Therapists in Toronto, ON
Amy Patel
Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying), MA
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M5A (Online Only)
Hello! In my therapeutic work with clients, I adopt a person-centered approach as the fundamental framework of my eclectic methodology.
Hello! In my therapeutic work with clients, I adopt a person-centered approach as the fundamental framework of my eclectic methodology.
Are you feeling stuck or lost in life? Maybe you are seeking support around how to manage big feelings, difficult memories, or anxious thoughts that are impacting your mood, getting in the way of the things you want to do in life, and straining your relationships (or leaving you feeling isolated). Perhaps you know that something needs to change but you don't know where to start. The good news is that you don't need to know, together we can get you there. I have over 10 years of experience supporting individuals through healing their past wounds, rediscovering their power, and building a meaningful and joyful life.
Are you feeling stuck or lost in life? Maybe you are seeking support around how to manage big feelings, difficult memories, or anxious thoughts that are impacting your mood, getting in the way of the things you want to do in life, and straining your relationships (or leaving you feeling isolated). Perhaps you know that something needs to change but you don't know where to start. The good news is that you don't need to know, together we can get you there. I have over 10 years of experience supporting individuals through healing their past wounds, rediscovering their power, and building a meaningful and joyful life.
Depression & Addiction Therapy - Amanda Sanichar
Registered Social Worker
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M5H (Online Only)
Accepting new clients! Do you find yourself dealing with anxiety, depression, addiction or relationship difficulties? Are you a young adult or someone going through a period of transition, seeking a path to growth and balance? If so, I offer a compassionate, personalized therapy experience tailored just for you. My practice is grounded in a deep understanding of Attachment Theory and employs various therapeutic methods. If you value empathy, expertise, and a therapy approach that resonates with your personal story and emotional landscape, then I'm here to help you. Are you ready to explore and overcome the issues you're facing?
Accepting new clients! Do you find yourself dealing with anxiety, depression, addiction or relationship difficulties? Are you a young adult or someone going through a period of transition, seeking a path to growth and balance? If so, I offer a compassionate, personalized therapy experience tailored just for you. My practice is grounded in a deep understanding of Attachment Theory and employs various therapeutic methods. If you value empathy, expertise, and a therapy approach that resonates with your personal story and emotional landscape, then I'm here to help you. Are you ready to explore and overcome the issues you're facing?
Taslim Jaffer-Murji
Registered Psychotherapist, MA, RP
Verified Verified
Toronto, ON M3C (Online Only)
Do you struggle to cope with difficult or overwhelming emotions? Are you afraid of what might happen if you allow yourself to "feel too much?" Do you feel stuck and hopeless about changing unhealthy patterns in your relationship? Maybe you find it too uncomfortable to assert yourself and "get real" with your partner about what you need. Therapy can help people gain insight and learn new skills to confidently address whatever stands in the way of living an authentic and purpose-driven life.
Do you struggle to cope with difficult or overwhelming emotions? Are you afraid of what might happen if you allow yourself to "feel too much?" Do you feel stuck and hopeless about changing unhealthy patterns in your relationship? Maybe you find it too uncomfortable to assert yourself and "get real" with your partner about what you need. Therapy can help people gain insight and learn new skills to confidently address whatever stands in the way of living an authentic and purpose-driven life.
At Insight OT we love helping people live better! Collaborative and client-led, we offer a unique therapeutic approach that draws on both psychotherapy and occupational therapy. We are serious about providing exceptional therapy based on individual needs and circumstances. Committed to a customized approach and practical solutions, we offer high quality, affordable individual therapy sessions for people with concerns associated with trauma, stress, anxiety, depression, dissociative disorders, psychosis and insomnia.
At Insight OT we love helping people live better! Collaborative and client-led, we offer a unique therapeutic approach that draws on both psychotherapy and occupational therapy. We are serious about providing exceptional therapy based on individual needs and circumstances. Committed to a customized approach and practical solutions, we offer high quality, affordable individual therapy sessions for people with concerns associated with trauma, stress, anxiety, depression, dissociative disorders, psychosis and insomnia.
I believe that having a safe space to decompress, explore life’s challenges, and navigate complex situations is essential to fostering well-being. My approach is compassionate, collaborative, and client-centred. I believe in the power of therapy to foster growth, resilience, and healing. Through a blend of cognitive behavioural therapy, emotion focused therapy, solution focused therapy, and existential therapy, I support clients in uncovering their strengths, gaining insights, and developing effective coping strategies.
