Therapists in Innisfil, ON

Photo of Samantha Ranta: Counselling And Supervision, MSW, RSW, Registered Social Worker
Samantha Ranta: Counselling And Supervision
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Innisfil, ON L9S  (Online Only)
Why can't I just...? This is a common thought in your head that you find yourself stuck on. You feel like no one quite understands what you need, not even you. In a world of "self-care" you find that nothing is helping and that you are failing those around you as well as yourself. Your intimate relationship is full of challenges that neither of you can address. You feel disconnected from those around you. These challenges impact your relationships, your ability to work and engage in social interactions. Life stressors and the strategies to overcome these are individual to each person so let's explore the interconnectedness of needs.
Why can't I just...? This is a common thought in your head that you find yourself stuck on. You feel like no one quite understands what you need, not even you. In a world of "self-care" you find that nothing is helping and that you are failing those around you as well as yourself. Your intimate relationship is full of challenges that neither of you can address. You feel disconnected from those around you. These challenges impact your relationships, your ability to work and engage in social interactions. Life stressors and the strategies to overcome these are individual to each person so let's explore the interconnectedness of needs.
(249) 209-0349 View (249) 209-0349
Photo of Aneliya Saley, MA, MTA, RP, Registered Psychotherapist
Aneliya Saley
Registered Psychotherapist, MA, MTA, RP
Verified Verified
Innisfil, ON L9S
I am a Registered Psychotherapist with the Ontario College of Psychotherapists and Certified Music Therapist (MTA) with the Canadian Association of Music Therapy. I am passionate about supporting and empowering individuals on their journey to healing and well-being by focusing on the power of the music experience. I use music to facilitate healing for the mind, body and soul. Music therapy can be used with the very young, right up to the very old. It can be used to treat a wide range of issues, including anxiety, depression, anger issues, acting out, eating disorders, PTSD, separation or divorce.
I am a Registered Psychotherapist with the Ontario College of Psychotherapists and Certified Music Therapist (MTA) with the Canadian Association of Music Therapy. I am passionate about supporting and empowering individuals on their journey to healing and well-being by focusing on the power of the music experience. I use music to facilitate healing for the mind, body and soul. Music therapy can be used with the very young, right up to the very old. It can be used to treat a wide range of issues, including anxiety, depression, anger issues, acting out, eating disorders, PTSD, separation or divorce.
(289) 206-5311 View (289) 206-5311
Photo of Seneka King - DKH Visionary Psychotherapy and Counselling , RNP, PMH
DKH Visionary Psychotherapy and Counselling
RNP, PMH
Verified Verified
Innisfil, ON L9S
Are you feeling discouraged with life and not sure where to turn? Are you facing challenges and can’t seem to break the cycle? I offer individualized treatment plans to fit your unique needs. I am passionate about helping individuals reach a new wellness. With my extensive knowledge and expertise, individuals are able to achieve balanced thinking and psychological wellbeing.
Are you feeling discouraged with life and not sure where to turn? Are you facing challenges and can’t seem to break the cycle? I offer individualized treatment plans to fit your unique needs. I am passionate about helping individuals reach a new wellness. With my extensive knowledge and expertise, individuals are able to achieve balanced thinking and psychological wellbeing.
(249) 294-1245 View (249) 294-1245
Photo of Milicia Reid - Counselling, Coaching, Consulting by Milicia , Bsc, MSW, RSW, Registered Social Worker
Counselling, Coaching, Consulting by Milicia
Registered Social Worker, Bsc, MSW, RSW
Verified Verified
Innisfil, ON L9S
Are you feeling like you have lost control of your life or what’s important to you? Does any of the following describe what you are experiencing - feeling stuck, hurt, lost, broken, betrayed, hopeless, helpless, confused, stressed, anxious, afraid, exhausted or worthless? Are you grappling with shame and regret? It doesn’t have to end this way. I have been there, and I can help you rewrite your story and pull things back together. My goal is to partner with you in achieving your goals and resolutions. I acknowledge that you know your story best and I will collaborate with you to discover your unique strengths and resources.
Are you feeling like you have lost control of your life or what’s important to you? Does any of the following describe what you are experiencing - feeling stuck, hurt, lost, broken, betrayed, hopeless, helpless, confused, stressed, anxious, afraid, exhausted or worthless? Are you grappling with shame and regret? It doesn’t have to end this way. I have been there, and I can help you rewrite your story and pull things back together. My goal is to partner with you in achieving your goals and resolutions. I acknowledge that you know your story best and I will collaborate with you to discover your unique strengths and resources.
(249) 490-5681 View (249) 490-5681
Photo of Antoline Thiruchelvam, MA, Registered Psychotherapist
Antoline Thiruchelvam
Registered Psychotherapist, MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Innisfil, ON L9S  (Online Only)
Lets talk! I build working relationships with individuals who have gone through a trauma and help them to overcome trauma related symptoms such as anxiety, depression and PTSD. I have to been certified in Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, and Cognitive Processing Therapy along with other modalities.
