New Direction Therapeutics
Registered Social Worker, BSW, MSW, RSW
Verified Verified
Scarborough, ON M1N  (Online Only)
The folx we work with have experienced a complex variety of trauma(s) throughout their lives. They struggle with relationships (personally and/or professionally), substance use/overuse and/or mental health well-being. Their hope is to break free from their trauma and live their best life.
The folx we work with have experienced a complex variety of trauma(s) throughout their lives. They struggle with relationships (personally and/or professionally), substance use/overuse and/or mental health well-being. Their hope is to break free from their trauma and live their best life.
(289) 210-4669 View (289) 210-4669
Photo of Julia Evelyn Falzarano, HBSW, MSW, RSW, Registered Social Worker
Julia Evelyn Falzarano
Registered Social Worker, HBSW, MSW, RSW
Verified Verified
Are you a child, teen, young adult, or family who needs support through anxiety, grief and loss, life transitions, school challenges, or social and emotional struggles? I’ve worked with this population for 12 years in various volunteer and work settings prior to becoming a registered social worker. Using evidence-based therapeutic techniques, I work to empower you to develop healthier relationships with your emotions and others. I create a safe and supportive space in which to work on your individual goals, develop new skills, decrease distress, and improve your overall quality of life.
Are you a child, teen, young adult, or family who needs support through anxiety, grief and loss, life transitions, school challenges, or social and emotional struggles? I’ve worked with this population for 12 years in various volunteer and work settings prior to becoming a registered social worker. Using evidence-based therapeutic techniques, I work to empower you to develop healthier relationships with your emotions and others. I create a safe and supportive space in which to work on your individual goals, develop new skills, decrease distress, and improve your overall quality of life.
(289) 724-1634 View (289) 724-1634
Photo of Kamal Chahal, MA, RP (Q), Pre-Licensed Professional
Kamal Chahal
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA, RP (Q)
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
For the young friends at wellbe, Kamal creates a safe, supported and enjoyable environment as they navigate the twists and turns of growing up and daily life. Building strong therapeutic relationships with her young clients is her utmost priority, as she believes that together, they can overcome any challenge that arises.
For the young friends at wellbe, Kamal creates a safe, supported and enjoyable environment as they navigate the twists and turns of growing up and daily life. Building strong therapeutic relationships with her young clients is her utmost priority, as she believes that together, they can overcome any challenge that arises.
(647) 692-3165 View (647) 692-3165
Photo of Renata Jovcevska, MA, Registered Psychotherapist
Renata Jovcevska
Registered Psychotherapist, MA
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Scarborough, ON M1N  (Online Only)
Accepting new clients for November — I appreciate and value the distinct identity narratives and life experiences that each client brings. In my role as a Psychotherapist, I am committed to creating a supportive and understanding space for you. My aim is to assist you in achieving your unique personal goals through a collaborative and open-minded approach. Through extensive clinical training and receiving specialized knowledge, I work with folks who are experiencing challenges or issues related to relationships, sexuality, anxiety, depression, and complex trauma.
Accepting new clients for November — I appreciate and value the distinct identity narratives and life experiences that each client brings. In my role as a Psychotherapist, I am committed to creating a supportive and understanding space for you. My aim is to assist you in achieving your unique personal goals through a collaborative and open-minded approach. Through extensive clinical training and receiving specialized knowledge, I work with folks who are experiencing challenges or issues related to relationships, sexuality, anxiety, depression, and complex trauma.
(647) 694-8187 View (647) 694-8187
Julia Yee
Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying), MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Not accepting new clients
I work with individuals negatively impacted by mental health concerns such as anxiety, depression, relationship difficulties, trauma, life transitions, acculturation stress, grief and loss. I utilize an integrated approach that matches client’s strengths and defined goals and honours their lived experiences so each person can have a therapeutic experience that they feel is right for them. My practice is rooted in a non-pathological, anti-oppressive, and anti-discriminatory framework where the complexity and richness of my client’s lived experiences is honoured and celebrated.
I work with individuals negatively impacted by mental health concerns such as anxiety, depression, relationship difficulties, trauma, life transitions, acculturation stress, grief and loss. I utilize an integrated approach that matches client’s strengths and defined goals and honours their lived experiences so each person can have a therapeutic experience that they feel is right for them. My practice is rooted in a non-pathological, anti-oppressive, and anti-discriminatory framework where the complexity and richness of my client’s lived experiences is honoured and celebrated.
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Photo of Philip Ames, RP, Registered Psychotherapist
Philip Ames
Registered Psychotherapist, RP
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Scarborough, ON M1N  (Online Only)
How to find hope? How do you heal the ache you feel inside? If you are feeling overwhelmed, engaging in therapy can help you feel calm again. You may be struggling with anxiety or panic and nothing seems to work to get rid of it! As a result you feel limited in your relationships or work. Growing frustration with continued anxiety can block you from creating the life you desire. Anxiety and panic attacks can feel like annoying house guests who EAT everything in your FRIDGE and never, ever LEAVE.
