Photo of Natasha Ramzan - Inner Voice Therapy, HBA, MSW, RSW, PsyD, ClinPsy, Registered Social Worker
Inner Voice Therapy
Registered Social Worker, HBA, MSW, RSW, PsyD, ClinPsy
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M5C  (Online Only)
Our clinicians use a variety of evidence-based treatments: Dialectical Behavioural Therapy, Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, Attachment Family Treatment, Gottman and EFT Couples Therapy, Narrative Therapy, and a Mindfulness-based approach.
Helping you shape a new narrative about who you are, where you belong and how to settle confidently into your intercultural identity. You will learn to understand your feelings and unhelpful intergenerational patterns and deal with self-doubt, toxic shame and guilt. You will learn to navigate your cultural confusion and develop an inner voice and confident sense of self. Let’s move past parental approval and traditions, leaving behind insecurities, toxic shame, and self-doubt. Our support goes beyond textbooks. We offer research-based treatment in various languages to support your journey. Visit our website for more.
Our clinicians use a variety of evidence-based treatments: Dialectical Behavioural Therapy, Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, Attachment Family Treatment, Gottman and EFT Couples Therapy, Narrative Therapy, and a Mindfulness-based approach.
Helping you shape a new narrative about who you are, where you belong and how to settle confidently into your intercultural identity. You will learn to understand your feelings and unhelpful intergenerational patterns and deal with self-doubt, toxic shame and guilt. You will learn to navigate your cultural confusion and develop an inner voice and confident sense of self. Let’s move past parental approval and traditions, leaving behind insecurities, toxic shame, and self-doubt. Our support goes beyond textbooks. We offer research-based treatment in various languages to support your journey. Visit our website for more.
(647) 955-3991 View (647) 955-3991
Photo of Justin Michel - Building Bridges Psychotherapy, Registered Psychotherapist
Building Bridges Psychotherapy
Registered Psychotherapist
Verified Verified
Toronto, ON M5R
We are a diverse team of over 40 licensed and experienced therapists! We believe that there is good in every person, and hope in every situation. We help individuals, couples, and families heal, grow, and connect. As relational therapists, we appreciate the impact that our relationships have on our well-being. We do not see clients as having something wrong with their heads that need to be fixed. Rather, we see our clients as unique individuals, each with their own stories and perspectives, embedded in important relationships and contexts that impact them. We see strengths and we see hope, even when it feels like there is none.
We are a diverse team of over 40 licensed and experienced therapists! We believe that there is good in every person, and hope in every situation. We help individuals, couples, and families heal, grow, and connect. As relational therapists, we appreciate the impact that our relationships have on our well-being. We do not see clients as having something wrong with their heads that need to be fixed. Rather, we see our clients as unique individuals, each with their own stories and perspectives, embedded in important relationships and contexts that impact them. We see strengths and we see hope, even when it feels like there is none.
(437) 747-5668 View (437) 747-5668
Photo of Dr. Clinic Bita - Clinic Dr. Bita (Toronto), PhD, MA, LCSW, Psychologist
Clinic Dr. Bita (Toronto)
Psychologist, PhD, MA, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M4W
Award-winning clinic of psychologists, psychotherapists, and counselors in multiple locations, including Toronto.
Award-winning clinic of psychologists, psychotherapists, and counselors in multiple locations, including Toronto.
(844) 332-2532 View (844) 332-2532
Photo of Maureen Codispodi - Help Clinic Canada, CCC, RCC, RSW, RP, Counsellor
Help Clinic Canada
Counsellor, CCC, RCC, RSW, RP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M1T  (Online Only)
Our team of therapists have up to 30+ years experience supporting individuals, couples and families. At Help Clinic Canada, our mission is to provide accessible, comprehensive online therapy services to all Canadians. We are dedicated to breaking down barriers to mental health support and providing a safe, client-centred practice that promotes personal growth and well-being, tailored to the unique needs of each individual we serve. We believe that therapy should be easily accessible, allowing individuals to attend sessions from the comfort and security of their homes, workplaces, vacations, or when away for work.
