Therapists in Toronto, ON

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Photo of Hanada Kardassopoulos, M Ed, MACP, Registered Psychotherapist
Hanada Kardassopoulos
Registered Psychotherapist, M Ed, MACP
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M5T  (Online Only)
Specialize in ADHD/anxiety/depression/trauma. Are you living your best life? Do you sometimes feel anxious, confused, or frustrated about things going on in your life? Are you ready to change your life for the better? Do you need parenting support or family therapy? I help adolescents, young adults, adults and family systems become more at peace with their life, grow and strive for happiness. I will help you go from just being, to being great. In all aspects of my life, empathy, compassion and kindness are centre to my relationships allowing me to accept people for who they are and where they are in their life.
Specialize in ADHD/anxiety/depression/trauma. Are you living your best life? Do you sometimes feel anxious, confused, or frustrated about things going on in your life? Are you ready to change your life for the better? Do you need parenting support or family therapy? I help adolescents, young adults, adults and family systems become more at peace with their life, grow and strive for happiness. I will help you go from just being, to being great. In all aspects of my life, empathy, compassion and kindness are centre to my relationships allowing me to accept people for who they are and where they are in their life.
(647) 952-1727 View (647) 952-1727
Photo of Stephanie Zufelt, BA, MACP, RP, Registered Psychotherapist
Stephanie Zufelt
Registered Psychotherapist, BA, MACP, RP
Verified Verified
Toronto, ON M5R  (Online Only)
How to find hope? How do you heal the ache you feel inside? You may be an overachiever, perfectionist, or someone with large emotions. Yet, you struggle to hold on through the CHAOS. You may feel exhausted, irritable, and ready to snap at any moment. This may not be how things have always been, but now you have been stuck in this loop too long. You are not alone. I am here to listen. Together we will work on understanding where you have been, where you are now, and where you would like to go.
How to find hope? How do you heal the ache you feel inside? You may be an overachiever, perfectionist, or someone with large emotions. Yet, you struggle to hold on through the CHAOS. You may feel exhausted, irritable, and ready to snap at any moment. This may not be how things have always been, but now you have been stuck in this loop too long. You are not alone. I am here to listen. Together we will work on understanding where you have been, where you are now, and where you would like to go.
(647) 955-6908 View (647) 955-6908
Photo of Gabrielle Provencher, MSc, RSW, RMFT, Registered Social Worker
Gabrielle Provencher
Registered Social Worker, MSc, RSW, RMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M5J  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
Hi! I am Gabrielle and I am glad you found my page. I am here to explore your options and guide you to make the best choices that fit your life. Taking the first step in seeking support can be overwhelming but the good news is that once you take that step forward, things can only get better. As a therapist, I'm here to provide a safe, non-judgmental, and compassionate space for you to explore your thoughts, feelings, and experiences.
Hi! I am Gabrielle and I am glad you found my page. I am here to explore your options and guide you to make the best choices that fit your life. Taking the first step in seeking support can be overwhelming but the good news is that once you take that step forward, things can only get better. As a therapist, I'm here to provide a safe, non-judgmental, and compassionate space for you to explore your thoughts, feelings, and experiences.
(437) 747-8622 View (437) 747-8622
Photo of Dr. Jamal Lake, PsyD, CPsych, Psychologist
Dr. Jamal Lake
Psychologist, PsyD, CPsych
Verified Verified
Toronto, ON M6P  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
l! (CLAIM sessions through your BENEFIT plan) !I - - I’ve been trying so hard and still feel like nothings working; I know exactly what I need to do but I'm just not doing it; I’m overworked, overwhelmed and over it. These are just some of the things I hear directly from clients and I want you to know, I hear you too. Whether you (or a loved one) are struggling with work/family/relationship stress, worrying about unknowns or feeling unhappy, right now you are taking the steps to find someone who you can trust and will support you.
l! (CLAIM sessions through your BENEFIT plan) !I - - I’ve been trying so hard and still feel like nothings working; I know exactly what I need to do but I'm just not doing it; I’m overworked, overwhelmed and over it. These are just some of the things I hear directly from clients and I want you to know, I hear you too. Whether you (or a loved one) are struggling with work/family/relationship stress, worrying about unknowns or feeling unhappy, right now you are taking the steps to find someone who you can trust and will support you.
(647) 797-4114 View (647) 797-4114
Photo of Daniel Pauly, EdD , RP , Registered Psychotherapist
Daniel Pauly
Registered Psychotherapist, EdD , RP
Verified Verified
Toronto, ON M6G
The foundation of my therapeutic approach is helping you connect understanding with action. My goal is to cultivate an empathic environment for you to explore tough emotions, experience profound insights, change long-standing patterns, and create meaningful, lasting change in your life. Whether you're facing specific issues or striving for personal growth, I am dedicated to facilitating the change you seek and will be with you every step of the way.
The foundation of my therapeutic approach is helping you connect understanding with action. My goal is to cultivate an empathic environment for you to explore tough emotions, experience profound insights, change long-standing patterns, and create meaningful, lasting change in your life. Whether you're facing specific issues or striving for personal growth, I am dedicated to facilitating the change you seek and will be with you every step of the way.
