Codependency Therapists in York, ON

Photo of Roza Nozari, MA, MSW, RSW, Registered Social Worker
Roza Nozari
Registered Social Worker, MA, MSW, RSW
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
York, ON M6E
Waitlist for new clients
Welcome! I am a queer-identified, trauma-trained therapist who works with individuals and couples. Wherever you have found yourself today, whether this be the beginnings of a journey, or a return, I warmly invite you in. I draw from parts work, attachment theory, trauma therapies and somatic approaches to support clients in their healing. These approaches can be helpful for those seeking support in the following areas: complex trauma and PTSD; grief, anger and rage; relationship challenges (romantic, familial, etc); intergenerational trauma; childhood woundings; "coming out;" anxiety and others.
Welcome! I am a queer-identified, trauma-trained therapist who works with individuals and couples. Wherever you have found yourself today, whether this be the beginnings of a journey, or a return, I warmly invite you in. I draw from parts work, attachment theory, trauma therapies and somatic approaches to support clients in their healing. These approaches can be helpful for those seeking support in the following areas: complex trauma and PTSD; grief, anger and rage; relationship challenges (romantic, familial, etc); intergenerational trauma; childhood woundings; "coming out;" anxiety and others.
(647) 372-2225 View (647) 372-2225
Photo of Renuka Gupta Phd - International Healers Association, PhD, RP, CHT, PLRT, HART, Registered Psychotherapist
International Healers Association
Registered Psychotherapist, PhD, RP, CHT, PLRT, HART
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
York, ON M6N  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
Outside are just manifestations, all creations are within - Rens . I have done PhD in Clinical Psychology & have always been a believer of something far beyond Science i.e. Spirituality, which is why I feel deeply that, the ones who find me and eventually come to me, were destined. My work is a mix of Science as well as Psycho-spiritual Therapy. Working towards Awareness, finding Purpose, Acceptance, Observing, eventually leading to Healing, has been the path I walk on. Remember : You are not just a part of Creation,the Creator of every part is you.2 FREE Email Consultations, no calls, Direct Paid Therapy :-) Blessings & Healing !
Outside are just manifestations, all creations are within - Rens . I have done PhD in Clinical Psychology & have always been a believer of something far beyond Science i.e. Spirituality, which is why I feel deeply that, the ones who find me and eventually come to me, were destined. My work is a mix of Science as well as Psycho-spiritual Therapy. Working towards Awareness, finding Purpose, Acceptance, Observing, eventually leading to Healing, has been the path I walk on. Remember : You are not just a part of Creation,the Creator of every part is you.2 FREE Email Consultations, no calls, Direct Paid Therapy :-) Blessings & Healing !
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Photo of Jupiter Vaughan, RP, Registered Psychotherapist
Jupiter Vaughan
Registered Psychotherapist, RP
Verified Verified
14 Endorsed
York, ON M5P  (Online Only)
Sometimes life can become overwhelming. In the midst of the many challenges we face, it can be difficult to remember that it is okay to feel confused, frustrated, angry, sad, or apathetic. As a Registered Psychotherapist (RP), my approach is client-centred. I assist people with discovering and accepting all the unique aspects of themselves, encouraging self-care and to speak freely without fear of judgement. The simple act of sharing our experiences and trials in our lives in a safe, comfortable space can help to begin the healing process.
Sometimes life can become overwhelming. In the midst of the many challenges we face, it can be difficult to remember that it is okay to feel confused, frustrated, angry, sad, or apathetic. As a Registered Psychotherapist (RP), my approach is client-centred. I assist people with discovering and accepting all the unique aspects of themselves, encouraging self-care and to speak freely without fear of judgement. The simple act of sharing our experiences and trials in our lives in a safe, comfortable space can help to begin the healing process.
(647) 699-4296 View (647) 699-4296
Photo of Marlee Rubel, MEd, RP, Registered Psychotherapist
Marlee Rubel
Registered Psychotherapist, MEd, RP
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
York, ON M6C  (Online Only)
I work with adults and couples to help them move towards a state of continued growth, compassion, and self-awareness in a way that is collaborative, strengths-based, and empowering. I believe in creating a client-therapist relationship that fosters authenticity, support, and space for both acceptance, and for change. This can begin in our very first session. Together, we can begin to tease apart the adaptive approaches to dealing with and moving through life you've grown accustomed to, and begin to decipher which of these patterns are serving you, and which you may be interested in moving beyond.
I work with adults and couples to help them move towards a state of continued growth, compassion, and self-awareness in a way that is collaborative, strengths-based, and empowering. I believe in creating a client-therapist relationship that fosters authenticity, support, and space for both acceptance, and for change. This can begin in our very first session. Together, we can begin to tease apart the adaptive approaches to dealing with and moving through life you've grown accustomed to, and begin to decipher which of these patterns are serving you, and which you may be interested in moving beyond.