How to find hope? How do you heal the ache you feel inside? If you are feeling overwhelmed, engaging in therapy can help you feel calm again. You may be struggling with anxiety or panic and nothing seems to work to get rid of it! As a result you feel limited in your relationships or work. Growing frustration with continued anxiety can block you from creating the life you desire. Anxiety and panic attacks can feel like annoying house guests who EAT everything in your FRIDGE and never, ever LEAVE.
(647) 370-8803 View (647) 370-8803
Photo of Debora Bosco, Registered Psychotherapist
Debora Bosco
Registered Psychotherapist
Verified Verified
Hello, I am a psychotherapist and a play therapist, offering Child, Youth, and Family psychotherapy services in Scarborough, ON. I also offer individual adult and youth, online psychotherapy services to anyone in Ontario. Psychotherapy is provided to individuals and families experiencing trauma, grief, anxiety, depression, mood and behaviour regulation issues, self-esteem issues, life transitions, ADHD, Autism, bullying and other social concerns. CHILD: Children naturally communicate, understand, learn, and heal through play. Older children may benefit through a combination of Play Therapy and Talk Therapy.
Hello, I am a psychotherapist and a play therapist, offering Child, Youth, and Family psychotherapy services in Scarborough, ON. I also offer individual adult and youth, online psychotherapy services to anyone in Ontario. Psychotherapy is provided to individuals and families experiencing trauma, grief, anxiety, depression, mood and behaviour regulation issues, self-esteem issues, life transitions, ADHD, Autism, bullying and other social concerns. CHILD: Children naturally communicate, understand, learn, and heal through play. Older children may benefit through a combination of Play Therapy and Talk Therapy.
(647) 696-5373 View (647) 696-5373
Photo of Diane Holmlund, RP, MAinMS, CASC, Registered Psychotherapist
Diane Holmlund
Registered Psychotherapist, RP, MAinMS, CASC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Scarborough, ON M1N  (Online Only)
In a time of so much illness, injustice, and natural, social and political upheaval, how do you find meaning in life, and in your life? Can you create meaning out of the unwanted, the new, or the unknown, as in the time after Covid? Or do you face all too familiar patterns: recent or long-term health issues or diagnoses; employment challenges or family conflict; effects from trauma, dislocation, or isolation; core or changing identity issues; aging, end of life, loss or bereavement? Are you providing care for others through your work or for your own family? What is the story of your life, and what will you now make of it?
In a time of so much illness, injustice, and natural, social and political upheaval, how do you find meaning in life, and in your life? Can you create meaning out of the unwanted, the new, or the unknown, as in the time after Covid? Or do you face all too familiar patterns: recent or long-term health issues or diagnoses; employment challenges or family conflict; effects from trauma, dislocation, or isolation; core or changing identity issues; aging, end of life, loss or bereavement? Are you providing care for others through your work or for your own family? What is the story of your life, and what will you now make of it?
(833) 703-0852 View (833) 703-0852
Photo of Katryn Harpur, MSW , RSW, Psyc, Registered Social Worker
Katryn Harpur
Registered Social Worker, MSW , RSW, Psyc
Verified Verified
I’m a Registered Social Worker with a background in Child Development and Family support, social justice and community development. I strive to maintain a critical and self-reflective practice that is rooted in anti-oppressive principles. In my clinical work, I believe that you, the client are the expert in your own life. My hope is to work with you in building a safe and compassionate therapeutic relationship, that centres your well-being and gives voice to your experiences. I consider it the most important job to bear witness to other people’s unique experiences; their joy, their pain; their need for recognition and healing.
I’m a Registered Social Worker with a background in Child Development and Family support, social justice and community development. I strive to maintain a critical and self-reflective practice that is rooted in anti-oppressive principles. In my clinical work, I believe that you, the client are the expert in your own life. My hope is to work with you in building a safe and compassionate therapeutic relationship, that centres your well-being and gives voice to your experiences. I consider it the most important job to bear witness to other people’s unique experiences; their joy, their pain; their need for recognition and healing.
(437) 747-8613 View (437) 747-8613
Photo of Dagny Jackman-Laos, BAH, RMT, MA, RP-Q, Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying)
Dagny Jackman-Laos
Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying), BAH, RMT, MA, RP-Q
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Scarborough, ON M1N  (Online Only)
Do you feel stressed, confused, overwhelmed, anxious, or depressed? Are you overwhelmed with panic or intrusive thoughts? It takes courage and hope to move forward in seeking help. Therapy is a journey; I will walk beside you. Each person is unique with strengths and areas of desired improvement. Together, we create an individualized plan. Building a strong, empathetic therapeutic bond with each client is my highest priority. Be yourself; you bring the expertise on your experience and I will bring tools and techniques to share. I am especially interested in working with those with OCD and anxiety.
Do you feel stressed, confused, overwhelmed, anxious, or depressed? Are you overwhelmed with panic or intrusive thoughts? It takes courage and hope to move forward in seeking help. Therapy is a journey; I will walk beside you. Each person is unique with strengths and areas of desired improvement. Together, we create an individualized plan. Building a strong, empathetic therapeutic bond with each client is my highest priority. Be yourself; you bring the expertise on your experience and I will bring tools and techniques to share. I am especially interested in working with those with OCD and anxiety.