I believe that having a safe space to decompress, explore life’s challenges, and navigate complex situations is essential to fostering well-being. My approach is compassionate, collaborative, and client-centred. I believe in the power of therapy to foster growth, resilience, and healing. Through a blend of cognitive behavioural therapy, emotion focused therapy, solution focused therapy, and existential therapy, I support clients in uncovering their strengths, gaining insights, and developing effective coping strategies.
Paris Manavipour
Registered Social Worker, BSc, BSW, MSW, RSW
Verified Verified
Toronto, ON M3C (Online Only)
Having a safe space to process our emotions and thoughts is an important part of our growth, healing, and overall wellbeing. If you are struggling with anxiety, trauma, life changes, relationship issues, self-esteem or family challenges, I would be happy to offer you an opportunity to explore your experiences, with no judgement. We can set therapeutic goals together then work collaboratively to meet them. In my practice, I enjoy teaching my clients skills that they can use to manage their day-to-day challenges. Together we can goal set and solution build!
Having a safe space to process our emotions and thoughts is an important part of our growth, healing, and overall wellbeing. If you are struggling with anxiety, trauma, life changes, relationship issues, self-esteem or family challenges, I would be happy to offer you an opportunity to explore your experiences, with no judgement. We can set therapeutic goals together then work collaboratively to meet them. In my practice, I enjoy teaching my clients skills that they can use to manage their day-to-day challenges. Together we can goal set and solution build!
Karen Mitton RSW
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW, BEd
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M5R (Online Only)
I do integrative work with adults and children. (If approached to work with a child, I first do a series of individual sessions with parents in order to scan for and process their own histories that may be feeding the triggers their children set off in them.) I am currently providing DBR (Deep Brain Reorienting) therapy shaped by my former uses of EMDR, Brainspotting, parts work (guided by structural dissociation theory), Theraplay, SSP and sand tray techniques. Lenses that guide my practice include trauma, attachment, consent, systems, anti-racist and loving justice. Practice hours are 9-5pm weekdays.
I do integrative work with adults and children. (If approached to work with a child, I first do a series of individual sessions with parents in order to scan for and process their own histories that may be feeding the triggers their children set off in them.) I am currently providing DBR (Deep Brain Reorienting) therapy shaped by my former uses of EMDR, Brainspotting, parts work (guided by structural dissociation theory), Theraplay, SSP and sand tray techniques. Lenses that guide my practice include trauma, attachment, consent, systems, anti-racist and loving justice. Practice hours are 9-5pm weekdays.
Raganya Ponmanadiyil
Registered Psychotherapist, MEd, MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M3C
Sometimes our life can feel overwhelming, and change can feel impossible. Our feelings can impact areas of our life that can make us experience stress, feeling low, problems in relationships, or self-esteem concerns. It can be difficult to understand what and why you feel the way you do, and more importantly, how you can move forward. Your feelings are not random, but you might not like how you react in situations, so understanding why and incorporating manageable skills to change can help you be the ideal you. You know who you want to be, but feel stuck in your ways - unable to see a way through or around.
Sometimes our life can feel overwhelming, and change can feel impossible. Our feelings can impact areas of our life that can make us experience stress, feeling low, problems in relationships, or self-esteem concerns. It can be difficult to understand what and why you feel the way you do, and more importantly, how you can move forward. Your feelings are not random, but you might not like how you react in situations, so understanding why and incorporating manageable skills to change can help you be the ideal you. You know who you want to be, but feel stuck in your ways - unable to see a way through or around.
Ariette Hung - Anxiety, ADHD & Inner Child
Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying), BA, MDiv
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M5C
Nice to meet you, my name is Ariette and I'm an East-Asian therapist based in downtown Toronto. Stress/anxiety can get to the best of us. As an emotionally-focussed therapist, I provide a safe space for individuals (14+) and couples to share and process hard emotions, heal their stress, and gain resilience. My goal is to help you enact healthy edits so you can achieve more balance, inner strength, and peace. If you are keen to manage anxiety, self-esteem issues, and/or ADHD symptoms, therapy can help you begin coping and feeling better. I accept clients online, and in-person Toronto.
Nice to meet you, my name is Ariette and I'm an East-Asian therapist based in downtown Toronto. Stress/anxiety can get to the best of us. As an emotionally-focussed therapist, I provide a safe space for individuals (14+) and couples to share and process hard emotions, heal their stress, and gain resilience. My goal is to help you enact healthy edits so you can achieve more balance, inner strength, and peace. If you are keen to manage anxiety, self-esteem issues, and/or ADHD symptoms, therapy can help you begin coping and feeling better. I accept clients online, and in-person Toronto.