(647) 699-1796 View (647) 699-1796
Photo of Nilani Kuhapalan, BEd, RP(Q), Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying)
Nilani Kuhapalan
Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying), BEd, RP(Q)
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M6R  (Online Only)
Do you struggle with constantly feeling stressed and it affecting your everyday life? Do you feel anxious by just getting through the day? Do you wish that your emotional well-being could be better? Now more than ever, people with diverse backgrounds are feeling disconnected about adjusting to changes.
Do you struggle with constantly feeling stressed and it affecting your everyday life? Do you feel anxious by just getting through the day? Do you wish that your emotional well-being could be better? Now more than ever, people with diverse backgrounds are feeling disconnected about adjusting to changes.
(647) 692-4563 View (647) 692-4563
Photo of Deborah Phoenix, MWS, RP, Registered Psychotherapist
Deborah Phoenix
Registered Psychotherapist, MWS, RP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M4K  (Online Only)
I am glad you made it here. Maybe you want to work on experiencing your emotions with greater ease, navigating sex and relationships, making peace with painful history or just have someone listen to what you say. Therapy can offer a chance to notice patterns, move towards acceptance, create change or just check in with yourself. I take a non-pathologizing approach to struggles and see them as a painful but common part of the human experience. I often work using trauma and attachment informed emotion focused therapy that also uses a relational, intersectional feminist and systemic lens. Together we can work to make sense of things.
I am glad you made it here. Maybe you want to work on experiencing your emotions with greater ease, navigating sex and relationships, making peace with painful history or just have someone listen to what you say. Therapy can offer a chance to notice patterns, move towards acceptance, create change or just check in with yourself. I take a non-pathologizing approach to struggles and see them as a painful but common part of the human experience. I often work using trauma and attachment informed emotion focused therapy that also uses a relational, intersectional feminist and systemic lens. Together we can work to make sense of things.
(647) 697-4527 View (647) 697-4527
Photo of Tove Rees - Tove Rees Therapy, BA, DipTIRP, RP, Registered Psychotherapist
Tove Rees Therapy
Registered Psychotherapist, BA, DipTIRP, RP
Verified Verified
Toronto, ON M5V  (Online Only)
If you are feeling anxious, doubting yourself, only see your flaws, never feel good enough, and worry about what people think of you - I believe It is possible to feel more confident, calm, and to make close connections.
If you are feeling anxious, doubting yourself, only see your flaws, never feel good enough, and worry about what people think of you - I believe It is possible to feel more confident, calm, and to make close connections.
(647) 696-9107 View (647) 696-9107
Netannis (Tannis) Alexandra Arnett
Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying), RP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M6R
I see clients with a range of issues including attachment, family conflict, disconnect, trauma, anxiety, addiction and depression. I believe that everyone has a distinct way of expressing their past experiences and challenges in their daily lives, and that it is my job to help people to examine and understand themselves, and to find new ways of being. My approach is open and supportive, and I bring creativity, compassion and a sense of wonder to our work together.
I see clients with a range of issues including attachment, family conflict, disconnect, trauma, anxiety, addiction and depression. I believe that everyone has a distinct way of expressing their past experiences and challenges in their daily lives, and that it is my job to help people to examine and understand themselves, and to find new ways of being. My approach is open and supportive, and I bring creativity, compassion and a sense of wonder to our work together.
(647) 957-9244 View (647) 957-9244
Photo of Lindsey Hepburn, MEd MA, RSW-, Psych, Registered Social Worker
Lindsey Hepburn
Registered Social Worker, MEd MA, RSW-, Psych
Verified Verified
Toronto, ON M6J
I support people in navigating life's challenges including helping people with career and mid-life transitions, anxiety and depression, relationship struggles and family dynamics.
I support people in navigating life's challenges including helping people with career and mid-life transitions, anxiety and depression, relationship struggles and family dynamics.
(647) 493-0722 View (647) 493-0722
Photo of Rose Anthony, MEd, RP, Registered Psychotherapist
Rose Anthony
Registered Psychotherapist, MEd, RP
Verified Verified
Toronto, ON M8V
Waitlist for new clients
I am a Registered Psychotherapist with over 15 years of experience. What I have learned as both a therapist and a client of therapy myself is the immense healing, growth and transformation that can be nurtured in a therapeutic relationship. I am passionate about helping people to understand themselves better and address barriers that are preventing them from living a more easeful life. This may include addressing feelings of anxiety, depression or stuckness; managing stress or big emotions, improving relationships, working through past trauma or self growth. Together, we will draw insight and wisdom from your lived experience.
I am a Registered Psychotherapist with over 15 years of experience. What I have learned as both a therapist and a client of therapy myself is the immense healing, growth and transformation that can be nurtured in a therapeutic relationship. I am passionate about helping people to understand themselves better and address barriers that are preventing them from living a more easeful life. This may include addressing feelings of anxiety, depression or stuckness; managing stress or big emotions, improving relationships, working through past trauma or self growth. Together, we will draw insight and wisdom from your lived experience.