Our team of therapists have up to 30+ years experience supporting individuals, couples and families. At Help Clinic Canada, our mission is to provide accessible, comprehensive online therapy services to all Canadians. We are dedicated to breaking down barriers to mental health support and providing a safe, client-centred practice that promotes personal growth and well-being, tailored to the unique needs of each individual we serve. We believe that therapy should be easily accessible, allowing individuals to attend sessions from the comfort and security of their homes, workplaces, vacations, or when away for work.
(604) 283-6550 View (604) 283-6550
Photo of Justin Michel - Affordable Therapy Ontario, RP, Registered Psychotherapist
Affordable Therapy Ontario
Registered Psychotherapist, RP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M5R
Money should never be the reason you DON'T go to therapy. We never want money to be a barrier to accessing therapy. This is why Affordable Therapy Ontario (ATO) exists: to make therapy accessible for all! Created by Building Bridges Psychotherapy, we are a diverse team of licensed therapists providing high quality therapy to those who need it. We offer in-person services in Mississauga and Vaughan, with more locations to come. We also offer therapy over video and phone. We work with individuals, couples, and families. For a full list of all the issues and concerns we work with, check out our sister website: bbtherapy.ca/services.
Money should never be the reason you DON'T go to therapy. We never want money to be a barrier to accessing therapy. This is why Affordable Therapy Ontario (ATO) exists: to make therapy accessible for all! Created by Building Bridges Psychotherapy, we are a diverse team of licensed therapists providing high quality therapy to those who need it. We offer in-person services in Mississauga and Vaughan, with more locations to come. We also offer therapy over video and phone. We work with individuals, couples, and families. For a full list of all the issues and concerns we work with, check out our sister website: bbtherapy.ca/services.
(289) 301-8167 View (289) 301-8167
Photo of Justin Michel - Building Bridges Psychotherapy, MA, MSc, RP, Registered Psychotherapist
Building Bridges Psychotherapy
Registered Psychotherapist, MA, MSc, RP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M5R
We are a diverse team of over 50 licensed and experienced therapists! We believe that there is good in every person, and hope in every situation. We help individuals, couples, and families heal, grow, and connect. As relational therapists, we appreciate the impact that our relationships have on our well-being. We do not see clients as having something wrong with their heads that need to be fixed. Rather, we see our clients as unique individuals, each with their own stories and perspectives, embedded in important relationships and contexts that impact them. We see strengths and we see hope, even when it feels like there is none.
We are a diverse team of over 50 licensed and experienced therapists! We believe that there is good in every person, and hope in every situation. We help individuals, couples, and families heal, grow, and connect. As relational therapists, we appreciate the impact that our relationships have on our well-being. We do not see clients as having something wrong with their heads that need to be fixed. Rather, we see our clients as unique individuals, each with their own stories and perspectives, embedded in important relationships and contexts that impact them. We see strengths and we see hope, even when it feels like there is none.
(289) 402-8220 View (289) 402-8220
Photo of Fola Browne - BRI Counselling , PhD, MSW, BSW, RSW, Registered Social Worker
BRI Counselling
Registered Social Worker, PhD, MSW, BSW, RSW
Verified Verified
Toronto, ON M4P
Hello & Welcome to BRI Counselling! My name is Fola Browne and I am the founder of BRI. We are a warm, welcoming, culturally responsive & affirming counselling service with a diverse, compassionate, & talented team. We specialize in supporting individuals, couples, & families at all ages & stages of life to achieve their goals, including healing & recovery from trauma, major life changes & transitions, & building new strengths & skills for future success. With a customized blend of western, eastern, Afro-Centric, & Indigenous approaches, we support each client to identify & make progress toward their most important goals.
Hello & Welcome to BRI Counselling! My name is Fola Browne and I am the founder of BRI. We are a warm, welcoming, culturally responsive & affirming counselling service with a diverse, compassionate, & talented team. We specialize in supporting individuals, couples, & families at all ages & stages of life to achieve their goals, including healing & recovery from trauma, major life changes & transitions, & building new strengths & skills for future success. With a customized blend of western, eastern, Afro-Centric, & Indigenous approaches, we support each client to identify & make progress toward their most important goals.
(289) 302-7354 View (289) 302-7354

