Buddhist Therapists in Hamilton, ON

Photo of Colleen O'Toole, MSc , OT, Reg, (Ont), Occupational Therapist
Colleen O'Toole
Occupational Therapist, MSc , OT, Reg, (Ont)
Verified Verified
Hamilton, ON L8P  (Online Only)
I have been benefitting from Buddhist teachings and practices for nearly twenty years, and have an ongoing meditation practice which grounds me.
I offer a contemplative, humanistic and occupational approach to psychotherapy, integrated with mindfulness and compassion exercises, cognitive strategies as well as somatic practices. It is open and eclectic and offers tools which can be used as needed. I take an individual, person-centred approach, and place trust in your inner wisdom to help guide us.
I have been benefitting from Buddhist teachings and practices for nearly twenty years, and have an ongoing meditation practice which grounds me.
I offer a contemplative, humanistic and occupational approach to psychotherapy, integrated with mindfulness and compassion exercises, cognitive strategies as well as somatic practices. It is open and eclectic and offers tools which can be used as needed. I take an individual, person-centred approach, and place trust in your inner wisdom to help guide us.
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Photo of Melissa Riewald - Spoken Shore, BA, BSW, MA, Registered Psychotherapist
Melissa Riewald - Spoken Shore
Registered Psychotherapist, BA, BSW, MA
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Hamilton, ON L8S
Accepting new clients! - I’m so glad you’re here. Life can feel messy, confusing, and out of balance sometimes, and we all need someone to talk to. Whether you’re experiencing anxiety, depression, relationship difficulties, a long-standing issue, or recent curve ball you didn’t see coming, I believe change is possible and that we all have within us resilience and an innate capacity to heal. I work from an evidence-based, mindfulness-based perspective and believe firmly that healing happens on the foundation of a trusting, authentic relationship. I’m confident that together we can find a new and hopeful way forward.
Accepting new clients! - I’m so glad you’re here. Life can feel messy, confusing, and out of balance sometimes, and we all need someone to talk to. Whether you’re experiencing anxiety, depression, relationship difficulties, a long-standing issue, or recent curve ball you didn’t see coming, I believe change is possible and that we all have within us resilience and an innate capacity to heal. I work from an evidence-based, mindfulness-based perspective and believe firmly that healing happens on the foundation of a trusting, authentic relationship. I’m confident that together we can find a new and hopeful way forward.
(365) 607-5662 View (365) 607-5662
Photo of Stephen Hudecki, BFA, MA, RP, Registered Psychotherapist
Stephen Hudecki
Registered Psychotherapist, BFA, MA, RP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Hamilton, ON L8P
I bring a mindful/meditative practice, from my own life and from my education to be of service to you and whatever is ailing you. No problem is too big or too small. Whatever is impacting your life, in a negative way is worth sorting through together. I have a special interest in working with people involved in healthcare because I've spent the last 10 years working in hospitals. Pain and suffering are part of life. How we live and learn from our suffering is our life's work. Once we discover ourselves, our true nature, we are free to live with more happiness and love.
I bring a mindful/meditative practice, from my own life and from my education to be of service to you and whatever is ailing you. No problem is too big or too small. Whatever is impacting your life, in a negative way is worth sorting through together. I have a special interest in working with people involved in healthcare because I've spent the last 10 years working in hospitals. Pain and suffering are part of life. How we live and learn from our suffering is our life's work. Once we discover ourselves, our true nature, we are free to live with more happiness and love.
(289) 302-8325 View (289) 302-8325
Photo of Stone (Si Dong) Fu, MA, RP, Registered Psychotherapist
Stone (Si Dong) Fu
Registered Psychotherapist, MA, RP
Verified Verified
Hamilton, ON L8W
Do you feel stuck in your healing after many years of therapy and/or medications? Do you want to compassionately explore your unconsciousness and heal your inner child? Are you interested in psychedelic healing and spirituality? We may be a good fit!
Do you feel stuck in your healing after many years of therapy and/or medications? Do you want to compassionately explore your unconsciousness and heal your inner child? Are you interested in psychedelic healing and spirituality? We may be a good fit!