(365) 364-1456 View (365) 364-1456
Photo of Monica Tan (Accepting New Clients), MSW, RSW, Registered Social Worker
Monica Tan (Accepting New Clients)
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M4P
Feeling trapped, tired or drained at the end of the day? Are you dreaming of your best life, but don’t know how to get there? I work with highly sensitive people in professions of all types. The path to a meaning-filled life includes having soul purpose, contribution to humanity, boundaries and self-love. Together we can heal old wounds and re-install your power in the present. I look forward to transforming unconscious patterns to conscious choices with you. Let’s find ways to dream big and play a bigger game of life!
Feeling trapped, tired or drained at the end of the day? Are you dreaming of your best life, but don’t know how to get there? I work with highly sensitive people in professions of all types. The path to a meaning-filled life includes having soul purpose, contribution to humanity, boundaries and self-love. Together we can heal old wounds and re-install your power in the present. I look forward to transforming unconscious patterns to conscious choices with you. Let’s find ways to dream big and play a bigger game of life!
(647) 560-7853 View (647) 560-7853
Photo of Jesse Schwartz, RSW, Registered Social Worker
Jesse Schwartz
Registered Social Worker, RSW
Verified Verified
Toronto, ON M6E  (Online Only)
I'm a Queer Social Worker with 6 years of experience in community-based and clinical settings addressing complex mental health concerns. Guided by anti-oppressive and trauma-informed approaches, I harness a sense of curiosity to build an open and transparent relationship with my clients. I draw on Mindfulness, Cognitive Behavioural, Emotion Focused, and Narrative Therapy techniques to ensure that my clients find a voice that is truly their own. I have extensive experience supporting clients with depression, anxiety, relationship conflict, gender/sexual identities, sexual desire/pleasure, and sexual violence histories.
I'm a Queer Social Worker with 6 years of experience in community-based and clinical settings addressing complex mental health concerns. Guided by anti-oppressive and trauma-informed approaches, I harness a sense of curiosity to build an open and transparent relationship with my clients. I draw on Mindfulness, Cognitive Behavioural, Emotion Focused, and Narrative Therapy techniques to ensure that my clients find a voice that is truly their own. I have extensive experience supporting clients with depression, anxiety, relationship conflict, gender/sexual identities, sexual desire/pleasure, and sexual violence histories.
(647) 692-1161 View (647) 692-1161
Photo of Natalie Riback, RP, CTPDipl, BA, Registered Psychotherapist
Natalie Riback
Registered Psychotherapist, RP, CTPDipl, BA
Verified Verified
Toronto, ON M5R  (Online Only)
Looking inside yourself isn't always easy, but it is necessary, especially if you feel depressed, anxious, lost, or overwhelmed. The first step is putting your thoughts and feelings into words. Psychotherapy gives you the opportunity to talk about what is troubling you. This can provide a sense of relief, help you to feel less alone, and allow you to explore what has been getting in your way. With my help, you can discover better ways of dealing with your problems and gain a deeper insight into yourself that will improve your sense of well-being and self-esteem.
Looking inside yourself isn't always easy, but it is necessary, especially if you feel depressed, anxious, lost, or overwhelmed. The first step is putting your thoughts and feelings into words. Psychotherapy gives you the opportunity to talk about what is troubling you. This can provide a sense of relief, help you to feel less alone, and allow you to explore what has been getting in your way. With my help, you can discover better ways of dealing with your problems and gain a deeper insight into yourself that will improve your sense of well-being and self-esteem.
(647) 952-9507 View (647) 952-9507
Photo of Rachel Abigail Sunda, RP, MDiv, Registered Psychotherapist
Rachel Abigail Sunda
Registered Psychotherapist, RP, MDiv
Verified Verified
Toronto, ON M6S  (Online Only)
It can be difficult to navigate our world especially when increased demands are placed on us either internally or from the outside. Are you feeling overwhelmed? Are you finding it difficult to find yourself with all of the noise and demands that are placed on you? Would you like to claim your personal power and learn how to be the best version of yourself on your own and in relationships? Whether you are suffering with anxiety or depression or a mixture of both, I can help. Perhaps you have a history of emotional, psychological, physical or sexual abuse, or you have been bullied or been in an invalidating environment, I can help.
It can be difficult to navigate our world especially when increased demands are placed on us either internally or from the outside. Are you feeling overwhelmed? Are you finding it difficult to find yourself with all of the noise and demands that are placed on you? Would you like to claim your personal power and learn how to be the best version of yourself on your own and in relationships? Whether you are suffering with anxiety or depression or a mixture of both, I can help. Perhaps you have a history of emotional, psychological, physical or sexual abuse, or you have been bullied or been in an invalidating environment, I can help.
(647) 931-0022 View (647) 931-0022
Photo of Maria Victoria Mata - Victoria Mata Therapy, EXAT, MFA, BA, CRPO(Q), Pre-Licensed Professional
Victoria Mata Therapy
Pre-Licensed Professional, EXAT, MFA, BA, CRPO(Q)
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M6S