As a Psychotherapist, Couples' Counsellor, and Qualified Mindfulness Instructor, I work with you to help you make sense of your own life experiences, understand how your past affects you now, and make positive changes. Mindfulness is an integral part of my personal and professional life. Since 2009 I have studied the intersection of Buddhism and Psychology and I have partnered with several government and public institutions to run accessible mindfulness programs (including MBSR) for staff and students (i.e. Ontario Ministry of Community Safety and Correctional Services, UofT, Central LHIN, The Princess Margaret).
As a Psychotherapist, Couples' Counsellor, and Qualified Mindfulness Instructor, I work with you to help you make sense of your own life experiences, understand how your past affects you now, and make positive changes. Mindfulness is an integral part of my personal and professional life. Since 2009 I have studied the intersection of Buddhism and Psychology and I have partnered with several government and public institutions to run accessible mindfulness programs (including MBSR) for staff and students (i.e. Ontario Ministry of Community Safety and Correctional Services, UofT, Central LHIN, The Princess Margaret).
15 Second Videos
Jennifer E Landry
Mihaela Dirlea
Sarah McCarthy
Zaamilah Balasubramaniam
Courtney Moreira
Holly Elizabeth Naraine
Shiva Safari
Kelly Holt
Kate Bailey
Gavin Bejaimal
Meagan Minott - Aligned Care Counselling
Abloom Therapy: Anxiety, Parenting, Women's Issues
Talia Marcheggiani
Melissa Donohue
Abolfazl Mohammadi
Julien Fortier
Kim Omoruyi
Connie Wong
Eras Therapy & Wellness
Emily Taylor
Ping San Chi
Paméla Goutondji
Kelly Greene
First Step Men's Therapy (In-Person & Online)
Upstairs Counselling Services
Karen Lynn Goslin
Consulting Hypnosis
Elizabeth Arbour
SolutionFirst Therapy
Christopher Hayden
Shannon Kane
Godfrey Benjamin
Anxiety Therapy for Women - Miranda Begley
Yael Shoham, MSW (Cand.): Affordable Therapy 🌈
Krista Huyer
Tera Beaulieu
Glenda Carman-Gray
Finding Tranquility Psychotherapy Service
Taryn Zeger
Karlie Chalmers
Dennis Keefe
Kimmi Labbett
Jennifer Ashiedu
First Step Men's Therapy (In-Person & Online)
Camila Espana
Nadiatou Fagbemi
Anna Riddell @ Kaleidoscope Counselling Collective 🌈
Syrus Osborn
Zac Schraeder
Sonam K Singh
Sarah McCarthy
Registered Psychotherapist, RP
Verified Verified
15 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M5A (Online Only)
Many of my clients come to therapy because they feel discouraged that the people around them appear to not understand the personal challenges they're facing in their lives. In attempting to talk about simple daily struggles, friends, family and co-workers often give advice or put a positive spin on what's hard. This can leave us feeling inadequate that we seem to be baffled by things that others appear to have figured out. As humans we need understanding and acceptance in order that we can continue to grow: and this is support you can find in good therapy.
Many of my clients come to therapy because they feel discouraged that the people around them appear to not understand the personal challenges they're facing in their lives. In attempting to talk about simple daily struggles, friends, family and co-workers often give advice or put a positive spin on what's hard. This can leave us feeling inadequate that we seem to be baffled by things that others appear to have figured out. As humans we need understanding and acceptance in order that we can continue to grow: and this is support you can find in good therapy.
Dr. Genevieve Vrana - Centre For Psychology And Emotional Health
Psychologist, PhD, CPsych
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M5R
Waitlist for new clients
I provide clients with a safe space to explore their emotions, so that they can heal from past wounds, become more self-accepting, and make meaningful changes in their lives. Clients can always count on my warm, empathic, and non-judgmental manner, which leaves them feeling understood and supported. I am passionate about helping people struggling with a range of concerns including depression, low self-esteem, grief, anxiety, worry, childhood and adult traumatic experiences, overwhelming emotions, stress, life transitions, relationship difficulties, life satisfaction, and challenges associated with living with a health condition.
I provide clients with a safe space to explore their emotions, so that they can heal from past wounds, become more self-accepting, and make meaningful changes in their lives. Clients can always count on my warm, empathic, and non-judgmental manner, which leaves them feeling understood and supported. I am passionate about helping people struggling with a range of concerns including depression, low self-esteem, grief, anxiety, worry, childhood and adult traumatic experiences, overwhelming emotions, stress, life transitions, relationship difficulties, life satisfaction, and challenges associated with living with a health condition.
