Online Counselling for Montréal
Do you feel like you need a safe space to talk about your self esteem, your questions about your partner, your struggles with your friends or your sexuality? Communication issues or differences in your sexual desire can lead to conflits and a feeling of being overwhelmed. Do you want to work on yourself or work on your relationships? You might be looking for information about your boundaries, your preferences and your desires. Let's find how to express your needs in a way that works for you. Come talk in individual or couple’s therapy.
Do you feel like you need a safe space to talk about your self esteem, your questions about your partner, your struggles with your friends or your sexuality? Communication issues or differences in your sexual desire can lead to conflits and a feeling of being overwhelmed. Do you want to work on yourself or work on your relationships? You might be looking for information about your boundaries, your preferences and your desires. Let's find how to express your needs in a way that works for you. Come talk in individual or couple’s therapy.
It's normal to feel overwhelmed sometimes but that doesn't mean you can't change how you feel. Learn how to navigate life's challenges with us. We provide non-judgemental, friendly space and hands-on solutions so that you have the strength and tools to solve the problems you can solve, accept those you can't and cultivate the wisdom to know the difference between the two. Whether you're anxious about your circumstances, feel stuck in your life or your relationship, or are struggling with debilitating symptoms, we are here to help.
It's normal to feel overwhelmed sometimes but that doesn't mean you can't change how you feel. Learn how to navigate life's challenges with us. We provide non-judgemental, friendly space and hands-on solutions so that you have the strength and tools to solve the problems you can solve, accept those you can't and cultivate the wisdom to know the difference between the two. Whether you're anxious about your circumstances, feel stuck in your life or your relationship, or are struggling with debilitating symptoms, we are here to help.
Rev. Sheri R Heller
Registered Social Worker, LCSW, RSW
Verified Verified
Montréal, QC H3J (Online Only)
A complex trauma therapist in NYC of 30+ years, I am now a certified trauma-informed wellness coach in Montreal and a member of CCPA; the Canadian Counseling & Psychotherapy Association. I offer traditional, spiritual and holistic methods and resources that assist with healing from complex trauma, narcissistic abuse and addictions. Together we can attain regulation and identify and reclaim the parts of the self that were abandoned for the sake of survival, so that cohesion can be restored. With steadfast effort a life in which thriving replaces mere survival can result so that goals can be reached and growth can prevail.
A complex trauma therapist in NYC of 30+ years, I am now a certified trauma-informed wellness coach in Montreal and a member of CCPA; the Canadian Counseling & Psychotherapy Association. I offer traditional, spiritual and holistic methods and resources that assist with healing from complex trauma, narcissistic abuse and addictions. Together we can attain regulation and identify and reclaim the parts of the self that were abandoned for the sake of survival, so that cohesion can be restored. With steadfast effort a life in which thriving replaces mere survival can result so that goals can be reached and growth can prevail.
Everybody goes through a rough patch in life sometimes. I'm here to help you get through yours and grow from the experience. Whether you've been feeling stressed and overwhelmed, down, irritable or anxious, I can help you feel better and find your path to a more satisfying life. I have experience treating depression and anxiety, improving self-esteem and confidence as well as defining one's identity and purpose. Additionally, I help couples navigate life transitions (e.g., becoming parents) and relationship difficulties (e.g., frequent arguments, sexual problems or sense of hopelessness).
Everybody goes through a rough patch in life sometimes. I'm here to help you get through yours and grow from the experience. Whether you've been feeling stressed and overwhelmed, down, irritable or anxious, I can help you feel better and find your path to a more satisfying life. I have experience treating depression and anxiety, improving self-esteem and confidence as well as defining one's identity and purpose. Additionally, I help couples navigate life transitions (e.g., becoming parents) and relationship difficulties (e.g., frequent arguments, sexual problems or sense of hopelessness).
Romeo and the Crow
Registered Psychotherapist, BSW, MSc, CFT, PsychTh
Verified Verified
Montréal, QC H3K (Online Only)
I have been working with mood related conditions (anxiety, depression, bipolar, obsessive and compulsive thoughts and behaviours, impulsivity) since 2018. I specialize in identity related issues including but not exclusively gender and transitioning related difficulties. The context of my specializing studies have been family and couple related difficulties including cultural and religion related and romantic and intimate relationship dynamics including infidelity and attachment. Even though I am not an expert on trauma (immigration related, war, assault, bullying, ...) traumatic experiences have often been part of my work.
