Therapists in Lethbridge, AB

Photo of Lee Bourgeault, MA, CCC, Psychologist
Lee Bourgeault
Psychologist, MA, CCC
Verified Verified
Lethbridge, AB T1J
I work with adults and teens with low mood, low motivation, worry, low self-esteem, academic and work stress, family tension, trauma, and more. My goal is to work together to achieve your personal goals for change. I offer evening, weekend, and weekday appointments in-person at Mountain Ridge Health Centre in Lethbridge and phone appointments across Alberta. In addition to my clinical work, I also provide psychoeducation assessments for students experiencing academic challenges.
I work with adults and teens with low mood, low motivation, worry, low self-esteem, academic and work stress, family tension, trauma, and more. My goal is to work together to achieve your personal goals for change. I offer evening, weekend, and weekday appointments in-person at Mountain Ridge Health Centre in Lethbridge and phone appointments across Alberta. In addition to my clinical work, I also provide psychoeducation assessments for students experiencing academic challenges.
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Photo of Andrea Nemecek - Andrea Nemecek Counselling Therapist , BA, BEd, MACP, CCC, Counsellor
Andrea Nemecek Counselling Therapist
Counsellor, BA, BEd, MACP, CCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Lethbridge, AB T1J
Life is challenging! Do you feel overwhelmed? Are you experiencing anxiety, depression, stress, grief or having problems in relationships? I provide confidential services specific to your needs and help clients manage and cope with real life situations causing worry or distress. I provide a warm and safe environment built on trust, empathetic listening, and non-judgement.
Life is challenging! Do you feel overwhelmed? Are you experiencing anxiety, depression, stress, grief or having problems in relationships? I provide confidential services specific to your needs and help clients manage and cope with real life situations causing worry or distress. I provide a warm and safe environment built on trust, empathetic listening, and non-judgement.
(825) 251-6486 View (825) 251-6486
Photo of Megan Fester, RSW, MSW, Registered Social Worker
Megan Fester
Registered Social Worker, RSW, MSW
Verified Verified
Lethbridge, AB T1J
Life keeps coming. And the changes and transitions it brings can be a little overwhelming at times. How do we make sense of all the things we hold, internally and externally? I work with many different groups of humans including youth (13+), adults, elders, and families, in person and online. I am passionate about working with folks with chronic conditions, different abilities, 2SLGBTQA+ folks, folks with anxiety, those with migrant experiences and other life transitions, including support for those interested in accessing MAID and their support networks.
Life keeps coming. And the changes and transitions it brings can be a little overwhelming at times. How do we make sense of all the things we hold, internally and externally? I work with many different groups of humans including youth (13+), adults, elders, and families, in person and online. I am passionate about working with folks with chronic conditions, different abilities, 2SLGBTQA+ folks, folks with anxiety, those with migrant experiences and other life transitions, including support for those interested in accessing MAID and their support networks.
(825) 251-9157 View (825) 251-9157
Photo of Mike Seguin, BHSc, Pre-Licensed Professional
Mike Seguin
Pre-Licensed Professional, BHSc
Verified Verified
Lethbridge, AB T1J
Hello! I am a graduate practicum student completing a Master of Counselling Applied Psychology. I hold a Bachelor of Health Sciences in Addiction Counselling and have accumulated seven years of experience in the addiction and mental health fields. In addition to my work as an Addiction Counsellor, I am a sessional lecturer at the University of Lethbridge and have completed additional professional development training including Gottman Couples Therapy Level 1 & 2, and I am a Certified Sex Addiction Therapist Candidate through the International Institute for Trauma and Addiction Professionals.
Hello! I am a graduate practicum student completing a Master of Counselling Applied Psychology. I hold a Bachelor of Health Sciences in Addiction Counselling and have accumulated seven years of experience in the addiction and mental health fields. In addition to my work as an Addiction Counsellor, I am a sessional lecturer at the University of Lethbridge and have completed additional professional development training including Gottman Couples Therapy Level 1 & 2, and I am a Certified Sex Addiction Therapist Candidate through the International Institute for Trauma and Addiction Professionals.
(403) 381-6000 View (403) 381-6000
Photo of Mikaela Grigg, MSW, RSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Mikaela Grigg
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, RSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Lethbridge, AB T1J
Waitlist for new clients
My name is Mikaela Grigg and I am a Master’s level Registered Social Worker who has been working in the field since 2013. I also have gone on to complete additional specialized training regarding trauma treatment, therapeutic play, and attachment-based therapies, including my EMDR Parent-Child Attachment Specialist Certification. I value building strong therapeutic relationships, built on trust, patience, and genuine connection, so those who come into my office feel safe and supported as they share about their challenges, and we work towards their goals together. I provide counselling services for adults, youth and children.
