Psychodynamic Therapists in Richmond, BC

Photo of Ed Ng, MDiv, PsyD, RPsych, Psychologist
Ed Ng
Psychologist, MDiv, PsyD, RPsych
Verified Verified
Richmond, BC V6X
I primarily work within a psychodynamic psychotherapy framework.
My expertise is in working with difficulties related to cultural, familial, and relational contexts. I specialize in depression, anxiety, anger issues, professional burnout, issues with sexuality, couples issues, family conflicts, self-harming, and more. In addition to having lived in Hong Kong, I have worked diverse clients in Los Angeles and Vancouver. People who are seeking to make sense of themselves tend to find me very helpful. Former clients of mine regularly feel as though they understand their symptoms, are more free to make good life choices, and are prepared to have more fulfilling relationships overall.
I primarily work within a psychodynamic psychotherapy framework.
My expertise is in working with difficulties related to cultural, familial, and relational contexts. I specialize in depression, anxiety, anger issues, professional burnout, issues with sexuality, couples issues, family conflicts, self-harming, and more. In addition to having lived in Hong Kong, I have worked diverse clients in Los Angeles and Vancouver. People who are seeking to make sense of themselves tend to find me very helpful. Former clients of mine regularly feel as though they understand their symptoms, are more free to make good life choices, and are prepared to have more fulfilling relationships overall.
(604) 243-4538 View (604) 243-4538
Photo of Carly Goodfellow, MA, RCC, ACS, Counsellor
Carly Goodfellow
Counsellor, MA, RCC, ACS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Richmond, BC V6Y  (Online Only)
To support our work, I integrate EMDR, Sensorimotor Psychotherapy, ClinicalHypnotherapy, Psychodynamic Child/Ego state work, Mindfulness and CBT therapy tools.
I am a Registered Clinical Counsellor and Psychotherapist, with 17 years experience, for individuals and couples who want to heal from depression, social anxiety, trauma and abuse and relationship difficulties in a safe and non-judgmental environment. With a warm, nurturing and effective relational approach, I can help you recover your self-worth, heal early trauma wounds, find your centre of calm, build confidence in relationships and find joy and vitality that might be painfully missing in your life. I tailor my methods to your individual needs and goals to bring about the changes you are wanting to see.
To support our work, I integrate EMDR, Sensorimotor Psychotherapy, ClinicalHypnotherapy, Psychodynamic Child/Ego state work, Mindfulness and CBT therapy tools.
I am a Registered Clinical Counsellor and Psychotherapist, with 17 years experience, for individuals and couples who want to heal from depression, social anxiety, trauma and abuse and relationship difficulties in a safe and non-judgmental environment. With a warm, nurturing and effective relational approach, I can help you recover your self-worth, heal early trauma wounds, find your centre of calm, build confidence in relationships and find joy and vitality that might be painfully missing in your life. I tailor my methods to your individual needs and goals to bring about the changes you are wanting to see.
(604) 200-0586 View (604) 200-0586
Photo of Andrew Herfst, RCC, CCC, Licensed Professional Counsellor
Andrew Herfst
Licensed Professional Counsellor, RCC, CCC
Verified Verified
Richmond, BC V6V
My values-centered approach integrates psychodynamic, existential, and analytic schools of thought.
The people I work with tend to be caring, open-minded, and high-functioning folks who at times march to the beat of their own drummer or have a unique perspective, who may struggle at times even if they don't show it, and who like to ‘get to the heart of things’ in their relationships, in their work, and in their engagement with life. Many things in this life can hurt us, our habitual defences against pain can muddle things, and sometimes we just get lost. Whether you are in the process of healing yourself, fostering deeper connection with others, or pursuing a life well-lived, I am here to support you.
My values-centered approach integrates psychodynamic, existential, and analytic schools of thought.
The people I work with tend to be caring, open-minded, and high-functioning folks who at times march to the beat of their own drummer or have a unique perspective, who may struggle at times even if they don't show it, and who like to ‘get to the heart of things’ in their relationships, in their work, and in their engagement with life. Many things in this life can hurt us, our habitual defences against pain can muddle things, and sometimes we just get lost. Whether you are in the process of healing yourself, fostering deeper connection with others, or pursuing a life well-lived, I am here to support you.