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Shahrzad Hazrati - Better Life Counselling Center, MA, RP, MSW, RSW, Registered Social Worker
Better Life Counselling Center
Registered Social Worker, MA, RP, MSW, RSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
North York, ON M3B
Shahrzad Hazrati Registered psychotherapist and Registered Social worker (MA, MSW, RSW, RP). Shahrzad is member of the Canadian Association of Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CA CBT) with years of experience of providing counselling to individuals, couples and families deal with problems such as depression, anxiety, relationship difficulties, parental issues.
Shahrzad Hazrati Registered psychotherapist and Registered Social worker (MA, MSW, RSW, RP). Shahrzad is member of the Canadian Association of Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CA CBT) with years of experience of providing counselling to individuals, couples and families deal with problems such as depression, anxiety, relationship difficulties, parental issues.
(365) 654-2831 View (365) 654-2831
Photo of Parvaneh Moallef Akbari - Parvaneh Moallef A. @Mindful Psychology, CPsych, Assoc, Psychological Associate
Parvaneh Moallef A. @Mindful Psychology
Psychological Associate, CPsych, Assoc
Verified Verified
Etobicoke, ON M8W
I am a registered member of the College of Psychologists of Ontario, licensed to practice in the areas of Clinical Psychology & School Psychology, with over 20 years of experience. I am the Clinic Director at Mindful Psychology, where we provide psychological services to children, teens, and adults. Our Services: Psychotherapy and Psychological, Psycho-Educational & Psycho-Vocational Assessments. We provide comprehensive clinical reports with recommendations for school/workplace to help our clients succeed in their personal, academic & professional lives. We also assess and treat psychological injuries (work injury/auto accident).
I am a registered member of the College of Psychologists of Ontario, licensed to practice in the areas of Clinical Psychology & School Psychology, with over 20 years of experience. I am the Clinic Director at Mindful Psychology, where we provide psychological services to children, teens, and adults. Our Services: Psychotherapy and Psychological, Psycho-Educational & Psycho-Vocational Assessments. We provide comprehensive clinical reports with recommendations for school/workplace to help our clients succeed in their personal, academic & professional lives. We also assess and treat psychological injuries (work injury/auto accident).
(647) 794-5400 View (647) 794-5400
Photo of Judy Lui - Your Story Counselling, MSc, CCC, RP, Registered Psychotherapist
Your Story Counselling
Registered Psychotherapist, MSc, CCC, RP
Verified Verified
9 Endorsed
Markham, ON L3R
Hi I'm Judy, Director at Your Story Counselling (YSC). At YSC, we understand that life can be stressful, it's easy to become disconnected from ourselves and those we love. Our goal is to help you find what you need in order to create the pathways towards your own desired journey in life. When we open ourselves up to our vulnerabilities, we open ourselves up to our full potential. We believe that all of us have the strength within ourselves to overcome and forge ahead with our own preferred way of life, love, and happiness. We all can use some help and support from time to time.
Hi I'm Judy, Director at Your Story Counselling (YSC). At YSC, we understand that life can be stressful, it's easy to become disconnected from ourselves and those we love. Our goal is to help you find what you need in order to create the pathways towards your own desired journey in life. When we open ourselves up to our vulnerabilities, we open ourselves up to our full potential. We believe that all of us have the strength within ourselves to overcome and forge ahead with our own preferred way of life, love, and happiness. We all can use some help and support from time to time.
(416) 473-3333 View (416) 473-3333