Leila Rashidi
Registered Psychotherapist, MACP, RP, CCPA, CHyp, CRPO
Verified Verified
Toronto, ON M2M
I offer individual and couples therapy in the following specializations: • Anxiety and Depression • Interpersonal/Relationship issues • Life transitions • Goal setting • Work/Life balance • Anger Management • Domestic Violence • Family Conflict • Infidelity • Marital and Premarital • Self Esteem • Stress • Trauma and PTSD • Women's Issues
I offer individual and couples therapy in the following specializations: • Anxiety and Depression • Interpersonal/Relationship issues • Life transitions • Goal setting • Work/Life balance • Anger Management • Domestic Violence • Family Conflict • Infidelity • Marital and Premarital • Self Esteem • Stress • Trauma and PTSD • Women's Issues
Alexandra Gaffney
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M5R (Online Only)
Are you looking for support as you go through a life transition, like a new job, a job loss, or the end of a relationship? Are you feeling stuck and looking to make a change? Is your inner critic standing in your way?
Are you looking for support as you go through a life transition, like a new job, a job loss, or the end of a relationship? Are you feeling stuck and looking to make a change? Is your inner critic standing in your way?
Leaside Child Therapy Centre
Registered Social Worker, BSc, MSW, RSW
Verified Verified
Toronto, ON M4G
I am a Child and Family Therapist with over two decades of experience helping children, adolescents and adults (ages 4 and up) to develop or enhance their coping skills, tools and strategies to successfully manage life's challenges. I have a warm and engaging style that enables me to quickly connect with children, build a trusting relationship, and help them to develop the skills and abilities they need to succeed. I've worked at various Children's Mental Health Centres in Toronto prior to starting a private practice. I would be happy to be a part of your child/family's journey and a catalyst to their change/success.
I am a Child and Family Therapist with over two decades of experience helping children, adolescents and adults (ages 4 and up) to develop or enhance their coping skills, tools and strategies to successfully manage life's challenges. I have a warm and engaging style that enables me to quickly connect with children, build a trusting relationship, and help them to develop the skills and abilities they need to succeed. I've worked at various Children's Mental Health Centres in Toronto prior to starting a private practice. I would be happy to be a part of your child/family's journey and a catalyst to their change/success.
Zaamilah Balasubramaniam
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA, RP(Q)
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M5S
Do you find yourself often feeling stressed in your day-to-day life? Do you often default to the negative? Do you notice that you hold tension in your body? By working together, I can support you. I can help you gain strength and resilience to work navigate life’s many challenges. With a background in yoga, I create a space where you can safely explore your experiences. I aim to support you in understanding your needs and coping mechanisms to ensure you reach your goals.
Do you find yourself often feeling stressed in your day-to-day life? Do you often default to the negative? Do you notice that you hold tension in your body? By working together, I can support you. I can help you gain strength and resilience to work navigate life’s many challenges. With a background in yoga, I create a space where you can safely explore your experiences. I aim to support you in understanding your needs and coping mechanisms to ensure you reach your goals.
Are you struggling to build healthy relationships? Are you dealing with stressful family dynamics and don’t know how to navigate them? Are you looking to explore the impacts of your childhood on who you are today? I’m a licensed social worker who specializes in attachment theory, relationships and trauma. I help clients understand more about themselves and help them develop the tools they need to build the life and relationships they want.
Are you struggling to build healthy relationships? Are you dealing with stressful family dynamics and don’t know how to navigate them? Are you looking to explore the impacts of your childhood on who you are today? I’m a licensed social worker who specializes in attachment theory, relationships and trauma. I help clients understand more about themselves and help them develop the tools they need to build the life and relationships they want.
Are you looking for a warm and caring therapist? I support teens, adults, couples and families with neurodivergence (ADHD and Autism), grief, trauma, anxiety, depression, relationship stress, substance-use concerns, and navigating school and work. I also support people with issues related to migration, racialization, caste, religion and culture, genders and sexualities. The heart of our work together is our 'click,' so please feel free to call or email me for a no-commitment short consult.
Are you looking for a warm and caring therapist? I support teens, adults, couples and families with neurodivergence (ADHD and Autism), grief, trauma, anxiety, depression, relationship stress, substance-use concerns, and navigating school and work. I also support people with issues related to migration, racialization, caste, religion and culture, genders and sexualities. The heart of our work together is our 'click,' so please feel free to call or email me for a no-commitment short consult.