(365) 803-1186 View (365) 803-1186
Photo of Ishtar S Gabriel - Soulmenders Healing Collective , MSc, RP, Registered Psychotherapist
Soulmenders Healing Collective
Registered Psychotherapist, MSc, RP
Verified Verified
Hamilton, ON L8M
Wounded healer and warrior. Survivor of generational trauma, family court and addiction. Over 30 years of lived experience and personal recovery and over 15 years of professional experience I share experience strength and hope. I listen with compassion and create collaborate and safe space for you to explore where you come from, who you are and who you want to become. I am the founder of Soulmenders. A mental health centre for complete care including psychotherapy, CBT and DBT classes, nervous system regulation, breath work, sleep consultant and more
Wounded healer and warrior. Survivor of generational trauma, family court and addiction. Over 30 years of lived experience and personal recovery and over 15 years of professional experience I share experience strength and hope. I listen with compassion and create collaborate and safe space for you to explore where you come from, who you are and who you want to become. I am the founder of Soulmenders. A mental health centre for complete care including psychotherapy, CBT and DBT classes, nervous system regulation, breath work, sleep consultant and more
(365) 536-0970 View (365) 536-0970
Photo of Matthew William, MA, RPq, Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying)
Matthew William
Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying), MA, RPq
Verified Verified
Hamilton, ON L8R
Life transitions (relationships, grief, work health and more) can shake our sense of self in many ways. I am here with you to navigate them with grace and agency. To help understand and move towards the life that you desire and the person you want to be. Alone-ness leads to suffering and together-ness leads to the ability to meet what your life asks of you. I am here with you in that process. Trauma, relationships and learning (trauma, habits, relational patterns) are key to our sense of self, and play a critical role in the therapeutic process.
Life transitions (relationships, grief, work health and more) can shake our sense of self in many ways. I am here with you to navigate them with grace and agency. To help understand and move towards the life that you desire and the person you want to be. Alone-ness leads to suffering and together-ness leads to the ability to meet what your life asks of you. I am here with you in that process. Trauma, relationships and learning (trauma, habits, relational patterns) are key to our sense of self, and play a critical role in the therapeutic process.
(365) 297-2577 View (365) 297-2577
Photo of Madeleine Serhal, BSc, MC, Registered Psychotherapist
Madeleine Serhal
Registered Psychotherapist, BSc, MC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Hamilton, ON L8W
Hey there - my name is Maddie (she/they) and I’m a Lebanese Canadian offering support to children and youth 10+, students, and young adults experiencing anxieties, school and life stressors, ADHD, relationship challenges, identity exploration, people pleasing, perfectionism, depression, grief, liberation, and the overall pressures of being a human. We will explore topics of self-awareness, attachment, emotions, thoughts, behaviours, protective patterns and narrative themes; relationship with our true selves, communities, nature; power dynamics and the impact of systems we live in; and many more mental health topics.
Hey there - my name is Maddie (she/they) and I’m a Lebanese Canadian offering support to children and youth 10+, students, and young adults experiencing anxieties, school and life stressors, ADHD, relationship challenges, identity exploration, people pleasing, perfectionism, depression, grief, liberation, and the overall pressures of being a human. We will explore topics of self-awareness, attachment, emotions, thoughts, behaviours, protective patterns and narrative themes; relationship with our true selves, communities, nature; power dynamics and the impact of systems we live in; and many more mental health topics.
(289) 236-2545 View (289) 236-2545
Photo of Rob Menning McRae, MA, RP, Registered Psychotherapist
Rob Menning McRae
Registered Psychotherapist, MA, RP
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Hamilton, ON L8P
We are all on a path of healing and discovery that leads, eventually and inevitably, to the realization of our true potential. I see psychotherapy as a powerful companion on this journey - it is a helpful friend that can help ease the burden during dark times, and it is a ray of light that can guide us more quickly beyond our own limitations when we are moving towards a goal. My practice is based in modern cognitive therapy and the neuroscience of trauma, while always anchored in the wisdom of mindfulness, acceptance and nondual awareness.