Online Therapists

Photo of Liz Khalighi - Milton Psychotherapy Centre-Accepting New Clients
Milton Psychotherapy Centre-Accepting New Clients
Registered Social Worker, Psychotherapist
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Milton, ON L9T
Many others are looking for specific types of treatment as recommended by their family doctor or Psychiatrist such as Cognitive Behaviour Therapy ( CBT), Dialectic Behaviour Therapy (DBT), or Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing (EMDR).
Your journey in therapy will never be the same as someone else's journey. At Milton Psychotherapy Centre, we pride ourselves in providing dynamic, personalized, and creative mental health services to help our client's meet their unique goals. Whether you know exactly what you would like to work with your therapist, or if you are not quite sure what you need but you know that you want to see changes in your life - we've got you. Our team of approachable, down-to-earth, highly skilled therapists are ready to help you move in the direction of your goals.
Many others are looking for specific types of treatment as recommended by their family doctor or Psychiatrist such as Cognitive Behaviour Therapy ( CBT), Dialectic Behaviour Therapy (DBT), or Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing (EMDR).
Your journey in therapy will never be the same as someone else's journey. At Milton Psychotherapy Centre, we pride ourselves in providing dynamic, personalized, and creative mental health services to help our client's meet their unique goals. Whether you know exactly what you would like to work with your therapist, or if you are not quite sure what you need but you know that you want to see changes in your life - we've got you. Our team of approachable, down-to-earth, highly skilled therapists are ready to help you move in the direction of your goals.
(905) 878-3543 View (905) 878-3543
Photo of Liz Khalighi - Milton Psychotherapy Centre-Accepting New Clients, RSSW, MA
Milton Psychotherapy Centre-Accepting New Clients
RSSW, MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Milton, ON L9T
Your journey in therapy will never be the same as someone else's journey. At Milton Psychotherapy Centre, we pride ourselves in providing comprehensive, personalized, and creative mental health services to help our client's find the relief and connection that they are needing. Our team of approachable, down-to-earth, highly skilled therapists specialize in working with a variety of populations: children, teens, adults, couples, families. We specialize in addressing challenges related to relationships, anxiety, depression, trauma, obsessive compulsive behaviour, oppositional defiant disorder, ADHD, intimate partner violence, PTSD.
Your journey in therapy will never be the same as someone else's journey. At Milton Psychotherapy Centre, we pride ourselves in providing comprehensive, personalized, and creative mental health services to help our client's find the relief and connection that they are needing. Our team of approachable, down-to-earth, highly skilled therapists specialize in working with a variety of populations: children, teens, adults, couples, families. We specialize in addressing challenges related to relationships, anxiety, depression, trauma, obsessive compulsive behaviour, oppositional defiant disorder, ADHD, intimate partner violence, PTSD.
(905) 878-3543 View (905) 878-3543
Photo of Hs Therapy Healing Space, BSW, MSW, RSW, Registered Social Worker
Hs Therapy Healing Space
Registered Social Worker, BSW, MSW, RSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Whitby, ON L1N
I know, it feels daunting coming across another profile finding the perfect match. You’re here because of all that heaviness you carry: your life feels like it’s in chaos with the toxic relationships, the soul-sucking career, the trauma that follows you like a shadow - you just feel lost and like you’re drowning. You’re starting to think maybe this is permanent? So when and how can this get better? Don’t worry, we’re not going to slap a self-help book, podcast, or Instagram meme on it. You need your own space and time to process what you're going through, and that is what we are hear for - to start your healing process.
I know, it feels daunting coming across another profile finding the perfect match. You’re here because of all that heaviness you carry: your life feels like it’s in chaos with the toxic relationships, the soul-sucking career, the trauma that follows you like a shadow - you just feel lost and like you’re drowning. You’re starting to think maybe this is permanent? So when and how can this get better? Don’t worry, we’re not going to slap a self-help book, podcast, or Instagram meme on it. You need your own space and time to process what you're going through, and that is what we are hear for - to start your healing process.
(289) 210-8859 View (289) 210-8859
Photo of Michel Justin - Building Bridges Psychotherapy, MA, MSc, RP, Registered Psychotherapist
Building Bridges Psychotherapy
Registered Psychotherapist, MA, MSc, RP
Verified Verified
7 Endorsed
Mississauga, ON L4Z
***ACCEPTING NEW CLIENTS: IN-PERSON & PHONE/VIDEO*** We believe that there is good in every person, and hope in every situation. We have helped individuals, couples, and families heal, grow, and connect. As relational therapists, we appreciate the impact that our relationships have on our well-being. We do not see clients as having something wrong with their minds that necessarily needs to be fixed. Rather, we see our clients as unique individuals, each with their own stories and perspectives, embedded in important relationships and contexts that impact them. We see strengths and we see hope, even when it feels like there is none.
***ACCEPTING NEW CLIENTS: IN-PERSON & PHONE/VIDEO*** We believe that there is good in every person, and hope in every situation. We have helped individuals, couples, and families heal, grow, and connect. As relational therapists, we appreciate the impact that our relationships have on our well-being. We do not see clients as having something wrong with their minds that necessarily needs to be fixed. Rather, we see our clients as unique individuals, each with their own stories and perspectives, embedded in important relationships and contexts that impact them. We see strengths and we see hope, even when it feels like there is none.
(289) 210-5106 View (289) 210-5106
Photo of Building Bridges Psychotherapy Vaughan - Building Bridges Psychotherapy, MA, MSc, RP, Registered Psychotherapist
Building Bridges Psychotherapy
Registered Psychotherapist, MA, MSc, RP
Verified Verified
7 Endorsed
Vaughan, ON L4K