My name is Mikaela Grigg and I am a Master’s level Registered Social Worker who has been working in the field since 2013. I also have gone on to complete additional specialized training regarding trauma treatment, therapeutic play, and attachment-based therapies, including my EMDR Parent-Child Attachment Specialist Certification. I value building strong therapeutic relationships, built on trust, patience, and genuine connection, so those who come into my office feel safe and supported as they share about their challenges, and we work towards their goals together. I provide counselling services for adults, youth and children.
(825) 809-5453 View (825) 809-5453
Photo of Sandra Annis R.psych - Sandra Annis Lethbridge Counselling Psychologist, BA, BSc, MA, AAMFT, RPsych, Psychologist
Sandra Annis Lethbridge Counselling Psychologist
Psychologist, BA, BSc, MA, AAMFT, RPsych
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Lethbridge, AB T1J
**COUNSELLING PSYCHOLOGIST** **REGISTERED AND REGULATED ** Specialized treatment that is confidential, respectful, responsive to your needs. Sandra has many years of experience working with children, youth, & adults. Sandra takes a systemic approach to counselling and considers many factors that may affect an individual's wellness. Sandra enjoys counselling youth, individuals, couples and families. Her areas of specialty are intimate partner violence, family violence, parent-teen relationships, and emotional regulation (anger management). She helps with anxiety, depression, self-esteem, life-transitions, and family conflict.
**COUNSELLING PSYCHOLOGIST** **REGISTERED AND REGULATED ** Specialized treatment that is confidential, respectful, responsive to your needs. Sandra has many years of experience working with children, youth, & adults. Sandra takes a systemic approach to counselling and considers many factors that may affect an individual's wellness. Sandra enjoys counselling youth, individuals, couples and families. Her areas of specialty are intimate partner violence, family violence, parent-teen relationships, and emotional regulation (anger management). She helps with anxiety, depression, self-esteem, life-transitions, and family conflict.
(403) 328-1544 View (403) 328-1544
Photo of Josh Dyck, MEd, RPsych, Psychologist
Josh Dyck
Psychologist, MEd, RPsych
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Lethbridge, AB T1J
I am a registered psychologist (#4117) offering counselling to adult individuals and couples. My intention with each client that I see is to provide a safe and caring environment and maintain a present and open posture. I want to support you in creating the life you want want to live while helping to alleviate the unnecessary suffering that we sometimes experience. Although sometimes suffering is inevitable, I want to walk through it alongside of you.
I am a registered psychologist (#4117) offering counselling to adult individuals and couples. My intention with each client that I see is to provide a safe and caring environment and maintain a present and open posture. I want to support you in creating the life you want want to live while helping to alleviate the unnecessary suffering that we sometimes experience. Although sometimes suffering is inevitable, I want to walk through it alongside of you.
(587) 800-4529 View (587) 800-4529
Photo of Amanda Dewar - Strength Counselling Services, MEd, RCC, CCC, RSW, RP, Counsellor
Strength Counselling Services
Counsellor, MEd, RCC, CCC, RSW, RP
Verified Verified
Lethbridge, AB T1J  (Online Only)
We are an online counselling agency so do not provide services in person. Strength Counselling Services has licensed, experienced therapists who use evidence-based practices, prioritize client needs, and maintain ethical standards. We offer culturally sensitive, affordable services in a supportive environment. We offer a comprehensive goals assessment, regularly assess progress, and collaborate with other professionals. We provide transparency in our fees and for thirteen years now have held a positive reputation of trust, and client success. Lastly, ensuring our clients' privacy and confidentiality are of utmost importance to us.
We are an online counselling agency so do not provide services in person. Strength Counselling Services has licensed, experienced therapists who use evidence-based practices, prioritize client needs, and maintain ethical standards. We offer culturally sensitive, affordable services in a supportive environment. We offer a comprehensive goals assessment, regularly assess progress, and collaborate with other professionals. We provide transparency in our fees and for thirteen years now have held a positive reputation of trust, and client success. Lastly, ensuring our clients' privacy and confidentiality are of utmost importance to us.
(587) 317-0790 View (587) 317-0790
Photo of Renee Dumas, CCC, C-DMHC, Counsellor
Renee Dumas
Counsellor, CCC, C-DMHC
Verified Verified
Lethbridge, AB T1K
Now Offering Walk & Talk Sessions! Are you looking for new ways forward in life? Do you need the space to explore your needs and work towards your dreams? Let’s work together to learn new skills and new ways of being that help you help you heal well and live a fuller life. We’ll find what works for you and use your strengths to repair what’s not working anymore. We’ll talk about your dreams and what you WANT to see happen in your life. Then we’ll get to setting you up to actually ENJOY what you’ve worked so hard to create by living with authenticity, great boundaries, contagious self-confidence, and firm self-respect.
Now Offering Walk & Talk Sessions! Are you looking for new ways forward in life? Do you need the space to explore your needs and work towards your dreams? Let’s work together to learn new skills and new ways of being that help you help you heal well and live a fuller life. We’ll find what works for you and use your strengths to repair what’s not working anymore. We’ll talk about your dreams and what you WANT to see happen in your life. Then we’ll get to setting you up to actually ENJOY what you’ve worked so hard to create by living with authenticity, great boundaries, contagious self-confidence, and firm self-respect.
(587) 887-2887 View (587) 887-2887
Photo of Tom Miklos, MSW RSW, Registered Social Worker