Lets talk! I build working relationships with individuals who have gone through a trauma and help them to overcome trauma related symptoms such as anxiety, depression and PTSD. I have to been certified in Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, and Cognitive Processing Therapy along with other modalities.
(647) 691-0255 View (647) 691-0255
Photo of Ashley Bergman, MSW, BSW, RSW, Registered Social Worker
Ashley Bergman
Registered Social Worker, MSW, BSW, RSW
Verified Verified
Innisfil, ON L9S
I work with individuals including children, teens and adults to help them increase their coping skills, improve relationships, reduce anxiety etc. I also service couples who are looking to increase communication and overall relationship satisfaction with their partner. In addition, I provide parenting support as well as service families. I provide support to adoptees seeking support connecting with their biological families as well. I am a Non Insured Health Benefits (NIHB) Provider as well for those Indian Status. Sessions are via telephone, virtually or in person in Barrie, ON. Book a free 15 minute consultation via email, today!
I work with individuals including children, teens and adults to help them increase their coping skills, improve relationships, reduce anxiety etc. I also service couples who are looking to increase communication and overall relationship satisfaction with their partner. In addition, I provide parenting support as well as service families. I provide support to adoptees seeking support connecting with their biological families as well. I am a Non Insured Health Benefits (NIHB) Provider as well for those Indian Status. Sessions are via telephone, virtually or in person in Barrie, ON. Book a free 15 minute consultation via email, today!
(249) 500-4484 View (249) 500-4484
Photo of Kaya Quinsey, MPsy, RP, Registered Psychotherapist
Kaya Quinsey
Registered Psychotherapist, MPsy, RP
Verified Verified
Innisfil, ON L9S  (Online Only)
I provide psychotherapy in a compassionate and non-judgemental setting and approach my clients with support. I provide an empowering environment where you can explore your experiences, challenge limiting beliefs, and re-author your personal narrative. I have a background working in hospital, EFAP, and private-practice settings. I provide therapy for a diverse range of issues, including anxiety, depression, burnout, eating disorders, career/work stress, life transitions, academic and school-related stress, body image, self-esteem, developing confidence, stress management, parenting issues and more.
I provide psychotherapy in a compassionate and non-judgemental setting and approach my clients with support. I provide an empowering environment where you can explore your experiences, challenge limiting beliefs, and re-author your personal narrative. I have a background working in hospital, EFAP, and private-practice settings. I provide therapy for a diverse range of issues, including anxiety, depression, burnout, eating disorders, career/work stress, life transitions, academic and school-related stress, body image, self-esteem, developing confidence, stress management, parenting issues and more.
(249) 509-0026 View (249) 509-0026
Photo of Nanette Basic, MA, BA, RP, Registered Psychotherapist
Nanette Basic
Registered Psychotherapist, MA, BA, RP
Verified Verified
Innisfil, ON L9S
At the heart of my therapeutic philosophy is the fundamental belief in the powerful impact of therapy to help individuals and couples heal and grow. I believe that every person deserves to be heard and each unique story and challenges are met with compassion, non-judment, and deep listening.
At the heart of my therapeutic philosophy is the fundamental belief in the powerful impact of therapy to help individuals and couples heal and grow. I believe that every person deserves to be heard and each unique story and challenges are met with compassion, non-judment, and deep listening.
(249) 802-8750 View (249) 802-8750
Photo of Sarah Jackson, MACP, BBA, Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying)
Sarah Jackson
Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying), MACP, BBA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Innisfil, ON L9S  (Online Only)
Meet Sarah, a compassionate and empathetic listener dedicated to guiding individuals on their journey to healing. With a client-centric approach, she prioritizes the critical components of the therapeutic relationship, fostering an unbiased and safe environment for clients to explore their unique challenges. As an affiliate with Gameplan Canada, Sarah extends her expertise to provide psychotherapy support to the esteemed Canadian Olympic and Paralympic teams. This affiliation reflects her commitment to excellence and her ability to address the distinctive mental health needs of high-performance individuals.
Meet Sarah, a compassionate and empathetic listener dedicated to guiding individuals on their journey to healing. With a client-centric approach, she prioritizes the critical components of the therapeutic relationship, fostering an unbiased and safe environment for clients to explore their unique challenges. As an affiliate with Gameplan Canada, Sarah extends her expertise to provide psychotherapy support to the esteemed Canadian Olympic and Paralympic teams. This affiliation reflects her commitment to excellence and her ability to address the distinctive mental health needs of high-performance individuals.
(249) 802-7258 View (249) 802-7258
Photo of Keirann Aitken, MA, Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying)
Keirann Aitken
Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying), MA
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Innisfil, ON L9S  (Online Only)
Life can be beautiful, but also challenging with times of suffering and change. Sometimes, it can feel like everything is working against you, and it is hard just to get up in the morning and keep going. You may be dealing with loss (relationship, job, friendship, pet, partner, physical or cognitive ability) or life transition that is causing you anxiety, stress, grief, anger, increased substance use, or leaving you asking existential questions like “What is my purpose in life?” If this is the case, I’m here to support you.