***ACCEPTING NEW CLIENTS: IN-PERSON & PHONE/VIDEO*** We believe that there is good in every person, and hope in every situation. We have helped individuals, couples, and families heal, grow, and connect. As relational therapists, we appreciate the impact that our relationships have on our well-being. We do not see clients as having something wrong with their minds that necessarily needs to be fixed. Rather, we see our clients as unique individuals, each with their own stories and perspectives, embedded in important relationships and contexts that impact them. We see strengths and we see hope, even when it feels like there is none.
***ACCEPTING NEW CLIENTS: IN-PERSON & PHONE/VIDEO*** We believe that there is good in every person, and hope in every situation. We have helped individuals, couples, and families heal, grow, and connect. As relational therapists, we appreciate the impact that our relationships have on our well-being. We do not see clients as having something wrong with their minds that necessarily needs to be fixed. Rather, we see our clients as unique individuals, each with their own stories and perspectives, embedded in important relationships and contexts that impact them. We see strengths and we see hope, even when it feels like there is none.
(289) 207-6240 View (289) 207-6240
Photo of Julie Anderson - OTC-Psychiatrists, Psychologists, Psychotherapists, RP, MA,  BA, MEd BEd, Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying)
OTC-Psychiatrists, Psychologists, Psychotherapists
Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying), RP, MA, BA, MEd BEd
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Newmarket, ON L3X
DIRECT billing Available! The guided principle of personalized care is at the heart of our approach. We believe in the power of collaboration. We pride ourselves on the wide array of services we offer, facilitated by a diverse team of mental health professionals. This includes Clinical Psychologists/Neuropsychologists, Registered Psychotherapists, and Registered Social Workers. Recognizing the multifaceted nature of mental health, we also collaborate with PMVC Psychiatrists across Ontario in order to provide diagnosis, medication recommendations/reviews and psychotherapy recommendations to clients receiving treatment through us.
DIRECT billing Available! The guided principle of personalized care is at the heart of our approach. We believe in the power of collaboration. We pride ourselves on the wide array of services we offer, facilitated by a diverse team of mental health professionals. This includes Clinical Psychologists/Neuropsychologists, Registered Psychotherapists, and Registered Social Workers. Recognizing the multifaceted nature of mental health, we also collaborate with PMVC Psychiatrists across Ontario in order to provide diagnosis, medication recommendations/reviews and psychotherapy recommendations to clients receiving treatment through us.
(289) 512-2670 View (289) 512-2670
Photo of John Roche - Transformation Counselling, In-Person & Online, MSW, RSW, Registered Social Worker
Transformation Counselling, In-Person & Online
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
Verified Verified
Waterloo, ON N2J
Transformation Counselling is Waterloo's largest in-person and online private counselling centre with over 25 registered psychotherapists and registered social workers to choose from. We offer personalized and inclusive counselling services for adults, teens, couples, and families in-person and online. Our goal is to help you find a therapist that's the right fit for you so that you can get the help you need sooner than later.
Transformation Counselling is Waterloo's largest in-person and online private counselling centre with over 25 registered psychotherapists and registered social workers to choose from. We offer personalized and inclusive counselling services for adults, teens, couples, and families in-person and online. Our goal is to help you find a therapist that's the right fit for you so that you can get the help you need sooner than later.
(226) 641-6788 View (226) 641-6788
Photo of Justin Michel - Building Bridges Psychotherapy, RP, MSc, MA, Registered Psychotherapist
Building Bridges Psychotherapy
Registered Psychotherapist, RP, MSc, MA
Verified Verified
Guelph, ON N1H
Accepting New Clients: In-Person & Phone/Video. We believe that there is good in every person, and hope in every situation. We have helped individuals, couples, and families heal, grow, and connect. As relational therapists, we appreciate the impact that our relationships have on our well-being. We do not see clients as having something wrong with their minds that necessarily needs to be fixed. Rather, we see our clients as unique individuals, each with their own stories and perspectives, embedded in important relationships and contexts that impact them. We see strengths and we see hope, even when it feels like there is none.
Accepting New Clients: In-Person & Phone/Video. We believe that there is good in every person, and hope in every situation. We have helped individuals, couples, and families heal, grow, and connect. As relational therapists, we appreciate the impact that our relationships have on our well-being. We do not see clients as having something wrong with their minds that necessarily needs to be fixed. Rather, we see our clients as unique individuals, each with their own stories and perspectives, embedded in important relationships and contexts that impact them. We see strengths and we see hope, even when it feels like there is none.
(226) 702-8590 View (226) 702-8590
Photo of Ruth Baah-Gyebi - Elpizo Counselling Services Inc., MSc, RP, RRT, Registered Psychotherapist
Elpizo Counselling Services Inc.
Registered Psychotherapist, MSc, RP, RRT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Milton, ON L9T
Whether individual, children, couple or family, we never turn away a client that genuinely needs assistance, our aim is for anyone who needs counselling receives it. Our team of culturally diverse experienced Psychotherapists will listen, hear you, and serve you, virtually or in person. We specialize in various types of traumas, acute, complex, developmental, PTSD, and depression, anxiety, marriage, relationship challenges, co-parenting, behavioral issues, family reunification, sexual abuse, domestic violence, borderline personality disorder, employment issues, racial injustice, etc. Call for a free 15-minute consultation.
Whether individual, children, couple or family, we never turn away a client that genuinely needs assistance, our aim is for anyone who needs counselling receives it. Our team of culturally diverse experienced Psychotherapists will listen, hear you, and serve you, virtually or in person. We specialize in various types of traumas, acute, complex, developmental, PTSD, and depression, anxiety, marriage, relationship challenges, co-parenting, behavioral issues, family reunification, sexual abuse, domestic violence, borderline personality disorder, employment issues, racial injustice, etc. Call for a free 15-minute consultation.
(289) 804-3067 View (289) 804-3067