We are all on a path of healing and discovery that leads, eventually and inevitably, to the realization of our true potential. I see psychotherapy as a powerful companion on this journey - it is a helpful friend that can help ease the burden during dark times, and it is a ray of light that can guide us more quickly beyond our own limitations when we are moving towards a goal. My practice is based in modern cognitive therapy and the neuroscience of trauma, while always anchored in the wisdom of mindfulness, acceptance and nondual awareness.
(855) 495-7219 View (855) 495-7219
Photo of Brooke Growden, MEd, MA, PhD, Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying)
Brooke Growden
Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying), MEd, MA, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Hamilton, ON L8S  (Online Only)
Feeling overwhelmed by stress and anxiety? Struggling to cope with life’s challenges on your own? Seeking a safe space to explore your thoughts and emotions? We can work together to support your experience with tools for stress, burnout, and balance. Perhaps your ways of operating in the world served you well at one time, but no longer serve you now? Tired of operating on autopilot? Or, perhaps you have experienced trauma? In our work together we can explore the ways in which past experiences influence present behaviours, aiming to enhance self-understanding through careful exploration and reflection.
Feeling overwhelmed by stress and anxiety? Struggling to cope with life’s challenges on your own? Seeking a safe space to explore your thoughts and emotions? We can work together to support your experience with tools for stress, burnout, and balance. Perhaps your ways of operating in the world served you well at one time, but no longer serve you now? Tired of operating on autopilot? Or, perhaps you have experienced trauma? In our work together we can explore the ways in which past experiences influence present behaviours, aiming to enhance self-understanding through careful exploration and reflection.
(226) 799-9001 View (226) 799-9001
Photo of Shalom Tzvi Shore - Shalom Shore - Navya Hypnosis, MA, CH, MBA, BS, Pre-Licensed Professional
Shalom Shore - Navya Hypnosis
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA, CH, MBA, BS
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
Hamilton, ON L8P
A general pattern I find with most people who choose to work with me is feeling stuck. Whether that's in career or life choices, a habit they you are trying to kick, or a feeling that you have more potential you want to actualize. Areas I am particularly drawn to working with include religious trauma, sexual trauma, addiction, and career and entrepreneurship. I find that people gravitate to my hypnosis modality (Hypnosis Assisted Healing) when they feel like they want something more than talk therapy, or that their situation requires a different approach. Trust your intuition!
A general pattern I find with most people who choose to work with me is feeling stuck. Whether that's in career or life choices, a habit they you are trying to kick, or a feeling that you have more potential you want to actualize. Areas I am particularly drawn to working with include religious trauma, sexual trauma, addiction, and career and entrepreneurship. I find that people gravitate to my hypnosis modality (Hypnosis Assisted Healing) when they feel like they want something more than talk therapy, or that their situation requires a different approach. Trust your intuition!
(365) 654-3616 View (365) 654-3616
Photo of Maryam Rostami, RSW, MSW, Psych, Registered Social Worker
Maryam Rostami
Registered Social Worker, RSW, MSW, Psych
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Hamilton, ON L8V
If you are feeling overwhelmed, lost, Stuck, and alone and trying to leave the past or old patterns, but it just keeps coming back, and If you are struggling to cope with challenges and and you tried lots of therapy and modality and are still struggling, this may be helpful for you. I am a clinical social worker and believe that therapy is a gradual journey that brings growth, held within the safety container of the therapist and client. I treat depression, general and social anxiety, panic disorder and OCD and I am specialized in treating Trauma, loss, abuse, sexual assault, and C-PTSD symptoms.
If you are feeling overwhelmed, lost, Stuck, and alone and trying to leave the past or old patterns, but it just keeps coming back, and If you are struggling to cope with challenges and and you tried lots of therapy and modality and are still struggling, this may be helpful for you. I am a clinical social worker and believe that therapy is a gradual journey that brings growth, held within the safety container of the therapist and client. I treat depression, general and social anxiety, panic disorder and OCD and I am specialized in treating Trauma, loss, abuse, sexual assault, and C-PTSD symptoms.