Life can be beautiful, but also challenging with times of suffering and change. Sometimes, it can feel like everything is working against you, and it is hard just to get up in the morning and keep going. You may be dealing with loss (relationship, job, friendship, pet, partner, physical or cognitive ability) or life transition that is causing you anxiety, stress, grief, anger, increased substance use, or leaving you asking existential questions like “What is my purpose in life?” If this is the case, I’m here to support you.
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Photo of Deborah Lynn Walsh, RP, Registered Psychotherapist
Deborah Lynn Walsh
Registered Psychotherapist, RP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Innisfil, ON L9S
The human journey is one of body, mind and spirit. To be the best version of ourselves each of these areas needs attention and balance.
The human journey is one of body, mind and spirit. To be the best version of ourselves each of these areas needs attention and balance.
(249) 209-8512 View (249) 209-8512
Photo of Deborah Alton, BA, NLP, MACP, RP, Registered Psychotherapist
Deborah Alton
Registered Psychotherapist, BA, NLP, MACP, RP
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Innisfil, ON L9S
I am passionate about my work with families and individuals. I am on the board of the Simcoe Collaborative Law Association and provide Couples Therapy as well as Divorce/Family Coaching. I am committed to assisting couples and co-parents towards a decision making process that is 'win-win' and provides a safe environment to explore change. I focus on guiding clients towards removing the barriers to love's presence, and empowering them to live their lives at their full potential. I specialize in high conflict separation/divorce, mediation, assessments, co-parenting, parenting plans, and family reintegration therapy.
I am passionate about my work with families and individuals. I am on the board of the Simcoe Collaborative Law Association and provide Couples Therapy as well as Divorce/Family Coaching. I am committed to assisting couples and co-parents towards a decision making process that is 'win-win' and provides a safe environment to explore change. I focus on guiding clients towards removing the barriers to love's presence, and empowering them to live their lives at their full potential. I specialize in high conflict separation/divorce, mediation, assessments, co-parenting, parenting plans, and family reintegration therapy.
(855) 574-3079 View (855) 574-3079
Photo of Tamara Burnett, RP(Q), MACP, BES, Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying)
Tamara Burnett
Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying), RP(Q), MACP, BES
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Innisfil, ON L9S
Each person's experience in life and approach to healing is unique. Providing a personalized, non-judgmental and supportive space, together, we will find the solutions and resources needed to achieve your goals. Whether you're struggling with anxiety, depression, trauma, life, or simply feeling stuck, from a trauma-informed and culturally aware space with evidence-based techniques, we find your way forward, helping you through, no matter the life circumstances and challenges. My passion is supporting others to learn how to survive and thrive despite what life may bring!
Each person's experience in life and approach to healing is unique. Providing a personalized, non-judgmental and supportive space, together, we will find the solutions and resources needed to achieve your goals. Whether you're struggling with anxiety, depression, trauma, life, or simply feeling stuck, from a trauma-informed and culturally aware space with evidence-based techniques, we find your way forward, helping you through, no matter the life circumstances and challenges. My passion is supporting others to learn how to survive and thrive despite what life may bring!
(289) 302-7862 View (289) 302-7862
Photo of Jessy Danyluk, MA, BA, Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying)
Jessy Danyluk
Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying), MA, BA
Verified Verified
Innisfil, ON L9S
Welcome to Therapy Heals! My previous experience allows me to work with a wide scope of clients including children, teens, young adults, families and couples and a wide range of mental health issues such as anxiety disorders, eating disorders, depression/suicidal ideation, grief support/end of life support and neurodivergent disorders such as ADHD and ASD. I have training and experience using a variety of therapeutic modalities, such as Narrative Therapy, Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, Therapeutic Play and Couple’s Counselling.
Welcome to Therapy Heals! My previous experience allows me to work with a wide scope of clients including children, teens, young adults, families and couples and a wide range of mental health issues such as anxiety disorders, eating disorders, depression/suicidal ideation, grief support/end of life support and neurodivergent disorders such as ADHD and ASD. I have training and experience using a variety of therapeutic modalities, such as Narrative Therapy, Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, Therapeutic Play and Couple’s Counselling.
(249) 202-5111 View (249) 202-5111
Photo of Jodi Terry-Greenstreet, BSc, MACP, CCTS-I, Registered Psychotherapist
Jodi Terry-Greenstreet
Registered Psychotherapist, BSc, MACP, CCTS-I
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Innisfil, ON L9S
Do you need someone to talk to? Are you overwhelmed? Have you been hurt by a person or institution and need help moving forward? I count it a privilege to listen with a non-judgmental heart and would be honoured to help you find relief and healing. Working from a Trauma-Informed Approach (TIA) can help clients gain a life-changing perspective on their past, present and hope for the future.