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Photo of Svetlana Levinta, RP, MEd, Registered Psychotherapist
Svetlana Levinta
Registered Psychotherapist, RP, MEd
Verified Verified
York, ON M5P
I am a Registered Psychotherapist serving individuals, couples, and families in Ontario. Since starting my practice here in Ontario, I have been given the privilege of helping clients overcome their relationship struggles and move forward with their lives. I work collaboratively to set goals with clients, helping them resolve personal problems, conflict in the family, and more. Each session offers a safe space for you to let it all out. My services are available in two languages: English and Russian. I can offer a more personalized service for those who need, since I know the culture, social processes, values, and traditions.
I am a Registered Psychotherapist serving individuals, couples, and families in Ontario. Since starting my practice here in Ontario, I have been given the privilege of helping clients overcome their relationship struggles and move forward with their lives. I work collaboratively to set goals with clients, helping them resolve personal problems, conflict in the family, and more. Each session offers a safe space for you to let it all out. My services are available in two languages: English and Russian. I can offer a more personalized service for those who need, since I know the culture, social processes, values, and traditions.
(416) 823-8037 View (416) 823-8037
Photo of Natasha Batshon, MA, CNP, RP, Registered Psychotherapist
Natasha Batshon
Registered Psychotherapist, MA, CNP, RP
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
York, ON M6C
I work with adults in individual therapy. I can help bring awareness to the specific obstacles that may be preventing you from living a more fulfilling life. Together, we can make shifts in your relationship with yourself, others, and the world around you that will support your goals. I will provide you with both a nurturing environment and the necessary tools for you to explore what's possible and move beyond what's currently holding you back from continued growth. Together, we’ll work through internal and external barriers so that you can develop strong coping mechanisms and skills that you can rely on.
I work with adults in individual therapy. I can help bring awareness to the specific obstacles that may be preventing you from living a more fulfilling life. Together, we can make shifts in your relationship with yourself, others, and the world around you that will support your goals. I will provide you with both a nurturing environment and the necessary tools for you to explore what's possible and move beyond what's currently holding you back from continued growth. Together, we’ll work through internal and external barriers so that you can develop strong coping mechanisms and skills that you can rely on.
(647) 490-6416 View (647) 490-6416
Photo of Michelle Fagen, BSc, DC, RP, Registered Psychotherapist
Michelle Fagen
Registered Psychotherapist, BSc, DC, RP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
York, ON M6C
I've been both the client and the therapist, and I believe strongly in the power of the therapeutic connection. It is an hour just for you; a space to find your voice, understand yourself, get out of your own way. This is what I offer my clients - a relationship where we work together in exploring what is going on for you, take the time to develop trust and tolerance for challenge, and where *everything* is open for discussion. My style is both direct and playful, curious and open-minded. I love working with clients who are ready for change, even if they don't know exactly what that might look like.
I've been both the client and the therapist, and I believe strongly in the power of the therapeutic connection. It is an hour just for you; a space to find your voice, understand yourself, get out of your own way. This is what I offer my clients - a relationship where we work together in exploring what is going on for you, take the time to develop trust and tolerance for challenge, and where *everything* is open for discussion. My style is both direct and playful, curious and open-minded. I love working with clients who are ready for change, even if they don't know exactly what that might look like.
(647) 955-5224 View (647) 955-5224
Photo of Andrew McKenzie, MSW, RSW, Registered Social Worker
Andrew McKenzie
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
Verified Verified
York, ON M6S
Males young and old experience anxiety, depression, trauma and other mood issues, though are less likely to seek help. ADHD and LD’s disproportionately affect males, disrupting their goals and relationships. Young males must navigate contradictory messages about what it means to be a man while managing their own emotional health. These issues tend to be at their worst during transitional life stages, such as changing schools, entering the workforce, middle life, and in new relationships.
Males young and old experience anxiety, depression, trauma and other mood issues, though are less likely to seek help. ADHD and LD’s disproportionately affect males, disrupting their goals and relationships. Young males must navigate contradictory messages about what it means to be a man while managing their own emotional health. These issues tend to be at their worst during transitional life stages, such as changing schools, entering the workforce, middle life, and in new relationships.