(289) 422-0731 View (289) 422-0731
Photo of Mihaela Poca - Mihaela Poca | Emdr | Ifs | Mindfulness , BSc, RP, RMT, EMDR, IFS, Registered Psychotherapist
Mihaela Poca | Emdr | Ifs | Mindfulness
Registered Psychotherapist, BSc, RP, RMT, EMDR, IFS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Hamilton, ON L8L
If you are seeking awareness, growth, emotional regulation, clarity, trauma healing, meaningful connections or if you are in a transition - i can help. I combine brain/body-based therapies with talk therapy. This helps process traumatic patterns that keep you from being happy. We can work towards moving beyond coping mechanisms to a more peaceful/harmonious life. In our sessions you will feel heard and seen; this promotes self acceptance which is the first step to changing. We’ll have conversations that will increase awareness this will help you understand yourself and others, feel more compassion, and live with more ease.
If you are seeking awareness, growth, emotional regulation, clarity, trauma healing, meaningful connections or if you are in a transition - i can help. I combine brain/body-based therapies with talk therapy. This helps process traumatic patterns that keep you from being happy. We can work towards moving beyond coping mechanisms to a more peaceful/harmonious life. In our sessions you will feel heard and seen; this promotes self acceptance which is the first step to changing. We’ll have conversations that will increase awareness this will help you understand yourself and others, feel more compassion, and live with more ease.
(647) 931-0466 View (647) 931-0466
Photo of Tara Cardiff, MA, (Psych), BSc(OT), Occupational Therapist
Tara Cardiff
Occupational Therapist, MA, (Psych), BSc(OT)
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Hamilton, ON L8R
I work with youth and adults who are struggling with cumulative stress, anxiety, or trauma and want to develop a sense of emotional stability and well-being; they're looking for a therapist who can be authentic. Going beyond traditional talk therapy, I use somatic (body-based) psychotherapy in healing trauma, including developmental trauma - childhood abuse, neglect, or caregiver misattunement. Somatic therapy is a gentle, experiential approach that integrates awareness of body sensations to allow the body, mind and emotions to heal from trauma, so you can feel more connected and engaged in your life.
I work with youth and adults who are struggling with cumulative stress, anxiety, or trauma and want to develop a sense of emotional stability and well-being; they're looking for a therapist who can be authentic. Going beyond traditional talk therapy, I use somatic (body-based) psychotherapy in healing trauma, including developmental trauma - childhood abuse, neglect, or caregiver misattunement. Somatic therapy is a gentle, experiential approach that integrates awareness of body sensations to allow the body, mind and emotions to heal from trauma, so you can feel more connected and engaged in your life.
(226) 780-7081 View (226) 780-7081
Photo of Julie Barasevic, MSW, RSW, Registered Social Worker
Julie Barasevic
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Hamilton, ON L9A
Now Accepting New Clients prior to 4pm. I am a passionate, compassionate and a non-judgmental therapist. I help many clients overcome life challenges from: trauma, anxiety, grief/loss, stress management, emotional support, or relationship concerns. I offer trauma-focused therapy through Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) and Sensorimotor Psychotherapy (SP). I offer Mindfulness-Based Therapies, Emotion-Focused Therapy for individuals and couples, and Sex Therapy. I am a hypnotherapist with over 15 years of experience. I work with culturally diverse clients and I am respectful towards diverse beliefs.
Now Accepting New Clients prior to 4pm. I am a passionate, compassionate and a non-judgmental therapist. I help many clients overcome life challenges from: trauma, anxiety, grief/loss, stress management, emotional support, or relationship concerns. I offer trauma-focused therapy through Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) and Sensorimotor Psychotherapy (SP). I offer Mindfulness-Based Therapies, Emotion-Focused Therapy for individuals and couples, and Sex Therapy. I am a hypnotherapist with over 15 years of experience. I work with culturally diverse clients and I am respectful towards diverse beliefs.
(289) 291-0206 View (289) 291-0206
Photo of Viktoria Huang, HBA, MSW, RSW, Registered Social Worker
Viktoria Huang
Registered Social Worker, HBA, MSW, RSW
Verified Verified
Hamilton, ON L8L
Now Accepting New Clients! Are you ready to embark on your healing journey? With over five years of dedicated experience with student groups, I am here to support you through life’s challenges. My extensive background equips me to offer insights and strategies tailored to your unique needs.