Do you need someone to talk to? Are you overwhelmed? Have you been hurt by a person or institution and need help moving forward? I count it a privilege to listen with a non-judgmental heart and would be honoured to help you find relief and healing. Working from a Trauma-Informed Approach (TIA) can help clients gain a life-changing perspective on their past, present and hope for the future.
(289) 236-0991 View (289) 236-0991
Photo of Diana Freitas, MSW, RSW, Registered Social Worker
Diana Freitas
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Innisfil, ON L9S
Do you struggle with uncertainty, worry, or overthinking? Do you often imagine worst-case scenarios, fear you're not good enough, or feel the need to do things perfectly? Maybe others have told you that you're too hard on yourself or tend to people-please. If being vulnerable feels difficult and these patterns are impacting your self-esteem, relationships, or mood, you're not alone. In our work together, we'll use evidence-based techniques to help you build self-compassion and resilience. If you're ready to move toward the life you truly want, I believe we can create real change and foster self-acceptance and ease.
Do you struggle with uncertainty, worry, or overthinking? Do you often imagine worst-case scenarios, fear you're not good enough, or feel the need to do things perfectly? Maybe others have told you that you're too hard on yourself or tend to people-please. If being vulnerable feels difficult and these patterns are impacting your self-esteem, relationships, or mood, you're not alone. In our work together, we'll use evidence-based techniques to help you build self-compassion and resilience. If you're ready to move toward the life you truly want, I believe we can create real change and foster self-acceptance and ease.
(647) 293-6155 View (647) 293-6155
Photo of Rachel LaRosee, MA, BA, Registered Psychotherapist
Rachel LaRosee
Registered Psychotherapist, MA, BA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Innisfil, ON L9S
I have always had a passion for helping others. With previous work experience in different environments, I have been exposed to the complexities of life, which has developed my belief that change, growth and healing is possible if individuals are supported with compassion, empathy, and non-judgement. This belief has become my therapeutic approach, along with recognizing and valuing that each client is unique, making the therapy process unique.
I have always had a passion for helping others. With previous work experience in different environments, I have been exposed to the complexities of life, which has developed my belief that change, growth and healing is possible if individuals are supported with compassion, empathy, and non-judgement. This belief has become my therapeutic approach, along with recognizing and valuing that each client is unique, making the therapy process unique.
(888) 340-4325 View (888) 340-4325
Photo of Krystal Harrington, RSSW, RTCc, Registered Social Worker
Krystal Harrington
Registered Social Worker, RSSW, RTCc
Verified Verified
Innisfil, ON L9S  (Online Only)
I assist clients who have faced different challenges, specializing in addictions, single parenting, domestic violence, grief, and loss. My therapeutic method is centered around the client, focused on goals, and geared towards solutions. Providing a supportive environment, I empower clients to take charge of their journey towards achieving their objectives. Services are available in Ontario, Alberta and British Columbia. Virtual services offered only at this time.
I assist clients who have faced different challenges, specializing in addictions, single parenting, domestic violence, grief, and loss. My therapeutic method is centered around the client, focused on goals, and geared towards solutions. Providing a supportive environment, I empower clients to take charge of their journey towards achieving their objectives. Services are available in Ontario, Alberta and British Columbia. Virtual services offered only at this time.
(587) 742-3875 View (587) 742-3875
Photo of Sarah Allen, RPQ, MA, Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying)
Sarah Allen
Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying), RPQ, MA
Verified Verified
Innisfil, ON L9S
I am honoured and humbled to work with you and support you in achieving your life goals. Using a humanistic, client-centred approach I provide clients with a non-judgemental environment within which they are free to explore their issues and concerns.
I am honoured and humbled to work with you and support you in achieving your life goals. Using a humanistic, client-centred approach I provide clients with a non-judgemental environment within which they are free to explore their issues and concerns.
(888) 340-4325 View (888) 340-4325
Photo of Amelia Perri - Therapy Heals Psychotherapy and Counselling, MSW, RSW, RP, Registered Psychotherapist
Therapy Heals Psychotherapy and Counselling
Registered Psychotherapist, MSW, RSW, RP
Verified Verified
Innisfil, ON L9S
Do you feel overwhelmed, anxious, exhausted, sad or frustrated ? Is this impacting your day to day life and/or affecting your relationships? If you struggle with any of these emotions and don't know know where to turn, we can help! At Therapy Heals we offer a custom approach for each of our clients! We want to understand where you are now and the challenges impacting your ability to feel your best and be happy. We offer a safe space with in-person or virtual appointments to suit your schedule so that you can begin your journey to healing.
Do you feel overwhelmed, anxious, exhausted, sad or frustrated ? Is this impacting your day to day life and/or affecting your relationships? If you struggle with any of these emotions and don't know know where to turn, we can help! At Therapy Heals we offer a custom approach for each of our clients! We want to understand where you are now and the challenges impacting your ability to feel your best and be happy. We offer a safe space with in-person or virtual appointments to suit your schedule so that you can begin your journey to healing.
(888) 340-4325 View (888) 340-4325
1