(647) 956-5826 View (647) 956-5826
Photo of Dorcas Oduro - Bri Counselling, BSW, MSW, RSW, Registered Social Worker
Dorcas Oduro - Bri Counselling
Registered Social Worker, BSW, MSW, RSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
York, ON M6C
My specialty is helping people work through challenges in relationships and improve their mental health. As a Master’s Level Registered Social Worker (MSW) and therapist, my goal is to help you ignite hope, expand your sense of purpose, and achieve your goals. In my experience, relationships are one of the most important aspects of human existence, including the relationship that we have with ourselves, with those around us, and with the systems we navigate within. My passion is helping individuals examine, understand, and improve the relationships in their lives so that they can live happier, healthier and more meaningful lives.
My specialty is helping people work through challenges in relationships and improve their mental health. As a Master’s Level Registered Social Worker (MSW) and therapist, my goal is to help you ignite hope, expand your sense of purpose, and achieve your goals. In my experience, relationships are one of the most important aspects of human existence, including the relationship that we have with ourselves, with those around us, and with the systems we navigate within. My passion is helping individuals examine, understand, and improve the relationships in their lives so that they can live happier, healthier and more meaningful lives.
(437) 747-0967 View (437) 747-0967
Photo of Sandra Godoy, MSW , RSW, Registered Social Worker
Sandra Godoy
Registered Social Worker, MSW , RSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
York, ON M9N  (Online Only)
Are you tired of feeling like you aren’t yourself? Do you feel disconnected and lost? Would you like clarity on who you are, what your goals are, and how to embark on your healing journey? I support young professionals break the cycle of disconnection, exhaustion, and loneliness while connecting to their authentic self. I specialize in supporting the BIPOC community, particularly individuals with histories of trauma, depression, and anxiety. My approach to therapy is strength-based, culturally inclusive, and trauma-focused. I believe in collaborative, transparent, anti-racist and anti-oppressive care.
Are you tired of feeling like you aren’t yourself? Do you feel disconnected and lost? Would you like clarity on who you are, what your goals are, and how to embark on your healing journey? I support young professionals break the cycle of disconnection, exhaustion, and loneliness while connecting to their authentic self. I specialize in supporting the BIPOC community, particularly individuals with histories of trauma, depression, and anxiety. My approach to therapy is strength-based, culturally inclusive, and trauma-focused. I believe in collaborative, transparent, anti-racist and anti-oppressive care.
(647) 493-2664 View (647) 493-2664
Photo of Gillian Saunders, MSW, RSW, CSAT(C), Registered Social Worker
Gillian Saunders
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW, CSAT(C)
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
York, ON M5P  (Online Only)
Welcome! Like most of us, you are likely juggling work, family and other responsibilities. My goal as a therapist is not to keep you in therapy forever, but to help you overcome obstacles that are getting in the way of being the best version of you. The clients I work with live busy lives, both personally and professional and often either grappling with addiction, or are closely linked to someone that may be struggling. My hope is to assist you in discovering and naming these challenges, process and find closure around them, while working towards your transformation to be free of shame, distress and difficult memories.
Welcome! Like most of us, you are likely juggling work, family and other responsibilities. My goal as a therapist is not to keep you in therapy forever, but to help you overcome obstacles that are getting in the way of being the best version of you. The clients I work with live busy lives, both personally and professional and often either grappling with addiction, or are closely linked to someone that may be struggling. My hope is to assist you in discovering and naming these challenges, process and find closure around them, while working towards your transformation to be free of shame, distress and difficult memories.
(647) 560-7714 View (647) 560-7714
Photo of Marta Leskiv, RP, Registered Psychotherapist
Marta Leskiv
Registered Psychotherapist, RP
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
York, ON M5P
Change can be scary, however, growth lies in discomfort. Leveraging a diverse set of techniques refined over years of clinical practice, I strive to uncover the underlying issues that may be influencing your overall wellbeing. Whether the problem feels small or big, old or new; I am open to bringing it into the room for closer observation and deeper discovery. Everyone has the capacity to change their lives. I recognize that we are each more than just our family, our relationships, our biology, or our circumstances, but also understand that our connection to each of these may profoundly impact our sense of wellbeing.