Now Accepting New Clients! Are you ready to embark on your healing journey? With over five years of dedicated experience with student groups, I am here to support you through life’s challenges. My extensive background equips me to offer insights and strategies tailored to your unique needs.
(647) 424-3520 View (647) 424-3520
Photo of Grace Pat, MDiv, MEd, HonBA, DipCS, EMDR, Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying)
Grace Pat
Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying), MDiv, MEd, HonBA, DipCS, EMDR
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Hamilton, ON L8N  (Online Only)
We all have a unique journey that adds value to who we are and how we can contribute every day. My personal journey took me down some challenging paths that required me to find new hope and build from the ground up. I feel that the hardships, challenges and triumphs I have endured can inspire and bring hope to others. I believe that through the toughest times of our lives, there is always a silver lining.
We all have a unique journey that adds value to who we are and how we can contribute every day. My personal journey took me down some challenging paths that required me to find new hope and build from the ground up. I feel that the hardships, challenges and triumphs I have endured can inspire and bring hope to others. I believe that through the toughest times of our lives, there is always a silver lining.
(289) 275-9199 View (289) 275-9199
Photo of Lih-yea Guo, PhD, Psychologist
Lih-yea Guo
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Hamilton, ON L9A
Are you feeling alone, struggling with your thoughts, fears, and unhappiness? Trying to ignore your emotional pain, feeling little control over your life, relationships, or career? I am a Canadian-trained, qualified, culturally- sensitive Psychologist with many years of experience helping people overcome similar difficulties. Every challenging situation also presents possibilities for taking better charge of your circumstances and feeling better about yourself. I rely on scientifically valid approaches and recognized assessment tools and can help you to develop a personal, practical and effective plan to address your unique situation and needs.
Are you feeling alone, struggling with your thoughts, fears, and unhappiness? Trying to ignore your emotional pain, feeling little control over your life, relationships, or career? I am a Canadian-trained, qualified, culturally- sensitive Psychologist with many years of experience helping people overcome similar difficulties. Every challenging situation also presents possibilities for taking better charge of your circumstances and feeling better about yourself. I rely on scientifically valid approaches and recognized assessment tools and can help you to develop a personal, practical and effective plan to address your unique situation and needs.
(647) 933-9743 View (647) 933-9743
Photo of Nilusha Dore, MEd, RP, Registered Psychotherapist
Nilusha Dore
Registered Psychotherapist, MEd, RP
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Hamilton, ON L8N
I believe that we're at our strongest when we have meaningful, supportive connections in our lives. My focus is on developing these types of connections with my clients - ones where they feel genuinely cared for, safe, and supported in their journey towards feeling more fulfilled in their lives. My aim is always to help my clients feel heard, empowered, and more confident in their ability to navigate struggles. I'm always in their corner, and it's important to me that they feel this way. At the end of the day, feeling like I've provided someone with meaningful and support is why I love this work.
I believe that we're at our strongest when we have meaningful, supportive connections in our lives. My focus is on developing these types of connections with my clients - ones where they feel genuinely cared for, safe, and supported in their journey towards feeling more fulfilled in their lives. My aim is always to help my clients feel heard, empowered, and more confident in their ability to navigate struggles. I'm always in their corner, and it's important to me that they feel this way. At the end of the day, feeling like I've provided someone with meaningful and support is why I love this work.
(289) 799-3499 View (289) 799-3499
Photo of Sonely Bulchandani, MACP, RP(Q), Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying)
Sonely Bulchandani
Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying), MACP, RP(Q)
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Hamilton, ON L8S  (Online Only)
With over 10 years of strength and mindset coaching, I have come to see the value of combining the training of the mind and body. My approach as a therapist evolves from this, appreciating the uniqueness of each individual. As an athlete, I am fascinated by what we can do and how we can create our own story and journey. Providing culturally sensitive and anti-oppressive therapy is one of the key focuses of my practice. I have had a culturally rich upbringing that encouraged and fostered multiculturalism throughout my life and has furthered my curiosity and appreciation for diversity and inclusiveness.
