work? Do you feel exhausted, overwhelmed, or irritated by work demands or responsibilities in life? Do you question whether your experience is normal or things could be different? Now more than ever, first responders feel overwhelmed, frustrated, and burned out due to the intense demands and expectations placed upon them.
Do you continue to relive or think about a traumatic experience that affects your relationships and work? Do you feel exhausted, overwhelmed, or irritated by work demands or responsibilities in life? Do you question whether your experience is normal or things could be different? Now more than ever, first responders feel overwhelmed, frustrated, and burned out due to the intense demands and expectations placed upon them.
(587) 864-6121 View (587) 864-6121
Photo of Nada Johnson, MSW, RSW, Registered Social Worker
Nada Johnson
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
Verified Verified
Toronto, ON M6R  (Online Only)
August 2024: *Exclusively accepting clients in Ontario, Canada* Are you tired of feeling like you are not good enough? Are you bombarded with negative thoughts about yourself, your abilities and your future? Are you overly critical of yourself and your abilities? Do you wish that you could increase your self-worth? I can totally understand how exhausting and discouraging it can be to navigate life plagued by negative and painful thoughts and feelings of inadequacy. I am deeply committed to helping you build confidence and a healthy sense of self as you navigate your life. Let's book an appointment today.
August 2024: *Exclusively accepting clients in Ontario, Canada* Are you tired of feeling like you are not good enough? Are you bombarded with negative thoughts about yourself, your abilities and your future? Are you overly critical of yourself and your abilities? Do you wish that you could increase your self-worth? I can totally understand how exhausting and discouraging it can be to navigate life plagued by negative and painful thoughts and feelings of inadequacy. I am deeply committed to helping you build confidence and a healthy sense of self as you navigate your life. Let's book an appointment today.
(647) 371-0519 View (647) 371-0519
Photo of Shauna Lancit, RP, DipTIRP, MA, PhD, Registered Psychotherapist
Shauna Lancit
Registered Psychotherapist, RP, DipTIRP, MA, PhD
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M5S
Some clients come to therapy because they need a chance to work through events that have had a negative influence on their wellbeing. Other clients may have never had a chance to know their own desire: what it is that they value and want out of life. Some clients come for support with a specific diagnosis, and others have a vague sense that something is just not right. Sometimes clients have found that they simply benefit from a place to focus on their own mental health.
Some clients come to therapy because they need a chance to work through events that have had a negative influence on their wellbeing. Other clients may have never had a chance to know their own desire: what it is that they value and want out of life. Some clients come for support with a specific diagnosis, and others have a vague sense that something is just not right. Sometimes clients have found that they simply benefit from a place to focus on their own mental health.
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Photo of Zara Fischer-Harrison, RN, BA, BScN
Zara Fischer-Harrison
RN, BA, BScN
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M6N  (Online Only)
Are you struggling right now? Adulting feeling like too much? Are you sitting in front of your computer wondering what the heck to do next? Do you feel like you just aren’t the parent, partner, friend, or colleague you strive to be? You're feeling down in the dumps and anxious about the future. Your brain is making it hard to thrive in your career and relationships. Ruminating on what could have been "if", or what happened "when". Wondering how to make sure your future is brighter, healthier, and more satisfying? You know this isn’t what you want, and maybe you'e not sure how to get to what you need. Yup. I get it...
Are you struggling right now? Adulting feeling like too much? Are you sitting in front of your computer wondering what the heck to do next? Do you feel like you just aren’t the parent, partner, friend, or colleague you strive to be? You're feeling down in the dumps and anxious about the future. Your brain is making it hard to thrive in your career and relationships. Ruminating on what could have been "if", or what happened "when". Wondering how to make sure your future is brighter, healthier, and more satisfying? You know this isn’t what you want, and maybe you'e not sure how to get to what you need. Yup. I get it...
(647) 560-4048 View (647) 560-4048
Photo of Conor John Gibbons - Career Coaching Today, BA , DIP CWC
Career Coaching Today
BA , DIP CWC
Verified Verified
Toronto, ON M4P
My clients range in age and experience from young people seeking to enter the workforce to individuals in mid-life seeking a new career direction. I have extensive experience in helping individuals cope with work-related stressors and in developing strategies for maintaining a well-balanced lifestyle.
My clients range in age and experience from young people seeking to enter the workforce to individuals in mid-life seeking a new career direction. I have extensive experience in helping individuals cope with work-related stressors and in developing strategies for maintaining a well-balanced lifestyle.
(647) 360-6543 View (647) 360-6543
Photo of Amanda Hollahan, MSW, RSW, Registered Social Worker
Amanda Hollahan
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
Verified Verified
Toronto, ON M5G  (Online Only)
As your therapist, I will always do my best to meet you where you are at and approach any work we do together through a lens of kindness and empathy. I recognize that the human experience can be hard at times (or perhaps, all the time), and my goal is to walk alongside you as you navigate the journey in a way that allows you to grow while being supported.
As your therapist, I will always do my best to meet you where you are at and approach any work we do together through a lens of kindness and empathy. I recognize that the human experience can be hard at times (or perhaps, all the time), and my goal is to walk alongside you as you navigate the journey in a way that allows you to grow while being supported.
(437) 292-4734 View (437) 292-4734
Photo of Michelle Philippe, MA, RP, Registered Psychotherapist
Michelle Philippe
Registered Psychotherapist, MA, RP
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M6G  (Online Only)
At times we can feel weighed down by sadness, anxiety, shame, a harsh inner critic, or not feeling “good enough”. This can sometimes occur with difficulty with people pleasing, perfectionism, chronic worry, or unreasonably high self-standards. Are you a high performer, an artist, athlete, dancer (or former)? Has a life transition or loss left you feeling overwhelmed? I strive to help folks like you to build a more compassionate and loving self-relationship, to process difficult life experiences, and to learn more effective coping tools to manage anxiety, mood, and stress symptoms that can get in the way of living our lives.
At times we can feel weighed down by sadness, anxiety, shame, a harsh inner critic, or not feeling “good enough”. This can sometimes occur with difficulty with people pleasing, perfectionism, chronic worry, or unreasonably high self-standards. Are you a high performer, an artist, athlete, dancer (or former)? Has a life transition or loss left you feeling overwhelmed? I strive to help folks like you to build a more compassionate and loving self-relationship, to process difficult life experiences, and to learn more effective coping tools to manage anxiety, mood, and stress symptoms that can get in the way of living our lives.
(416) 531-0008 View (416) 531-0008
Photo of Jordan Virtue, RSW, Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying)
Jordan Virtue
Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying), RSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M4M
Jordan’s journey to becoming a psychotherapist is truly unique: she took the leap from the world of corporate law and brings with her a deep understanding of the corporate grind and all of its stressors and pressures. Jordan is passionate about collaborating with her clients, delving into emotions, understanding behaviour patterns and guiding them toward positive change. She is committed to creating a warm, zero-judgment space where clients feel safe to explore and express themselves openly.
Jordan’s journey to becoming a psychotherapist is truly unique: she took the leap from the world of corporate law and brings with her a deep understanding of the corporate grind and all of its stressors and pressures. Jordan is passionate about collaborating with her clients, delving into emotions, understanding behaviour patterns and guiding them toward positive change. She is committed to creating a warm, zero-judgment space where clients feel safe to explore and express themselves openly.
(437) 292-3805 View (437) 292-3805
Photo of Elena Salini, RP, Registered Psychotherapist
Elena Salini
Registered Psychotherapist, RP
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M6P  (Online Only)
I have 27 years of experience working in the field of mental health in various roles. As a Psychodynamic Psychotherapist my focus areas are working with grief and loss, shame, anxiety, and self esteem. My approach is informed by the Existential/Humanistic perspective, compassionate inquiry, and mindfulness approaches.
I have 27 years of experience working in the field of mental health in various roles. As a Psychodynamic Psychotherapist my focus areas are working with grief and loss, shame, anxiety, and self esteem. My approach is informed by the Existential/Humanistic perspective, compassionate inquiry, and mindfulness approaches.
(647) 360-3183 x416356 View (647) 360-3183 x416356
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See more therapy options for Toronto