Change can be scary, however, growth lies in discomfort. Leveraging a diverse set of techniques refined over years of clinical practice, I strive to uncover the underlying issues that may be influencing your overall wellbeing. Whether the problem feels small or big, old or new; I am open to bringing it into the room for closer observation and deeper discovery. Everyone has the capacity to change their lives. I recognize that we are each more than just our family, our relationships, our biology, or our circumstances, but also understand that our connection to each of these may profoundly impact our sense of wellbeing.
(437) 600-9624 View (437) 600-9624
Photo of Melissa Emerson, RP, CTP Dpl, Registered Psychotherapist
Melissa Emerson
Registered Psychotherapist, RP, CTP Dpl
Verified Verified
York, ON M5P
Think about what brought you here. Do you have relationship issues? Do you feel dissatisfied, lonely or lost? Maybe you feel angry or taken advantage of. Do you want someone to listen and understand you? Perhaps I can be that person for you.
Think about what brought you here. Do you have relationship issues? Do you feel dissatisfied, lonely or lost? Maybe you feel angry or taken advantage of. Do you want someone to listen and understand you? Perhaps I can be that person for you.
(647) 952-1821 View (647) 952-1821
Photo of Monica Lau, RPq, MACP, Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying)
Monica Lau
Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying), RPq, MACP
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
York, ON M6N
Experiencing loss in life is 100% going to happen. This could be a death, loss of a relationship, a friendship, a pet. Sometimes you can see it coming and wonder if there is any way to stop it. Other times you're blindsided. Now your world feels unstable or $h!t is upside down. Navigating or preparing for loss is isolating & may make you feel and do all sorts of confusing things. You may be trying to emerge from this with a deeper understanding of yourself, improve your relationships, find confidence in your direction in life, restore a sense of safety/stability in the world or just cope with what is happening. Either way, I'm here.
Experiencing loss in life is 100% going to happen. This could be a death, loss of a relationship, a friendship, a pet. Sometimes you can see it coming and wonder if there is any way to stop it. Other times you're blindsided. Now your world feels unstable or $h!t is upside down. Navigating or preparing for loss is isolating & may make you feel and do all sorts of confusing things. You may be trying to emerge from this with a deeper understanding of yourself, improve your relationships, find confidence in your direction in life, restore a sense of safety/stability in the world or just cope with what is happening. Either way, I'm here.
(647) 370-1778 View (647) 370-1778
Photo of Sabin Naqvi, MA, Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying)
Sabin Naqvi
Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying), MA
Verified Verified
8 Endorsed
York, ON M6B  (Online Only)
If you’re reading this, I believe there is a part of you that yearns for some positive change in your life. I also believe that I can help you get there; together. ​I have over 12 years of experience in community mental health through which I’ve encountered folks from all walks of life and I’m certain of one thing: we all want to feel heard and be seen. ​Our respective journeys can be full of all kinds of experiences which can often include trauma, stress, grief, anxiety, feelings of depression and cause us to question how to move forward.
If you’re reading this, I believe there is a part of you that yearns for some positive change in your life. I also believe that I can help you get there; together. ​I have over 12 years of experience in community mental health through which I’ve encountered folks from all walks of life and I’m certain of one thing: we all want to feel heard and be seen. ​Our respective journeys can be full of all kinds of experiences which can often include trauma, stress, grief, anxiety, feelings of depression and cause us to question how to move forward.
(289) 207-7894 View (289) 207-7894
Photo of Janany Irathinam, BA, MSW, RSW, Registered Social Worker
Janany Irathinam
Registered Social Worker, BA, MSW, RSW
Verified Verified
York, ON M5P  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
I foster a safe refuge where you can begin to unpack your lived experiences free from judgment. While honouring your story, I offer support in exploring what is working and what is deterring you from where you would like to be. In doing so, pathways can be created to explore healthier ways to cope, live a more meaningful and authentic life, gain greater insight, and communicate your needs and boundaries with others. My approach to therapy is trauma-informed/focused, anti-oppressive, strengths-based and draws from intersectional feminist theory. I integrate mindfulness, CBT, narrative therapy, neuroscience, and mind/body approaches.
I foster a safe refuge where you can begin to unpack your lived experiences free from judgment. While honouring your story, I offer support in exploring what is working and what is deterring you from where you would like to be. In doing so, pathways can be created to explore healthier ways to cope, live a more meaningful and authentic life, gain greater insight, and communicate your needs and boundaries with others. My approach to therapy is trauma-informed/focused, anti-oppressive, strengths-based and draws from intersectional feminist theory. I integrate mindfulness, CBT, narrative therapy, neuroscience, and mind/body approaches.
(844) 332-2453 View (844) 332-2453