With over 10 years of strength and mindset coaching, I have come to see the value of combining the training of the mind and body. My approach as a therapist evolves from this, appreciating the uniqueness of each individual. As an athlete, I am fascinated by what we can do and how we can create our own story and journey. Providing culturally sensitive and anti-oppressive therapy is one of the key focuses of my practice. I have had a culturally rich upbringing that encouraged and fostered multiculturalism throughout my life and has furthered my curiosity and appreciation for diversity and inclusiveness.
(289) 302-7275 View (289) 302-7275
Photo of Daniel Elias, RP(Q), Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying)
Daniel Elias
Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying), RP(Q)
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Hamilton, ON L8S
You have tremendous power. The power to define your world, your relationships, your life. The power to be your true self. Yet, life can bring challenges that make us feel powerless. Passion can turn into doubt, fear, and anger. Love and joy can become pain and emptiness. For many of us, no single event alone changes us, but at some point, we find ourselves lost. I believe in the power of hope. I believe you can rediscover your strength, purpose, and sense of control. You can reclaim yourself—your courage, confidence, clarity, creativity, and compassion. I have hope that you can be who you want to be, no matter what comes your way.
You have tremendous power. The power to define your world, your relationships, your life. The power to be your true self. Yet, life can bring challenges that make us feel powerless. Passion can turn into doubt, fear, and anger. Love and joy can become pain and emptiness. For many of us, no single event alone changes us, but at some point, we find ourselves lost. I believe in the power of hope. I believe you can rediscover your strength, purpose, and sense of control. You can reclaim yourself—your courage, confidence, clarity, creativity, and compassion. I have hope that you can be who you want to be, no matter what comes your way.
(437) 524-0399 View (437) 524-0399
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Is buddhism beneficial for mental health?

While Buddhism itself is not a treatment for mental health conditions, its practices can greatly enhance mental well-being by introducing coping skills and ideas that promote overall wellness. Key Buddhist practices, such as mindfulness, have been shown to alleviate symptoms of various mental health conditions, including anxiety, depression, addiction, and trauma. Moreover, Buddhism's focus on self-compassion, non-judgment, and acceptance can benefit individuals with particularly negative or self-critical thought patterns.

What are the concepts and principles of buddhism as a therapeutic approach?

Core Buddhist principles are often used in therapy to help clients gain insight into their thoughts and emotions. Concepts such as suffering (dukkha) and impermanence (anicca) are applied to help clients recognise that common forms of suffering, like repetitive negative thought patterns, can be accepted and viewed as impermanent. The Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path are additional core concepts utilised frequently in Buddhist therapy sessions. The Four Noble Truths highlight the existence of suffering as an inherent part of the human experience—an insight frequently used to move clients toward greater acceptance. The Eightfold Path, which includes right understanding, right thought, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right concentration, and right mindfulness, offers practical skills to alleviate suffering.

What is the buddhist approach and practice during a therapy session?

Therapists informed by Buddhist principles often integrate mindfulness and meditation practices into therapy sessions to help clients cultivate greater acceptance, compassion, and non-judgment toward themselves and others. Typically, Buddhist therapists guide clients through mindfulness exercises, such as breathing exercises or body scans, and encourage them to practice similar exercises outside of sessions. Additionally, many Buddhist therapists utilise elements of Positive Psychology or Compassion-Focused Therapy, which can help reduce symptoms of self-criticism and shame common among clients with various mental health conditions. In general, Buddhist therapists strive to embody the compassion and non-judgmental approach they promote, often incorporating exercises aimed at developing compassion in session, such as loving-kindness meditation (Metta).

Is mindfulness the same as buddhism in the context of therapy?

While Buddhist therapists frequently integrate mindfulness practices into therapy sessions, the terms mindfulness and Buddhism are not synonymous in the context of therapy. Therapists may use mindfulness techniques, such as Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) or Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT), without identifying as a Buddhist therapist. In contrast, those practicing within a Buddhist belief framework typically encourage mindfulness therapies, in addition to foundational Buddhist beliefs, such as the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path. These therapists may also guide clients toward a deeper understanding of Buddhist philosophy, unlike those who use Buddhist mindfulness principles without the broader spiritual context.