I have been working with mood related conditions (anxiety, depression, bipolar, obsessive and compulsive thoughts and behaviours, impulsivity) since 2018. I specialize in identity related issues including but not exclusively gender and transitioning related difficulties. The context of my specializing studies have been family and couple related difficulties including cultural and religion related and romantic and intimate relationship dynamics including infidelity and attachment. Even though I am not an expert on trauma (immigration related, war, assault, bullying, ...) traumatic experiences have often been part of my work.
Hello, I founded Causerie Sexo to allow people to approach sexuality in all its dimensions, without taboos or judgment. I agree that talking about sexuality and its problems can be embarrassing, even more so with a stranger! That's why I think it's important that you feel comfortable with me in the process. I will go at your pace and listen to your needs.
Hello, I founded Causerie Sexo to allow people to approach sexuality in all its dimensions, without taboos or judgment. I agree that talking about sexuality and its problems can be embarrassing, even more so with a stranger! That's why I think it's important that you feel comfortable with me in the process. I will go at your pace and listen to your needs.
Leila Sarhadi
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, CCC, CCPA, TCF, MFT
Verified Verified
Montréal, QC H4A
My practice is designed to meet your specific requirements for an individual or couple. I have an integrative approach based on emotion-focused therapy (EFT), mindfulness, Trauma, psychodynamic, and humanistic therapy. I also use Neurofeedback (ILF). I work with you to enhance your couple connection by identifying how your emotions, mind, and stress all work together to trigger inappropriate ideas, feelings, and behaviors, creating a dynamic in your relationship that may be undesirable. I help you have greater access to your own healing power, so you can help yourself and/or balance your relationship.
My practice is designed to meet your specific requirements for an individual or couple. I have an integrative approach based on emotion-focused therapy (EFT), mindfulness, Trauma, psychodynamic, and humanistic therapy. I also use Neurofeedback (ILF). I work with you to enhance your couple connection by identifying how your emotions, mind, and stress all work together to trigger inappropriate ideas, feelings, and behaviors, creating a dynamic in your relationship that may be undesirable. I help you have greater access to your own healing power, so you can help yourself and/or balance your relationship.
Speakeasy Counselling Allison Cordner & Associates
Licensed Professional Counsellor, MA, RCC, RTC, SEP, TRA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Montréal, QC H3J (Online Only)
We are a team of clinicians that are trained to work with students, individuals, couples and families. That excel at helping you expand your emotional tolerance, reactions & communication skills. Too many of us suffer in silence with anxiety, low self-esteem, unprocessed trauma and anger. You are not alone and we are here to encourage you to let those experiences be felt in a safe & non-judgmental environment. We know how hard it can be for most people to do therapy & our goal is to make it engaging, insightful & rewarding. To be vulnerable means not having our deepest feelings and secrets shot down. We use an integrative approach.
We are a team of clinicians that are trained to work with students, individuals, couples and families. That excel at helping you expand your emotional tolerance, reactions & communication skills. Too many of us suffer in silence with anxiety, low self-esteem, unprocessed trauma and anger. You are not alone and we are here to encourage you to let those experiences be felt in a safe & non-judgmental environment. We know how hard it can be for most people to do therapy & our goal is to make it engaging, insightful & rewarding. To be vulnerable means not having our deepest feelings and secrets shot down. We use an integrative approach.
Charbel Michel Ibrahim
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, TCF, Psycho, Coach, NLP
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Montréal, QC H4K
I am a marriage and family therapist, a licensed psychotherapist with over 18 years of experience. My areas of expertise include treatments for trauma, anxiety, depression, emotional distress, grief, stress management, bereavement, perinatal bereavement, couple and family difficulties. I believe everyone has inner resources, so I honor my clients’ unique perspectives, values and strengths.
I am a marriage and family therapist, a licensed psychotherapist with over 18 years of experience. My areas of expertise include treatments for trauma, anxiety, depression, emotional distress, grief, stress management, bereavement, perinatal bereavement, couple and family difficulties. I believe everyone has inner resources, so I honor my clients’ unique perspectives, values and strengths.