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Angela Masuzzo, RSSW, CYC, CH, NLPP
Angela Masuzzo
Registered Social Service Worker, RSSW, CYC, CH, NLPP
Verified Verified
Etobicoke, ON M8Z
Maybe you have tried therapy in the past or explored different venues to overcome difficult situations, but you feel stuck! I have experience working with adults, children/adolescents struggling with anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, grief/loss, codependency tendencies, emotional/physical abuse, sexual abuse as well as life transition stressors. I also work with couples providing an active participation to identify their issue, focusing on change-oriented interventions guiding both to understand their individual roles and learn new harmonious strategies.
Maybe you have tried therapy in the past or explored different venues to overcome difficult situations, but you feel stuck! I have experience working with adults, children/adolescents struggling with anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, grief/loss, codependency tendencies, emotional/physical abuse, sexual abuse as well as life transition stressors. I also work with couples providing an active participation to identify their issue, focusing on change-oriented interventions guiding both to understand their individual roles and learn new harmonious strategies.
(647) 951-0406 View (647) 951-0406
Photo of Chrissy Gallo-Nizic, MACP, CYC, SSW, Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying)
Chrissy Gallo-Nizic
Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying), MACP, CYC, SSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Etobicoke, ON M8Z  (Online Only)
I specialize in ADHD, autism, self esteem, anxiety, depression, relationship issues, codependency, family conflict, eating disorders, pregnancy, prenatal, postpartum, parenting, education and learning disabilities, school issues, women's issues, LGBTQ+, and more.
Sometimes our experiences can leave us feeling anxious, overwhelmed, and dysregulated. These emotions can impact our relationships with others and our relationships with ourselves. I encourage therapeutic growth by nurturing the inner child, making peace with the inner critic, and reconnecting clients with their authentic sense of self. I value the healing impact of our parts being seen, heard, validated, and accepted. I work with individuals, couples, parents, and youth. I use Internal Family Systems (IFS), Person-Centered, Self-Compassion, Existential, Relational, Narrative, Strength-based, Attachment-based, and Polyvagal Theory.
I specialize in ADHD, autism, self esteem, anxiety, depression, relationship issues, codependency, family conflict, eating disorders, pregnancy, prenatal, postpartum, parenting, education and learning disabilities, school issues, women's issues, LGBTQ+, and more.
Sometimes our experiences can leave us feeling anxious, overwhelmed, and dysregulated. These emotions can impact our relationships with others and our relationships with ourselves. I encourage therapeutic growth by nurturing the inner child, making peace with the inner critic, and reconnecting clients with their authentic sense of self. I value the healing impact of our parts being seen, heard, validated, and accepted. I work with individuals, couples, parents, and youth. I use Internal Family Systems (IFS), Person-Centered, Self-Compassion, Existential, Relational, Narrative, Strength-based, Attachment-based, and Polyvagal Theory.
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Photo of Julie Devaney, MA, Registered Psychotherapist
Julie Devaney
Registered Psychotherapist, MA
Verified Verified
Toronto, ON M8V  (Online Only)
“Is this forever?” You might be asking yourself this question when you’re struggling and feeling overwhelmed, especially if you’re recovering from abuse, trauma, or illness. Sometimes we lose track of what we want and need moment-to-moment, believing we need permission to want and need anything at all. It is this sense of being “stuck” that often brings clients to therapy. Having a witness—and a safe place to be witnessed—can support us in moving through and beyond life’s most challenging moments. With awareness of our patterns, automatic responses, and bodily sensations, we can start to feel our way out of that “forever” feeling.
“Is this forever?” You might be asking yourself this question when you’re struggling and feeling overwhelmed, especially if you’re recovering from abuse, trauma, or illness. Sometimes we lose track of what we want and need moment-to-moment, believing we need permission to want and need anything at all. It is this sense of being “stuck” that often brings clients to therapy. Having a witness—and a safe place to be witnessed—can support us in moving through and beyond life’s most challenging moments. With awareness of our patterns, automatic responses, and bodily sensations, we can start to feel our way out of that “forever” feeling.
(365) 305-0151 View (365) 305-0151
Photo of Alicia Tough, MScOT, OT, Reg, (Ont), RP, Registered Psychotherapist
Alicia Tough
Registered Psychotherapist, MScOT, OT, Reg, (Ont), RP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Etobicoke, ON M8Y  (Online Only)
Suffering from internal conflict? Looking for self development? Wondering how trauma has impacted you? If you are ready to make more sense of your self in relationships with the world, I'm interested in working with you. I agree with the view that trauma is any unsupported experience that remains unresolved in your nervous system. In gestalt therapy, we call this "unfinished business". Unsupported traumas can result in various mental health diagnoses. I've worked with people experiencing simple to complex chronic conditions, and enjoy processing and getting clarity to support reconnecting with healthy self-functioning.
Suffering from internal conflict? Looking for self development? Wondering how trauma has impacted you? If you are ready to make more sense of your self in relationships with the world, I'm interested in working with you. I agree with the view that trauma is any unsupported experience that remains unresolved in your nervous system. In gestalt therapy, we call this "unfinished business". Unsupported traumas can result in various mental health diagnoses. I've worked with people experiencing simple to complex chronic conditions, and enjoy processing and getting clarity to support reconnecting with healthy self-functioning.
(855) 737-3659 View (855) 737-3659