(604) 239-4869 View (604) 239-4869
Photo of Shoshana Hain - Shoshana Hain Counselling & Psychotherapy, MA, MEd,  RCC, Counsellor
Shoshana Hain Counselling & Psychotherapy
Counsellor, MA, MEd, RCC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Richmond, BC V7C  (Online Only)
I use evidence-based CBT (and psychodynamic, person-centred, attachment, EMDR and mindfulness based stress reduction). I have nearly twenty years of experience counselling individuals, couples and families to gain insights and learn strategic tools to reduce anxiety and lead to self-fulfillment and healthier relationships. Previous experience- Supervisor of Therapists, and counselling trainees. Specialized training in Mindfulness Stress Reduction, Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, Eye-movement Desensitization and Reprocessing. Specializing in anxiety and low mood management, self-esteem building, relationship issues and concerns.
I use evidence-based CBT (and psychodynamic, person-centred, attachment, EMDR and mindfulness based stress reduction). I have nearly twenty years of experience counselling individuals, couples and families to gain insights and learn strategic tools to reduce anxiety and lead to self-fulfillment and healthier relationships. Previous experience- Supervisor of Therapists, and counselling trainees. Specialized training in Mindfulness Stress Reduction, Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, Eye-movement Desensitization and Reprocessing. Specializing in anxiety and low mood management, self-esteem building, relationship issues and concerns.
(778) 770-1406 View (778) 770-1406
Photo of Julie Row, MA, RCC, Counsellor
Julie Row
Counsellor, MA, RCC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Richmond, BC V6V
I specialize in Person-Centred/Rogerian, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT), Solution-Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT), and Psychodynamic.
Do you struggle with self-esteem, anxiety or depression? Have you ever felt judged or misunderstood for being different? This type of stress can make you feel alone, hopeless, and not good enough. Add immigration, culture shock, and socio-economic struggles into the mix and life can feel quite daunting at times. However, it is your unique lived experience and challenges that you can learn to draw upon to find solutions and explore your thoughts, feelings, and behaviours to discover your path toward healing and desired change. I am committed to providing a safe and supportive space where you can feel empowered to do so.
I specialize in Person-Centred/Rogerian, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT), Solution-Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT), and Psychodynamic.
Do you struggle with self-esteem, anxiety or depression? Have you ever felt judged or misunderstood for being different? This type of stress can make you feel alone, hopeless, and not good enough. Add immigration, culture shock, and socio-economic struggles into the mix and life can feel quite daunting at times. However, it is your unique lived experience and challenges that you can learn to draw upon to find solutions and explore your thoughts, feelings, and behaviours to discover your path toward healing and desired change. I am committed to providing a safe and supportive space where you can feel empowered to do so.
(343) 313-1402 View (343) 313-1402
Photo of Ajay Sahota, MA, RCC, Counsellor
Ajay Sahota
Counsellor, MA, RCC
Verified Verified
Richmond, BC V6X
Thank-you for visiting my profile. I aim to create a safe environment for you during our counselling sessions. A place where you feel connected, safe, and free to be yourself. I honour your truth and your story; I respect your openness and vulnerability. I am excited to learn what makes you a unique person. My goal is to create a therapeutic connection based on empathy, nonjudgement, care, and kindness. Your mental health, wellness, and resiliency are my priorities. I listen, I challenge, and I empower. It is important to me that you are heard and I will listen to your truth.
Thank-you for visiting my profile. I aim to create a safe environment for you during our counselling sessions. A place where you feel connected, safe, and free to be yourself. I honour your truth and your story; I respect your openness and vulnerability. I am excited to learn what makes you a unique person. My goal is to create a therapeutic connection based on empathy, nonjudgement, care, and kindness. Your mental health, wellness, and resiliency are my priorities. I listen, I challenge, and I empower. It is important to me that you are heard and I will listen to your truth.