Your relationships can be an incredible source of pleasure and connection, AND they can be the biggest source of tension and exhaustion. You might feel rigid and uncreative, or be falling into people-pleasing habits. You may feel overwhelming physical sensations of constriction, pain or numbness. You play a vast range of roles in your friendships, romantic & intimate dynamics, and at work. This can be a lot to handle, and you may be masking your authentic self. Creative arts therapy can offer new ways to find playfulness so you can relax into intimacy in your relationships, your body, and fully own the stories that shape you.
Your relationships can be an incredible source of pleasure and connection, AND they can be the biggest source of tension and exhaustion. You might feel rigid and uncreative, or be falling into people-pleasing habits. You may feel overwhelming physical sensations of constriction, pain or numbness. You play a vast range of roles in your friendships, romantic & intimate dynamics, and at work. This can be a lot to handle, and you may be masking your authentic self. Creative arts therapy can offer new ways to find playfulness so you can relax into intimacy in your relationships, your body, and fully own the stories that shape you.
Shayla Stephen
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW, TS
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Montréal, QC H3W (Online Only)
Welcome to Delighted Soul Counselling and Consulting Services Inc.! It's quite common to feel concerned about how others see us, often comparing our paths to theirs and sometimes feeling that we don't quite measure up. This worry can become a significant challenge when it prevents us from fully embracing and expressing our true selves, leading us to conceal parts of who we are in an effort to fit in or to chase a life that doesn't align with our deepest ambitions. Our services are designed for individuals aiming to achieve their life goals or career advancement but are held back by fears of judgment or failure.
Welcome to Delighted Soul Counselling and Consulting Services Inc.! It's quite common to feel concerned about how others see us, often comparing our paths to theirs and sometimes feeling that we don't quite measure up. This worry can become a significant challenge when it prevents us from fully embracing and expressing our true selves, leading us to conceal parts of who we are in an effort to fit in or to chase a life that doesn't align with our deepest ambitions. Our services are designed for individuals aiming to achieve their life goals or career advancement but are held back by fears of judgment or failure.
I believe that seeking support from another human being is a very natural thing to do. As a therapist, I believe that my humanity is an asset in supporting clients as they work through challenges, developing a deeper understanding of their lives. As a counsellor and art therapist, I focus on creating a therapeutic relationship based on trust, where I bring a compassionate, nonjudgmental approach paired with my training to help clients work through whatever challenges they are facing. I have a special passion for working with immigrants and refugees: as a newcomer to Canada, I understand the struggles that are often presented.
I believe that seeking support from another human being is a very natural thing to do. As a therapist, I believe that my humanity is an asset in supporting clients as they work through challenges, developing a deeper understanding of their lives. As a counsellor and art therapist, I focus on creating a therapeutic relationship based on trust, where I bring a compassionate, nonjudgmental approach paired with my training to help clients work through whatever challenges they are facing. I have a special passion for working with immigrants and refugees: as a newcomer to Canada, I understand the struggles that are often presented.
Deborah Ann Herman
Registered Psychotherapist, MA, CT, RP
Verified Verified
Montréal, QC H4A (Online Only)
ON-LINE/Virtual Sessions. I've been a psychotherapist and Trauma Specialist for at least 30 years offering treatments such as EMDR, CBT, Talk Therapy, IFS among other approaches to healing. In my private practise, I enjoy working with clients who are open and willing to make positive changes in their lives. Whether you feel anxious, stuck, depressed or unhappy in some area of your life, my initial goal is to help you gain a feeling of safety. I encourage clients to tell me their story to help them see things from a fresh perspective, improve self-awareness and find practical solutions to life's challenges.
ON-LINE/Virtual Sessions. I've been a psychotherapist and Trauma Specialist for at least 30 years offering treatments such as EMDR, CBT, Talk Therapy, IFS among other approaches to healing. In my private practise, I enjoy working with clients who are open and willing to make positive changes in their lives. Whether you feel anxious, stuck, depressed or unhappy in some area of your life, my initial goal is to help you gain a feeling of safety. I encourage clients to tell me their story to help them see things from a fresh perspective, improve self-awareness and find practical solutions to life's challenges.