See more therapy options for York

Codependency Counsellors

What therapy types help with codependency problems?

Both couples and family therapy and cognitive and behavioral therapy (CBT) can help with the relationship difficulties referred to as codependency. Such problems typically include inappropriate feelings of responsibility for a loved one’s destructive behavior, irrational patterns of thinking about such behavior, and family interaction patterns in which the needs of one troubled member override the needs of others in a household.

What happens in therapy for codependency?

Spouses and family members learn and practice how to interact and support each other in a healthy way without sacrificing their own needs or well-being. They learn the limits of their responsibility for their loved ones and correct faulty patterns of thinking and feeling that underlie codependent behavior. Individuals may be encouraged to nurture an array of social relationships and to cultivate their own talents and interests so that they develop a healthy sense of self outside the family.

How does therapy help a person or couple overcome codependency?

Therapy helps people establish healthy ways of being in a relationship. Spouses and family members learn how to nurture and support one another without sacrificing their own needs or allowing the needs of one person to dominate the dynamic. Individuals learn how to say no and set boundaries, and how to maintain their own identity and self-esteem. Therapy helps people understand that they are not responsible for the feelings and actions of others. It also helps individuals deal with the turbulence that can come from living with a person suffering from such conditions as substance abuse and mental illness.

What is the goal of therapy for codependency?

One goal of therapy for codependency is to alleviate feelings of responsibility for and correct irrational patterns of thinking about loved ones whose behavioral problems override the needs of others in a household. Therapy helps people establish healthy boundaries of behavior and speak up for their own needs in a relationship. In addition, people learn how to maintain a healthy relationship, one in which both parties give and receive equally and are able to retain their own identity.