I am a Venezuelan-Canadian queer woman of colour with lived experience of migration and I offer services in Spanish and English. I work from an evolving feminist, anti-oppression, sex-positive and poly-affirming framework. Gently and bravely understanding and unpacking the impacts of systemic and colonial structures on the constructs of identity and mental health is crucial for the work we will do together.   Creativity, curiosity and compassionate care are at the core of my practice. When journeying through difficult experiences, art becomes a powerful friend for the courageous path of healing and transformation.
I am a Venezuelan-Canadian queer woman of colour with lived experience of migration and I offer services in Spanish and English. I work from an evolving feminist, anti-oppression, sex-positive and poly-affirming framework. Gently and bravely understanding and unpacking the impacts of systemic and colonial structures on the constructs of identity and mental health is crucial for the work we will do together.   Creativity, curiosity and compassionate care are at the core of my practice. When journeying through difficult experiences, art becomes a powerful friend for the courageous path of healing and transformation.
(647) 361-0961 View (647) 361-0961
Photo of Sarah Katherine Stapleton, Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying)
Sarah Katherine Stapleton
Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying)
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M5R  (Online Only)
Many people struggle with feeling disconnected to themselves and achieving their goals of becoming the person they have always dreamed of being. They seek balance and joy in their lives but are unsure of how to take clear steps towards the life they want. They may feel stuck in the pain of the past, or simply be uncertain about how to begin their self-improvement journey. It may even feel as though their body is working against them, that they are so disconnected from who they truly are and who they wish to be that they have fallen into an emotional spiral with trauma responses and pain in the driver’s seat.
Many people struggle with feeling disconnected to themselves and achieving their goals of becoming the person they have always dreamed of being. They seek balance and joy in their lives but are unsure of how to take clear steps towards the life they want. They may feel stuck in the pain of the past, or simply be uncertain about how to begin their self-improvement journey. It may even feel as though their body is working against them, that they are so disconnected from who they truly are and who they wish to be that they have fallen into an emotional spiral with trauma responses and pain in the driver’s seat.
(437) 500-1631 View (437) 500-1631
Photo of Debbie Berlin, BSW, MSW, RSW, Registered Social Worker
Debbie Berlin
Registered Social Worker, BSW, MSW, RSW
Verified Verified
Toronto, ON M4M  (Online Only)
I am a social worker and psychotherapist who has worked passionately and extensively with individuals, families and health-care organizations. Therapy is a way for people to get extra support, when you need it. If you are struggling with a personal crisis, overwhelming emotion, a life transition, problems with family or friends, career questions, or the need to move on from past events, therapy can help.
I am a social worker and psychotherapist who has worked passionately and extensively with individuals, families and health-care organizations. Therapy is a way for people to get extra support, when you need it. If you are struggling with a personal crisis, overwhelming emotion, a life transition, problems with family or friends, career questions, or the need to move on from past events, therapy can help.
(647) 490-3135 View (647) 490-3135
Photo of Emily Reed, MEd, RP, Registered Psychotherapist
Emily Reed
Registered Psychotherapist, MEd, RP
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M6H  (Online Only)
Feeling stressed and overwhelmed? When most of our time is spent juggling responsibilities, working on relationships, and keeping track of all our worries, our own wellness can fall to the bottom of the long to do list. Entering into therapy is a chance to take a breath, reassess and figure out the best ways to move forward. It would be an honour to join you in that journey.
Feeling stressed and overwhelmed? When most of our time is spent juggling responsibilities, working on relationships, and keeping track of all our worries, our own wellness can fall to the bottom of the long to do list. Entering into therapy is a chance to take a breath, reassess and figure out the best ways to move forward. It would be an honour to join you in that journey.
(289) 210-7050 View (289) 210-7050
Photo of Jenny Gauntlett, RP, Registered Psychotherapist
Jenny Gauntlett
Registered Psychotherapist, RP
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M6E  (Online Only)
I am a relational psychotherapist. I would describe my way of working as integrative which means that I draw from all my trainings to work out how best I can help you. I am trauma informed and am also influenced by psychodynamic, person centred, self-psychology and humanistic theories. I enjoy working with a wide variety of clients with a wide range of presenting issues although I have a particular interest in working with women with ADHD. I have recently trained in attachment focussed EMDR which I am enjoying incorporating into my client work.
I am a relational psychotherapist. I would describe my way of working as integrative which means that I draw from all my trainings to work out how best I can help you. I am trauma informed and am also influenced by psychodynamic, person centred, self-psychology and humanistic theories. I enjoy working with a wide variety of clients with a wide range of presenting issues although I have a particular interest in working with women with ADHD. I have recently trained in attachment focussed EMDR which I am enjoying incorporating into my client work.
(647) 691-0783 View (647) 691-0783
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See more therapy options for Toronto