(647) 799-2560 View (647) 799-2560
Photo of Chris Brown - Private Practice, BAA(SW), MSW, RSW, Registered Social Worker
Private Practice
Registered Social Worker, BAA(SW), MSW, RSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
I work with clients 18 and over. Being motivated to change is certainly a plus but not a prerequisite as I do appreciate that change can be very difficult. I also provide highly effective supervision to clinicians of varying experience. Note: My Practice is completely virtual
I work with clients 18 and over. Being motivated to change is certainly a plus but not a prerequisite as I do appreciate that change can be very difficult. I also provide highly effective supervision to clinicians of varying experience. Note: My Practice is completely virtual
(844) 817-0148 View (844) 817-0148
Photo of Jacqueline Lyn - Jacqueline Lyn Social Work Therapy , MSW, RSW, Registered Social Worker
Jacqueline Lyn Social Work Therapy
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
Verified Verified
I help older adults and their essential caregivers manage the complexities of aging. My goal is to guide your journey towards more joy. Aging is not for the faint of heart. The aging body is not always cooperative. Post retirement can be a challenge as society defines us by what we do. Clients ask: Do I still matter? There can be multiple losses: family and friends, your driver's licence, functional losses, your sense of independence. Last but not least, ageing is a time for reflection: your legacy, meaning-making, regrets, letting-go, and finding a sense of inner peace.
I help older adults and their essential caregivers manage the complexities of aging. My goal is to guide your journey towards more joy. Aging is not for the faint of heart. The aging body is not always cooperative. Post retirement can be a challenge as society defines us by what we do. Clients ask: Do I still matter? There can be multiple losses: family and friends, your driver's licence, functional losses, your sense of independence. Last but not least, ageing is a time for reflection: your legacy, meaning-making, regrets, letting-go, and finding a sense of inner peace.
(249) 507-0610 View (249) 507-0610
Photo of Tabitha Goulet, MACP, BASc, CHRP, Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying)
Tabitha Goulet
Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying), MACP, BASc, CHRP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
I work with adults and couples navigating the complexities of life, whether you’re overwhelmed by anxiety, facing relationship challenges, dealing with stress or burnout, or managing a major life transition. With a background in human resources, I also specialize in helping individuals manage corporate and workplace stress, offering tools to handle pressure, improve work-life balance, and cope with career transitions. My goal is to help you find clarity, build resilience, and foster meaningful connections with yourself and others as we uncover the roots of your challenges and develop effective coping strategies.
I work with adults and couples navigating the complexities of life, whether you’re overwhelmed by anxiety, facing relationship challenges, dealing with stress or burnout, or managing a major life transition. With a background in human resources, I also specialize in helping individuals manage corporate and workplace stress, offering tools to handle pressure, improve work-life balance, and cope with career transitions. My goal is to help you find clarity, build resilience, and foster meaningful connections with yourself and others as we uncover the roots of your challenges and develop effective coping strategies.
(647) 931-4939 x7 View (647) 931-4939 x7
Photo of Enio Chiola, Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying)
Enio Chiola
Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying)
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
What can I say here? For some people, everything in life fell in line exactly how they hoped it would. For most of us though, things happened along the way that irrevocably transformed the kind of person we were meant to be. While we can never go back, we can work together to understand what happened, how you're feeling now, and how we can make you feel better. I know how hard it can be to take that first step, but I'm here for you when you're ready. I believe in the principle that people don't need "fixing," they need understanding, support and compassion.
What can I say here? For some people, everything in life fell in line exactly how they hoped it would. For most of us though, things happened along the way that irrevocably transformed the kind of person we were meant to be. While we can never go back, we can work together to understand what happened, how you're feeling now, and how we can make you feel better. I know how hard it can be to take that first step, but I'm here for you when you're ready. I believe in the principle that people don't need "fixing," they need understanding, support and compassion.
(437) 291-7430 View (437) 291-7430
Photo of Benn Brisland, MSW, RSW, CYC, Registered Social Worker
Benn Brisland
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW, CYC
Verified Verified
I offer brief and long-term individual counseling, to pre-teens, adolescents, adults, and families. I especially welcome queer, trans and gender-diverse clients and those who support them; neurodivergent folks; those wanting to improve their mental health and those wanting to address substance use and/or addiction.
I offer brief and long-term individual counseling, to pre-teens, adolescents, adults, and families. I especially welcome queer, trans and gender-diverse clients and those who support them; neurodivergent folks; those wanting to improve their mental health and those wanting to address substance use and/or addiction.
(437) 371-2433 View (437) 371-2433
Photo of Julia Evelyn Falzarano, BHSW, MSW, RSW, Registered Social Worker
Julia Evelyn Falzarano