(902) 710-0210 View (902) 710-0210
Photo of Viviana Ni - Viviana Ni, Inner Haven Counselling & Art Therapy , RCC, CCC, RCAT, BCATR, MA, Counsellor
Viviana Ni, Inner Haven Counselling & Art Therapy
Counsellor, RCC, CCC, RCAT, BCATR, MA
Verified Verified
Richmond, BC V7C  (Online Only)
“Healing is a beautiful ray of light that you simply need to reach your hand toward.” I believe your personal understanding of your life experiences is of great value, and I am dedicated to collaborating closely with you to tailor a counselling strategy that suits your needs. Viviana deeply appreciates the opportunity to assist clients in fostering self-awareness, self-empathy, and the path to healing, as well as in implementing practical solutions to make everyday tasks more manageable.
“Healing is a beautiful ray of light that you simply need to reach your hand toward.” I believe your personal understanding of your life experiences is of great value, and I am dedicated to collaborating closely with you to tailor a counselling strategy that suits your needs. Viviana deeply appreciates the opportunity to assist clients in fostering self-awareness, self-empathy, and the path to healing, as well as in implementing practical solutions to make everyday tasks more manageable.
(249) 202-2178 View (249) 202-2178
Photo of Esther Chow, MC, MATS, RCC, Counsellor
Esther Chow
Counsellor, MC, MATS, RCC
Verified Verified
Richmond, BC V7E
I am a registered member (Registration number: 1829) of BC Association of Clinical Counsellors (BCACC) since 2001. With more than 20 years of professional counselling experience in both public and private settings, I am passionate in walking with people through their struggles and helping them overcome their traumatic past. My counselling approach aims at helping clients increase their self-awareness, identify any unhealthy emotional blockages, desensitize and reprocess emotional charged memories, promote integration of a wholistic self, improve and enrich interpersonal relationships, and experience the joy of emotional freedom.
I am a registered member (Registration number: 1829) of BC Association of Clinical Counsellors (BCACC) since 2001. With more than 20 years of professional counselling experience in both public and private settings, I am passionate in walking with people through their struggles and helping them overcome their traumatic past. My counselling approach aims at helping clients increase their self-awareness, identify any unhealthy emotional blockages, desensitize and reprocess emotional charged memories, promote integration of a wholistic self, improve and enrich interpersonal relationships, and experience the joy of emotional freedom.
(587) 417-6793 View (587) 417-6793
Photo of Morley A. McElwain, RPC, Counsellor
Morley A. McElwain
Counsellor, RPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Richmond, BC V6Y  (Online Only)
We are all faced with difficulties throughout our lives, and the way we receive them will help to determine the outcome. As we age, we experience mental and physical changes that can lead to numerous challenges along the way. Maintaining healthy relationships may become difficult as we age. Being someone's caregiver is a significant challenge you may be struggling with. Now more than ever finances play a big role, especially if one member of the family requires costly care. Having healthy relationships and enjoying life can be extremely difficult when faced with one or more of these issues. However, it is possible, and I can help!
We are all faced with difficulties throughout our lives, and the way we receive them will help to determine the outcome. As we age, we experience mental and physical changes that can lead to numerous challenges along the way. Maintaining healthy relationships may become difficult as we age. Being someone's caregiver is a significant challenge you may be struggling with. Now more than ever finances play a big role, especially if one member of the family requires costly care. Having healthy relationships and enjoying life can be extremely difficult when faced with one or more of these issues. However, it is possible, and I can help!
(672) 202-3012 View (672) 202-3012
Photo of King Fung Tang - King Fung Tang - Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy, MSS, RCC, Counsellor
King Fung Tang - Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy
Counsellor, MSS, RCC
Verified Verified
Richmond, BC V6X
Hello, 你好!I am a registered clinical counsellor specializing in psychoanalytic psychotherapy. In essence, this psychotherapy helps individuals change and grow from within because inner change is long-lasting and stable. It helps them find relief from mental or emotional stress, identify the hidden roots in the past to their present psychological pain, promote self-reflection and self-examination, develop a better understanding of present challenges, develop more effective and constructive coping methods, and facilitate life transformation and personality growth.