See more therapy options for Toronto

Cognitive Behavioural (CBT) Counsellors

How does cognitive behavioural therapy work?

Cognitive behavioural therapy works by exploring how your thoughts affect your emotions and experiences. CBT helps you identify distortions in your thinking. For example, you may tend to jump to the worst case scenario catastrophising or think in extremes (all-or-nothing thinking). A therapist can teach you how to push back against those thoughts to ultimately change your feelings and behavior for the better. They can also provide coping skills to better deal with stressors and challenges.

When do I know to seek treatment with cognitive behavioural therapy?

It’s reasonable to consider cognitive behavioural therapy if you struggle to manage difficult emotions or behaviors to such an extent that you are not getting the most out of life on a day-to-day basis. If you want a shorter term, concrete, skills-based approach, CBT is a great option. (By contrast, other types of therapy may devote more time to exploring your past and its effects.) The decision to seek CBT also depends on the condition you’re treating; CBT is an effective treatment for anxiety, depression, trauma, and many other disorders.

How can I find a cognitive behavioural therapist for someone else?

To find a cognitive behavioural therapist for someone else, you may want to begin by discussing the person’s problem, researching cognitive behavioural therapy, and assessing whether the approach is the right fit. You could then reach out to a few cognitive behavioral therapists in this directory, explain the scenario, have a consultation with those available, and determine who could be a good match.

Why is CBT such a popular form of therapy?

CBT has become a popular form of therapy because it is effective and accessible. Robust research has demonstrated that CBT is an effective treatment for many mental health conditions. And CBT can be learned in relatively few sessions, which means that many people can engage in the process, afford it, and see results quickly. It involves learning concrete skills such as disputing unhelpful thoughts; these skills can also be taught and spread widely.