I believe that the most important stories are the ones we tell ourselves. At times in our lives, these stories can cause us to get stuck, be led off course, or feel overwhelmed by our emotions. I see therapy as a space to understand and explore the impact of our thoughts, beliefs, and actions on our emotional experience. Through this exploration, you can gain a greater understanding of yourself and learn valuable skills to improve your mental health. I aim to work collaboratively with my clients to help them engage in this process and to achieve meaningful and lasting change.
I believe that the most important stories are the ones we tell ourselves. At times in our lives, these stories can cause us to get stuck, be led off course, or feel overwhelmed by our emotions. I see therapy as a space to understand and explore the impact of our thoughts, beliefs, and actions on our emotional experience. Through this exploration, you can gain a greater understanding of yourself and learn valuable skills to improve your mental health. I aim to work collaboratively with my clients to help them engage in this process and to achieve meaningful and lasting change.
See more therapy options for Toronto
How does your Counsellor compare?
Number of Counsellors in Toronto, ON
3,000+
Average cost per session
$160
Counsellors in Toronto, ON who prioritize treating:
93% | Anxiety |
87% | Depression |
84% | Relationship Issues |
84% | Self Esteem |
80% | Stress |
71% | Coping Skills |
69% | Trauma and PTSD |
Average years in practice
9 Years
Top 3 insurances accepted
65% | Green Shield Canada |
64% | SunLife |
62% | Manulife |
How Counsellors in Toronto, ON see their clients
52% | In Person and Online | |
48% | Online Only |
Gender breakdown
81% | Female | |
17% | Male | |
2% | Non-Binary |
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling
How can I find a therapist in Toronto?
Search for nearby therapists or counsellors by inputting your city, postal code, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postal code into the search bar.
Learn more about how to find a therapist
Learn more about how to find a therapist
Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?
Most Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are certified by one of the main professional associations, mainly the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association (CCPA), and will have a Certified Canadian Counsellor (CCC) designation with their name. Social Workers listed in the directory must be registered members of the college specific to their province. To be listed in the directory, Psychologists must be registered with the psychological college specific to their province or territory.
Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given the considerable variation in professional regulation and prerequisites across Canadian provinces, some providers may possess significant professional qualifications without necessarily holding professional memberships or being obliged to acquire them. As a result, they may be selectively included without the "Verified" seal.
Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given the considerable variation in professional regulation and prerequisites across Canadian provinces, some providers may possess significant professional qualifications without necessarily holding professional memberships or being obliged to acquire them. As a result, they may be selectively included without the "Verified" seal.
What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?
Psychologists, counsellors, psychotherapists and social workers can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and supervised, practical experience that enable them to do so in Canada.
Psychologists have a master's and/or doctoral degree and have passed both written and oral exams. Psychologists are able to complete mental health assessments and provide diagnostic information to clients as well as provide counselling therapy or psychotherapy. Counsellors and psychotherapists are expected to have a master's or doctoral degree in counselling psychology, social work, or a related mental health discipline and certification by a professional association, such as the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association. Registered Social Workers possess a Bachelor's or Master's degree in Social Work and where possible must be licensed or certified by the provincial government and/or regulatory college.
Psychologists have a master's and/or doctoral degree and have passed both written and oral exams. Psychologists are able to complete mental health assessments and provide diagnostic information to clients as well as provide counselling therapy or psychotherapy. Counsellors and psychotherapists are expected to have a master's or doctoral degree in counselling psychology, social work, or a related mental health discipline and certification by a professional association, such as the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association. Registered Social Workers possess a Bachelor's or Master's degree in Social Work and where possible must be licensed or certified by the provincial government and/or regulatory college.
What type of therapy is right for me?
The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.
How much does therapy cost?
The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, the cost of a therapy session in Canada could be between $100 and $200. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.
What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?
Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.
If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. Some types of outpatient mental health services are covered by Medicare, provided these are performed by a licensed mental health professional in the provinces or territory you reside in and who accepts the assignment.
If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. Some types of outpatient mental health services are covered by Medicare, provided these are performed by a licensed mental health professional in the provinces or territory you reside in and who accepts the assignment.
Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?
Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.
Is online therapy a good option?
Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postal code.
Are therapy sessions confidential?
Professionals licensed by regulatory colleges and those certified by associations such as the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association are obligated to uphold client confidentiality unless there is a legal reason that requires them to disclose information. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there is the potential or known harm to the client or others, or a court order, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.