Do you struggle with big emotions, negative self-talk, insecurities, shame, or fear? Is it challenging for you to identify, communicate or prioritize your wants and needs? As a therapist and coach in emotional and relational wellness, one of my major missions is to show clients, through embodied experience, how to process emotions and relate to inner experience in ways that better identify and meet their emotional needs individually and with others. The outcome of this is relief, peace, grounding, and inner trust. My approach embodied, and also practical, directive, and structured, with offered tools, strategies, and instructions.
Do you struggle with big emotions, negative self-talk, insecurities, shame, or fear? Is it challenging for you to identify, communicate or prioritize your wants and needs? As a therapist and coach in emotional and relational wellness, one of my major missions is to show clients, through embodied experience, how to process emotions and relate to inner experience in ways that better identify and meet their emotional needs individually and with others. The outcome of this is relief, peace, grounding, and inner trust. My approach embodied, and also practical, directive, and structured, with offered tools, strategies, and instructions.
Meet Earlyn Sharpe, M.A., M.Ed, MHCP, NLP, ND - a dedicated and experienced counsellor and coach specializing in holistic mental health and personal development. With a background in psychology and education, combined with certifications in Neuro-Linguistic Programming (NLP), Natural Medicine (ND), Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), and Rational Emotive Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (RECBT) approaches. I offer a unique and comprehensive approach to therapy.
Meet Earlyn Sharpe, M.A., M.Ed, MHCP, NLP, ND - a dedicated and experienced counsellor and coach specializing in holistic mental health and personal development. With a background in psychology and education, combined with certifications in Neuro-Linguistic Programming (NLP), Natural Medicine (ND), Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), and Rational Emotive Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (RECBT) approaches. I offer a unique and comprehensive approach to therapy.
Natalie Goerner
Registered Social Worker, MSW, PsT
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Montréal, QC H3W
Waitlist for new clients
I work with clients who are motivated to explore their life's challenges and together, we build a strong alliance in order to try different approaches and strategies in our sessions. I believe in finding what skills and approaches work for the individual, and using a combination of mind-body approaches as it is all connected and we can learn and understand so much about ourselves through our bodies and the messages they give us.
I work with clients who are motivated to explore their life's challenges and together, we build a strong alliance in order to try different approaches and strategies in our sessions. I believe in finding what skills and approaches work for the individual, and using a combination of mind-body approaches as it is all connected and we can learn and understand so much about ourselves through our bodies and the messages they give us.
People-pleasers, perfectionists, worriers, and warriors ages 6 to 66: this is your call to action. You want to be more in touch with yourself but you have been held back by anxiety, trauma, and people taking advantage of you. As part of the LGBTQ2IA+ and geeky communities, you sometimes feel like you're cast aside and rarely understood. It is so tempting to give up, but you continue to persevere! You've been fighting on your own for so long that now you're ready for some more support from someone who won't ask you to educate them about being queer/the MCU/BDSM/pop culture references.
People-pleasers, perfectionists, worriers, and warriors ages 6 to 66: this is your call to action. You want to be more in touch with yourself but you have been held back by anxiety, trauma, and people taking advantage of you. As part of the LGBTQ2IA+ and geeky communities, you sometimes feel like you're cast aside and rarely understood. It is so tempting to give up, but you continue to persevere! You've been fighting on your own for so long that now you're ready for some more support from someone who won't ask you to educate them about being queer/the MCU/BDSM/pop culture references.
Sarah Kennedy Certified Music Therapist
BHScPT, MA, MTA
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Montréal, QC H2M
Do you struggle with emotional pain and grief that you would like to process through music? I work with adults experiencing grief and loss, bereavement, life transitions, emotional pain, anxiety, depression, and stress. I use music therapy to help my clients increase self-awareness, ease pain, develop self-soothing techniques, and restore well-being. We will harness your natural love of music to create personal transformation. Music Therapy is a certified profession. I completed a masters degree with a focus on music therapy for psychological health, and my approach is trauma-informed.