Tom Miklos
Registered Social Worker, MSW RSW
Verified Verified
Lethbridge, AB T1J
Hello, I am a registered clinical Social Worker and I have been counselling since 2004. I believe in a collaborative and compassionate approach, listening, asking questions and working with people to create a safe environment in which they can share their story. When people feel safe they often will be able to recognize strengths and supports that they already have in their lives.
Hello, I am a registered clinical Social Worker and I have been counselling since 2004. I believe in a collaborative and compassionate approach, listening, asking questions and working with people to create a safe environment in which they can share their story. When people feel safe they often will be able to recognize strengths and supports that they already have in their lives.
(825) 808-0472 View (825) 808-0472
Photo of Sarah Olson, MC:AT, DVati, Psychologist
Sarah Olson
Psychologist, MC:AT, DVati
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Lethbridge, AB T1J
I offer an empathetic, compassionate approach to counselling. I am passionate about creating a non-judgemental space and welcome all clients to find comfort and safety to share your story.
I offer an empathetic, compassionate approach to counselling. I am passionate about creating a non-judgemental space and welcome all clients to find comfort and safety to share your story.
(825) 250-3403 x213 View (825) 250-3403 x213
Photo of Brayden Pitcher, MACP, CCC, Counsellor
Brayden Pitcher
Counsellor, MACP, CCC
Verified Verified
Lethbridge, AB T1H
When experiencing anxiety, depression, grief, abuse, trauma, or any other severe life stressors, it is common to feel like your life is falling apart. You may be experiencing hopelessness, worry, sleep issues, nightmares, ruminating thoughts, and many other distressing symptoms. You may be seeking ways to maintain health and love in your life and relationships. No matter your age, background, or stage of life, if this resonates with you in any way, know that you are not alone and that I empathize with you. I am here to support you on your journey toward healing and growth.
When experiencing anxiety, depression, grief, abuse, trauma, or any other severe life stressors, it is common to feel like your life is falling apart. You may be experiencing hopelessness, worry, sleep issues, nightmares, ruminating thoughts, and many other distressing symptoms. You may be seeking ways to maintain health and love in your life and relationships. No matter your age, background, or stage of life, if this resonates with you in any way, know that you are not alone and that I empathize with you. I am here to support you on your journey toward healing and growth.
(587) 840-6941 View (587) 840-6941
Photo of Eric D. Burgess - Restless Minds Counselling, BA, MEd , ASDCS, Registered Provisional Psychologist
Restless Minds Counselling
Registered Provisional Psychologist, BA, MEd , ASDCS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Lethbridge, AB T1K
My name is Eric Burgess and I hold an M.Ed. in Counselling Psychology. I am a Registered Provisional Psychologist (P3225). I have 15+ years of experience providing counselling supports to children, youth and adults with a variety of presenting issues including: Depression, Anxiety, stress, at-risk behaviours, ADHD, Autism, school issues, trauma, 2SLBGTQ+, multicultural issues and Learning Disabilities. I am an approved service provider for Family Supports for Children with Disabilities (FSCD). I have a special interest in providing counselling services to NEURODIVERSE populations. I do not provide assessment services at this time.
My name is Eric Burgess and I hold an M.Ed. in Counselling Psychology. I am a Registered Provisional Psychologist (P3225). I have 15+ years of experience providing counselling supports to children, youth and adults with a variety of presenting issues including: Depression, Anxiety, stress, at-risk behaviours, ADHD, Autism, school issues, trauma, 2SLBGTQ+, multicultural issues and Learning Disabilities. I am an approved service provider for Family Supports for Children with Disabilities (FSCD). I have a special interest in providing counselling services to NEURODIVERSE populations. I do not provide assessment services at this time.
(587) 600-8929 View (587) 600-8929
Photo of Heather Rowland Quiet Healing Counselling And Yoga, MSW, RCSW, CYA-RYT, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Heather Rowland Quiet Healing Counselling And Yoga
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, RCSW, CYA-RYT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Lethbridge, AB T1J
I enjoy traveling alongside people who are curious about their healing and personal growth. I work with a wide range of concerns including life transitions, emotional regulation, and complex and relational trauma including historical abuse, neglect and systemic oppression. I may be a good fit for folks who are experiencing life transitions and looking for ways to live a more whole, authentic and present life.
I enjoy traveling alongside people who are curious about their healing and personal growth. I work with a wide range of concerns including life transitions, emotional regulation, and complex and relational trauma including historical abuse, neglect and systemic oppression. I may be a good fit for folks who are experiencing life transitions and looking for ways to live a more whole, authentic and present life.
(587) 800-5282 View (587) 800-5282
Photo of Ariana Walstra, MEd, RPsych, Psychologist
Ariana Walstra
Psychologist, MEd, RPsych
Verified Verified
Lethbridge, AB T1K  (Online Only)
Looking for the online counselling in Alberta to tap into therapy in the privacy and security of your home? I provide individualized counselling from a client centred, strengths-based counselling model that is relational in nature, trauma informed and culturally sensitive. In this perspective, the client is the lead and the counsellor an aid to provide not only support but knowledge, tools and strategies with a secure foundation in scientific research specific to your unique struggles. The client sets counselling goals and the therapist assists to meet these goals in a manner unique to the client’s individual strengths and values.