Registered Social Worker, BHSW, MSW, RSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Julia’s journey into social work began with over five years as a research assistant in pediatric health, nutrition, and development. After completing her MSW practicum at a school board, she became a crisis intervention counselor for victims of crime. Passionate about advocacy, she has served on the Graduate Student Association at the University of Toronto and is now on an advisory committee for the Ontario Association of Social Workers. Julia specializes in supporting individuals facing anxiety, emotional challenges, and neurodevelopmental disorders. With her warm, strengths-based approach, she creates a welcoming space for clients
Julia’s journey into social work began with over five years as a research assistant in pediatric health, nutrition, and development. After completing her MSW practicum at a school board, she became a crisis intervention counselor for victims of crime. Passionate about advocacy, she has served on the Graduate Student Association at the University of Toronto and is now on an advisory committee for the Ontario Association of Social Workers. Julia specializes in supporting individuals facing anxiety, emotional challenges, and neurodevelopmental disorders. With her warm, strengths-based approach, she creates a welcoming space for clients
(647) 951-8035 View (647) 951-8035
Photo of Alex Coatsworth, MSW, RSW, Registered Social Worker
Alex Coatsworth
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
Verified Verified
Scarborough, ON M1N  (Online Only)
Do you feel stuck? Are you feeling overwhelmed or stressed? Do you feel anxious or depressed? Are you feeling lonely or isolated? You are not alone! Talk therapy can help you cope. We all have a need to share what we are going through in a place we feel safe, with someone who will respect and validate our experiences. This is where meaningful personal growth is rooted and it is the space I strive to create with you. In our work together, we can explore whatever issues are coming up for you and what might be holding you back. We can work toward helping you gain new insights and increasing your sense of satisfaction in life.
Do you feel stuck? Are you feeling overwhelmed or stressed? Do you feel anxious or depressed? Are you feeling lonely or isolated? You are not alone! Talk therapy can help you cope. We all have a need to share what we are going through in a place we feel safe, with someone who will respect and validate our experiences. This is where meaningful personal growth is rooted and it is the space I strive to create with you. In our work together, we can explore whatever issues are coming up for you and what might be holding you back. We can work toward helping you gain new insights and increasing your sense of satisfaction in life.
(437) 747-0868 View (437) 747-0868
Photo of Emily Blum, MSW, RSW, Registered Social Worker
Emily Blum
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Empowering growth and resilience through therapy, Emily strives to create an environment where clients can embrace their emotions - even when they show up uninvited. With a fun and upbeat approach, Emily draws on her client’s inherent strengths and capabilities and believes in providing her clients with the necessary tools and language to name, normalize and navigate life’s challenges. Emily specializes in working with children, adolescents, adults, and parents facing a variety of mental health profiles and behavioural needs.
Empowering growth and resilience through therapy, Emily strives to create an environment where clients can embrace their emotions - even when they show up uninvited. With a fun and upbeat approach, Emily draws on her client’s inherent strengths and capabilities and believes in providing her clients with the necessary tools and language to name, normalize and navigate life’s challenges. Emily specializes in working with children, adolescents, adults, and parents facing a variety of mental health profiles and behavioural needs.
(437) 292-3920 View (437) 292-3920
Photo of Tristan Punsalan, MACP, Registered Psychotherapist
Tristan Punsalan
Registered Psychotherapist, MACP
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Are you looking for a therapist to support and empower you on your journey toward growth and healing? I am committed to promoting a safe, open, and non-judgemental space. I strive to build a trusting therapeutic relationship with my clients through empathy, authenticity, and collaboration. The goal is to help you navigate through the challenges you are experiencing and facilitate meaningful change.
Are you looking for a therapist to support and empower you on your journey toward growth and healing? I am committed to promoting a safe, open, and non-judgemental space. I strive to build a trusting therapeutic relationship with my clients through empathy, authenticity, and collaboration. The goal is to help you navigate through the challenges you are experiencing and facilitate meaningful change.
(289) 270-4360 View (289) 270-4360
Photo of Daniela Dal Ben, MEd, Registered Psychotherapist
Daniela Dal Ben
Registered Psychotherapist, MEd
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Scarborough, ON M1N  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
Do things in your life feel out of balance? Are you struggling with depression and anxiety? Are there aspects of your life that are out of balance and not working for you any longer? Through talk therapy I am here to help you learn more constructive ways to deal with problems and issues that are disrupting your life. I work collaboratively with you to find balance in your life by being empathic and non-judgmental. I am here so together we can find pathways to restore personal balance in your life.
Do things in your life feel out of balance? Are you struggling with depression and anxiety? Are there aspects of your life that are out of balance and not working for you any longer? Through talk therapy I am here to help you learn more constructive ways to deal with problems and issues that are disrupting your life. I work collaboratively with you to find balance in your life by being empathic and non-judgmental. I am here so together we can find pathways to restore personal balance in your life.
(855) 424-6303 View (855) 424-6303
1