Do you struggle with emotional pain and grief that you would like to process through music? I work with adults experiencing grief and loss, bereavement, life transitions, emotional pain, anxiety, depression, and stress. I use music therapy to help my clients increase self-awareness, ease pain, develop self-soothing techniques, and restore well-being. We will harness your natural love of music to create personal transformation. Music Therapy is a certified profession. I completed a masters degree with a focus on music therapy for psychological health, and my approach is trauma-informed.
Fiona Smith
Registered Psychotherapist, MA , ATPQ, ATR
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Montréal, QC H4A (Online Only)
Are you anxious, depressed, or struggling to really feel connected to yourself? Do your emotions feel too intense? Are old patterns or past experiences holding you back or negatively influencing how you deal with situations in the present? In therapy, you can have a space to express yourself and to gain clarity on your thoughts and emotions. Together we can explore aspects of your reality that are harder to define and that go beyond what you already know and can explain about yourself. This can lead you to that exciting place where new insights and self-awareness emerge, and change can happen in your life.
Are you anxious, depressed, or struggling to really feel connected to yourself? Do your emotions feel too intense? Are old patterns or past experiences holding you back or negatively influencing how you deal with situations in the present? In therapy, you can have a space to express yourself and to gain clarity on your thoughts and emotions. Together we can explore aspects of your reality that are harder to define and that go beyond what you already know and can explain about yourself. This can lead you to that exciting place where new insights and self-awareness emerge, and change can happen in your life.
Benjamin F Armstrong
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Montréal, QC H2Y (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
Change starts with the relationship that we form in the therapy and then continues by building useful skills in and outside of our sessions. In practice this means that I fit best with clients who are interested in (1) understanding more about their thoughts and emotions while also (2) taking clear steps to improve their mental and physical well-being. My job as the therapist is to provide a warm and caring environment to support the client in this process.
Change starts with the relationship that we form in the therapy and then continues by building useful skills in and outside of our sessions. In practice this means that I fit best with clients who are interested in (1) understanding more about their thoughts and emotions while also (2) taking clear steps to improve their mental and physical well-being. My job as the therapist is to provide a warm and caring environment to support the client in this process.
Ariane Lavery
Counsellor, MA, ATQ
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Montréal, QC H2R
Waitlist for new clients
I am a Canadian Certified Counsellor with an MA in Creative Arts Therapies. I work with teens, young adults and adults suffering from anxiety, depression, trauma, self-confidence and self-esteem. If you want help addressing personal or relational difficulties, I provide a warm and collaborative environment in which your unique values and strengths will be honoured as we attend to the areas in which you struggle.
I am a Canadian Certified Counsellor with an MA in Creative Arts Therapies. I work with teens, young adults and adults suffering from anxiety, depression, trauma, self-confidence and self-esteem. If you want help addressing personal or relational difficulties, I provide a warm and collaborative environment in which your unique values and strengths will be honoured as we attend to the areas in which you struggle.
Dr. Mallory Frayn
Psychologist, PhD, OPQ, RPsych
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Montréal, QC H3A (Online Only)
Whether you struggle with regulating your emotions, navigating relationships, or managing urges that lead you to eat, impulse isn’t bad, it’s what you do with it that matters. My name is Mallory & I am a change-oriented therapist who focuses on how you can do different to feel different. Cultivating change requires understanding the function of why you have learned to cope in the way that you have, in order to build new patterns moving forward. With me, you play an active role in the therapeutic process & will be challenged to change the way that you relate to yourself, others, and the world around you.
Whether you struggle with regulating your emotions, navigating relationships, or managing urges that lead you to eat, impulse isn’t bad, it’s what you do with it that matters. My name is Mallory & I am a change-oriented therapist who focuses on how you can do different to feel different. Cultivating change requires understanding the function of why you have learned to cope in the way that you have, in order to build new patterns moving forward. With me, you play an active role in the therapeutic process & will be challenged to change the way that you relate to yourself, others, and the world around you.
I offer collaborative, empowering, and non-pathologizing drama therapy to adults and children. Creative arts therapy uses movement, story, art, and metaphor to re-establish communication between mind and body and unlock self-expression. My work is embodied: I sensitise my clients to the knowledge the body holds, support them to reinstate harmony between the physical and the mental, and integrate these practices into their daily lives.