Looking for the online counselling in Alberta to tap into therapy in the privacy and security of your home? I provide individualized counselling from a client centred, strengths-based counselling model that is relational in nature, trauma informed and culturally sensitive. In this perspective, the client is the lead and the counsellor an aid to provide not only support but knowledge, tools and strategies with a secure foundation in scientific research specific to your unique struggles. The client sets counselling goals and the therapist assists to meet these goals in a manner unique to the client’s individual strengths and values.
(825) 797-5112 View (825) 797-5112
Photo of Scott Wensmann, BA,  MC, Psychologist
Scott Wensmann
Psychologist, BA, MC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Lethbridge, AB T1H
*Accepting new clients*. I am dedicated to working with individuals to make lasting and meaningful change in their lives. Through a collaborative partnership, meaningful goals and interventions can be established that empower individuals to explore the possibilities that exist in their lives to maximize their personal growth.
*Accepting new clients*. I am dedicated to working with individuals to make lasting and meaningful change in their lives. Through a collaborative partnership, meaningful goals and interventions can be established that empower individuals to explore the possibilities that exist in their lives to maximize their personal growth.
(587) 329-3673 View (587) 329-3673
Photo of Kimberley Kiefuik, RPsych, Psychologist
Kimberley Kiefuik
Psychologist, RPsych
Verified Verified
Lethbridge, AB T1J
Waitlist for new clients
I am a skilled and compassionate Registered Psychologist that enjoys working with people ages 13 and up. Life is filled with many challenges and opportunities for positive change and growth. I enjoy walking beside my client while they explore these opportunities. I help with concerns including anxiety, trauma, PTSD, life transitions/stressors, and depression. I am identity affirming with all.
I am a skilled and compassionate Registered Psychologist that enjoys working with people ages 13 and up. Life is filled with many challenges and opportunities for positive change and growth. I enjoy walking beside my client while they explore these opportunities. I help with concerns including anxiety, trauma, PTSD, life transitions/stressors, and depression. I am identity affirming with all.
(587) 805-3403 View (587) 805-3403
Photo of Alicia Hinger - Core Elements Counselling and holistic health, MPC, RPsych, BSc, Psychologist
Core Elements Counselling and holistic health
Psychologist, MPC, RPsych, BSc
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Lethbridge, AB T1H
My services align with individuals and couples seeking to enhance their relational dynamics, achieve family harmony, and pursue aligned personal growth. They are attracted to my empathetic, resilient, and strategic approach. My mission is to illuminate the path forward with compassion and clarity. Journey with me towards skillful relationships with self and others. Your journey to healing begins here
My services align with individuals and couples seeking to enhance their relational dynamics, achieve family harmony, and pursue aligned personal growth. They are attracted to my empathetic, resilient, and strategic approach. My mission is to illuminate the path forward with compassion and clarity. Journey with me towards skillful relationships with self and others. Your journey to healing begins here
(587) 507-8095 View (587) 507-8095
Photo of Linda Yamamoto, MC, Counsellor
Linda Yamamoto
Counsellor, MC
Verified Verified
Lethbridge, AB T1J  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
Hi and welcome! Starting therapy can be very overwhelmeing - let me help you. I am warm, down to earth, smart, and a great listener. Let's dig in and start the work together.
Hi and welcome! Starting therapy can be very overwhelmeing - let me help you. I am warm, down to earth, smart, and a great listener. Let's dig in and start the work together.
(587) 507-8960 View (587) 507-8960
Photo of Mikaela Pahulje, BSc, MA, Registered Provisional Psychologist
Mikaela Pahulje
Registered Provisional Psychologist, BSc, MA
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Lethbridge, AB T1K
I work with children, teens, adults, couples, and families. As a Certified Synergetic Play Therapist, I am passionate about helping kids navigate their way in the world. I can also help with eating disorders, chronic pain and illness, trauma, grief, relationships, separation and divorce, adoption, self-esteem, developmental challenges, sports performance, and other mental health challenges. As well, I am trained in EMDR and Gottman Method for couples. Although there is no manual or script to navigate one’s life, there are certainly opportunities for curiosity and self-awareness to deal with feelings, thoughts, and challenges.
I work with children, teens, adults, couples, and families. As a Certified Synergetic Play Therapist, I am passionate about helping kids navigate their way in the world. I can also help with eating disorders, chronic pain and illness, trauma, grief, relationships, separation and divorce, adoption, self-esteem, developmental challenges, sports performance, and other mental health challenges. As well, I am trained in EMDR and Gottman Method for couples. Although there is no manual or script to navigate one’s life, there are certainly opportunities for curiosity and self-awareness to deal with feelings, thoughts, and challenges.
(587) 412-2269 View (587) 412-2269
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See more therapy options for Lethbridge