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in Toronto, ON

3,000+

Average cost per session

$160

Counsellors in Toronto, ON who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
87% Depression
84% Relationship Issues
84% Self Esteem
79% Stress
71% Coping Skills
69% Trauma and PTSD

Average years in practice

9 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

64% Green Shield Canada
63% SunLife
59% Manulife

How Counsellors in Toronto, ON see their clients

52% In Person and Online
48% Online Only

Gender breakdown

81% Female
16% Male
3% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in Toronto?

Search for nearby therapists or counsellors by inputting your city, postal code, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postal code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Most Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are certified by one of the main professional associations, mainly the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association (CCPA), and will have a Certified Canadian Counsellor (CCC) designation with their name. Social Workers listed in the directory must be registered members of the college specific to their province. To be listed in the directory, Psychologists must be registered with the psychological college specific to their province or territory.

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given the considerable variation in professional regulation and prerequisites across Canadian provinces, some providers may possess significant professional qualifications without necessarily holding professional memberships or being obliged to acquire them. As a result, they may be selectively included without the "Verified" seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Psychologists, counsellors, psychotherapists and social workers can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and supervised, practical experience that enable them to do so in Canada.

Psychologists have a master's and/or doctoral degree and have passed both written and oral exams. Psychologists are able to complete mental health assessments and provide diagnostic information to clients as well as provide counselling therapy or psychotherapy. Counsellors and psychotherapists are expected to have a master's or doctoral degree in counselling psychology, social work, or a related mental health discipline and certification by a professional association, such as the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association. Registered Social Workers possess a Bachelor's or Master's degree in Social Work and where possible must be licensed or certified by the provincial government and/or regulatory college.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, the cost of a therapy session in Canada could be between $100 and $200. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. Some types of outpatient mental health services are covered by Medicare, provided these are performed by a licensed mental health professional in the provinces or territory you reside in and who accepts the assignment.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postal code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Professionals licensed by regulatory colleges and those certified by associations such as the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association are obligated to uphold client confidentiality unless there is a legal reason that requires them to disclose information. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there is the potential or known harm to the client or others, or a court order, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.