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in Toronto, ON

3,000+

Average cost per session

$160

Counsellors in Toronto, ON who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
87% Depression
84% Relationship Issues
84% Self Esteem
79% Stress
71% Coping Skills
69% Trauma and PTSD

Average years in practice

9 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

64% Green Shield Canada
63% SunLife
60% Manulife

How Counsellors in Toronto, ON see their clients

52% In Person and Online
48% Online Only

Gender breakdown

81% Female
16% Male
3% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in Toronto?

Search for nearby therapists or counsellors by inputting your city, postal code, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postal code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Most Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are certified by one of the main professional associations, mainly the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association (CCPA), and will have a Certified Canadian Counsellor (CCC) designation with their name. Social Workers listed in the directory must be registered members of the college specific to their province. To be listed in the directory, Psychologists must be registered with the psychological college specific to their province or territory.

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given the considerable variation in professional regulation and prerequisites across Canadian provinces, some providers may possess significant professional qualifications without necessarily holding professional memberships or being obliged to acquire them. As a result, they may be selectively included without the "Verified" seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Psychologists, counsellors, psychotherapists and social workers can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and supervised, practical experience that enable them to do so in Canada.

Psychologists have a master's and/or doctoral degree and have passed both written and oral exams. Psychologists are able to complete mental health assessments and provide diagnostic information to clients as well as provide counselling therapy or psychotherapy. Counsellors and psychotherapists are expected to have a master's or doctoral degree in counselling psychology, social work, or a related mental health discipline and certification by a professional association, such as the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association. Registered Social Workers possess a Bachelor's or Master's degree in Social Work and where possible must be licensed or certified by the provincial government and/or regulatory college.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, the cost of a therapy session in Canada could be between $100 and $200. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. Some types of outpatient mental health services are covered by Medicare, provided these are performed by a licensed mental health professional in the provinces or territory you reside in and who accepts the assignment.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postal code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Professionals licensed by regulatory colleges and those certified by associations such as the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association are obligated to uphold client confidentiality unless there is a legal reason that requires them to disclose information. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there is the potential or known harm to the client or others, or a court order, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.