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in Lethbridge, AB

200+

Average cost per session

$175

Counsellors in Lethbridge, AB who prioritize treating:

91% Anxiety
83% Depression
79% Relationship Issues
75% Stress
73% Self Esteem
69% Trauma and PTSD
66% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

9 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

76% Alberta Blue Cross
67% Canada Life | Great-West Life
59% Green Shield Canada

How Counsellors in Lethbridge, AB see their clients

83% In Person and Online
17% Online Only

Gender breakdown

79% Female
20% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in Lethbridge?

Search for nearby therapists or counsellors by inputting your city, postal code, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postal code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Most Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are certified by one of the main professional associations, mainly the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association (CCPA), and will have a Certified Canadian Counsellor (CCC) designation with their name. Social Workers listed in the directory must be registered members of the college specific to their province. To be listed in the directory, Psychologists must be registered with the psychological college specific to their province or territory.

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given the considerable variation in professional regulation and prerequisites across Canadian provinces, some providers may possess significant professional qualifications without necessarily holding professional memberships or being obliged to acquire them. As a result, they may be selectively included without the "Verified" seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Psychologists, counsellors, psychotherapists and social workers can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and supervised, practical experience that enable them to do so in Canada.

Psychologists have a master's and/or doctoral degree and have passed both written and oral exams. Psychologists are able to complete mental health assessments and provide diagnostic information to clients as well as provide counselling therapy or psychotherapy. Counsellors and psychotherapists are expected to have a master's or doctoral degree in counselling psychology, social work, or a related mental health discipline and certification by a professional association, such as the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association. Registered Social Workers possess a Bachelor's or Master's degree in Social Work and where possible must be licensed or certified by the provincial government and/or regulatory college.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, the cost of a therapy session in Canada could be between $100 and $200. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. Some types of outpatient mental health services are covered by Medicare, provided these are performed by a licensed mental health professional in the provinces or territory you reside in and who accepts the assignment.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postal code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Professionals licensed by regulatory colleges and those certified by associations such as the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association are obligated to uphold client confidentiality unless there is a legal reason that requires them to disclose information. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there is the potential or known harm to the client or others, or a court order, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.