See more therapy options for M1N

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in M1N

30+

Average cost per session

$150

Counsellors in M1N who prioritize treating:

100% Anxiety
91% Coping Skills
91% Self Esteem
88% Depression
88% Stress
82% Relationship Issues
79% Grief

Average years in practice

8 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

70% Great-West Life
70% Manulife
70% Canada Life | Great-West Life

How Counsellors in M1N see their clients

64% In Person and Online
36% Online Only

Gender breakdown

91% Female
9% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in M1N?

Search for nearby therapists or counsellors by inputting your city, postal code, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postal code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Most Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are certified by one of the main professional associations, mainly the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association (CCPA), and will have a Certified Canadian Counsellor (CCC) designation with their name. Social Workers listed in the directory must be registered members of the college specific to their province. To be listed in the directory, Psychologists must be registered with the psychological college specific to their province or territory.

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given the considerable variation in professional regulation and prerequisites across Canadian provinces, some providers may possess significant professional qualifications without necessarily holding professional memberships or being obliged to acquire them. As a result, they may be selectively included without the "Verified" seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Psychologists, counsellors, psychotherapists and social workers can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and supervised, practical experience that enable them to do so in Canada.

Psychologists have a master's and/or doctoral degree and have passed both written and oral exams. Psychologists are able to complete mental health assessments and provide diagnostic information to clients as well as provide counselling therapy or psychotherapy. Counsellors and psychotherapists are expected to have a master's or doctoral degree in counselling psychology, social work, or a related mental health discipline and certification by a professional association, such as the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association. Registered Social Workers possess a Bachelor's or Master's degree in Social Work and where possible must be licensed or certified by the provincial government and/or regulatory college.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, the cost of a therapy session in Canada could be between $100 and $200. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. Some types of outpatient mental health services are covered by Medicare, provided these are performed by a licensed mental health professional in the provinces or territory you reside in and who accepts the assignment.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postal code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Professionals licensed by regulatory colleges and those certified by associations such as the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association are obligated to uphold client confidentiality unless there is a legal reason that requires them to disclose information. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there is the potential or known harm to the client or others, or a court order, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.