I offer collaborative, empowering, and non-pathologizing drama therapy to adults and children. Creative arts therapy uses movement, story, art, and metaphor to re-establish communication between mind and body and unlock self-expression. My work is embodied: I sensitise my clients to the knowledge the body holds, support them to reinstate harmony between the physical and the mental, and integrate these practices into their daily lives.
Located on Lachine Canal by Atwater Market, I work with clients in person and online. I treat trauma with EMDR to free you from your emotional pain, disturbing images, negative beliefs, triggers, memories, and sensations. Many of my clients can't get traction in "talk therapy", or are looking for a very focused approach to their trauma experience because they still feel "stuck". Please click on the "Schedule Consultation" button at my website to book a free 20-minute Zoom consultation.
Located on Lachine Canal by Atwater Market, I work with clients in person and online. I treat trauma with EMDR to free you from your emotional pain, disturbing images, negative beliefs, triggers, memories, and sensations. Many of my clients can't get traction in "talk therapy", or are looking for a very focused approach to their trauma experience because they still feel "stuck". Please click on the "Schedule Consultation" button at my website to book a free 20-minute Zoom consultation.
The Trauma Therapy Group
Counsellor, MA, RCC, CCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Montréal, QC H4A (Online Only)
Hi and welcome. We are a group of Trauma Therapists who have devoted our practice to working holistically with those who wish to free themselves from the grips of past pain and return to states of safety, peace and connection.
Hi and welcome. We are a group of Trauma Therapists who have devoted our practice to working holistically with those who wish to free themselves from the grips of past pain and return to states of safety, peace and connection.
See more therapy options for Montréal
Nearby Online Counsellors Searches for Montréal
- Côte Saint-Luc
- Hampstead
- Lachine
- Lasalle
- Laval
- Longueuil
- Mont-Royal
- Montréal-Ouest
- Outremont
- Saint-Laurent
- Verdun
- Westmount
Online Counsellors
Is online therapy as effective as in-person?
Numerous studies suggest that online therapy can be as effective as in-person therapy. However, further research is needed to determine if online therapy provides the same benefits across all client populations. Individuals with severe mental illnesses, such as schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, or those who may benefit from in-person check-ins, like those with eating disorders, may not experience the same level of benefit from online therapy. Nonetheless, the success of online therapy, much like in-person therapy, often hinges on the quality of the therapeutic relationship between the therapist and the client rather than the specific modality of therapy used.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of therapy conducted online?
One of the main advantages of online therapy is its convenience for both clients and therapists. It also allows clients who require specialised therapy to access a wider range of professionals than they could with only in-person sessions. Additionally, online therapy may be a more affordable option in some cases and often offers the same insurance benefits as in-person therapy. However, online therapy may not be suitable for everyone, especially those who value face-to-face interaction with a therapist. Therapists may find it more challenging to assess clients accurately in an online setting due to reduced nonverbal cues on camera. There is also the increased risk that disruptions caused by external factors, such as technology malfunctions, can hinder the therapy session. For these reasons, many therapists offer a "hybrid" therapeutic approach, alternating between seeing clients in-person and online.
Is online therapy suitable for children and adolescents?
Just like with adults, the accessibility and convenience of online therapy can greatly benefit children and adolescents. In fact, children and adolescents may be more accustomed to navigating online platforms than older adults, making online sessions feel more natural for them. Teens might also be interested in using additional online tools, such as therapist-recommended apps, as an adjunct to online therapy sessions. Apps for developing CBT skills, practicing mindfulness exercises, or tracking thoughts and moods can be helpful for teens receiving therapy. However, it's important to note that not all therapeutic modalities are well-suited to online therapy, especially those used with younger children. For example, play therapy, which helps younger children express their emotions, often requires in-person sessions to be fully effective.
Can I receive prescriptions and medication management with online therapy?
The ability for psychiatrists to prescribe medications through online therapy varies based on the medication and the states where the medical professional and client are located. While many prescribing regulations were relaxed during the COVID-19 pandemic, some states still enforce rules, especially concerning controlled substances, which may mandate an in-person visit before prescribing. Generally, however, medical professionals can prescribe non-controlled substances through online therapy sessions just as they do during in-person sessions.