See more therapy options for Innisfil

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in Innisfil, ON

100+

Average cost per session

$160

Counsellors in Innisfil, ON who prioritize treating:

98% Anxiety
95% Depression
92% Stress
88% Self Esteem
84% Coping Skills
78% Relationship Issues
74% Grief

Average years in practice

9 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

69% Green Shield Canada
63% Blue Cross
58% SunLife

How Counsellors in Innisfil, ON see their clients

82% In Person and Online
18% Online Only

Gender breakdown

92% Female
7% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in Innisfil?

Search for nearby therapists or counsellors by inputting your city, postal code, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postal code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Most Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are certified by one of the main professional associations, mainly the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association (CCPA), and will have a Certified Canadian Counsellor (CCC) designation with their name. Social Workers listed in the directory must be registered members of the college specific to their province. To be listed in the directory, Psychologists must be registered with the psychological college specific to their province or territory.

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given the considerable variation in professional regulation and prerequisites across Canadian provinces, some providers may possess significant professional qualifications without necessarily holding professional memberships or being obliged to acquire them. As a result, they may be selectively included without the "Verified" seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Psychologists, counsellors, psychotherapists and social workers can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and supervised, practical experience that enable them to do so in Canada.

Psychologists have a master's and/or doctoral degree and have passed both written and oral exams. Psychologists are able to complete mental health assessments and provide diagnostic information to clients as well as provide counselling therapy or psychotherapy. Counsellors and psychotherapists are expected to have a master's or doctoral degree in counselling psychology, social work, or a related mental health discipline and certification by a professional association, such as the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association. Registered Social Workers possess a Bachelor's or Master's degree in Social Work and where possible must be licensed or certified by the provincial government and/or regulatory college.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, the cost of a therapy session in Canada could be between $100 and $200. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. Some types of outpatient mental health services are covered by Medicare, provided these are performed by a licensed mental health professional in the provinces or territory you reside in and who accepts the assignment.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postal code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Professionals licensed by regulatory colleges and those certified by associations such as the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association are obligated to uphold client confidentiality unless there is a legal reason that requires them to disclose information. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there is the potential or known harm to the client or others, or a court order, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.