Hello, 你好!I am a registered clinical counsellor specializing in psychoanalytic psychotherapy. In essence, this psychotherapy helps individuals change and grow from within because inner change is long-lasting and stable. It helps them find relief from mental or emotional stress, identify the hidden roots in the past to their present psychological pain, promote self-reflection and self-examination, develop a better understanding of present challenges, develop more effective and constructive coping methods, and facilitate life transformation and personality growth.
(506) 516-1300 View (506) 516-1300
Photo of Shelley Lisa Behr, MSW, RSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Shelley Lisa Behr
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, RSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Richmond, BC V6Y
One of the most difficult things to do in life is to ask for help. I understand that making the first call is stressful, and I am open to hearing your concerns as soon as we connect. I encompass a non judgmental approach, based on strength and resilience. I work collaboratively with my clients to empower them to make important changes in their lives. As a counselor, I support each client's own experience of their story. I take a holistic approach to understand the many layers that surround life challenges, to create connections and promote change.
One of the most difficult things to do in life is to ask for help. I understand that making the first call is stressful, and I am open to hearing your concerns as soon as we connect. I encompass a non judgmental approach, based on strength and resilience. I work collaboratively with my clients to empower them to make important changes in their lives. As a counselor, I support each client's own experience of their story. I take a holistic approach to understand the many layers that surround life challenges, to create connections and promote change.
(604) 273-3451 View (604) 273-3451
Photo of Connie Wong, MSW, RSW, CCC, RC, Registered Social Worker
Connie Wong
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW, CCC, RC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Richmond, BC V7A  (Online Only)
If you experiencing a difficult or challenging time right now, is feeling stuck in a relationship, or is going through a transition and yearning for something more in your life, finding an experienced and effective counsellor to work with can be extremely helpful. I offer a safe and supportive space for us to work together so that you can gain insight, learn skills & strategies to help you feel more empowered and confident navigating your current challenges and difficulties.
If you experiencing a difficult or challenging time right now, is feeling stuck in a relationship, or is going through a transition and yearning for something more in your life, finding an experienced and effective counsellor to work with can be extremely helpful. I offer a safe and supportive space for us to work together so that you can gain insight, learn skills & strategies to help you feel more empowered and confident navigating your current challenges and difficulties.
(825) 602-5549 View (825) 602-5549
Photo of Heidi Kwok - Innerverse Therapy, MA, RCC, Counsellor
Innerverse Therapy
Counsellor, MA, RCC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Richmond, BC V6Y
We are spiritual beings experiencing life in human form, but the challenges of our human condition can often overwhelm us. Spirituality involves reconnecting with our true nature as spiritual beings and pure awareness. Psychotherapy, on the other hand, helps us heal and release the burdens we carry throughout life, while also fully embracing our human nature. Whether you are dealing with stress, anxiety, depression, grief, career changes, life transitions, or struggles in relationships, I provide a safe and non-judgmental space for you to explore your thoughts and emotions. Together, we will uncover your inner wisdom and resilience.
We are spiritual beings experiencing life in human form, but the challenges of our human condition can often overwhelm us. Spirituality involves reconnecting with our true nature as spiritual beings and pure awareness. Psychotherapy, on the other hand, helps us heal and release the burdens we carry throughout life, while also fully embracing our human nature. Whether you are dealing with stress, anxiety, depression, grief, career changes, life transitions, or struggles in relationships, I provide a safe and non-judgmental space for you to explore your thoughts and emotions. Together, we will uncover your inner wisdom and resilience.
(438) 800-3402 View (438) 800-3402
Terry Estrin
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Richmond, BC V7A
I am a Registered Psychologist in private practice with offices in Richmond and Vancouver, offering psychotherapy and counseling for individuals (age 17 and up), relationship therapy for couples and familes, and psychological assessment. Areas of practice include depression, anxiety, trauma, marital/relationship difficulties, grief/loss, and stress. I work with a highly diverse clientele; individuals and couples, persons in specialized occupations (e.g., police, physicians), and corporate clients. To learn more about some of the reasons people come to see me, how therapy can help you, and to read articles on self-help topics, visit: www.terryestrin.com.
I am a Registered Psychologist in private practice with offices in Richmond and Vancouver, offering psychotherapy and counseling for individuals (age 17 and up), relationship therapy for couples and familes, and psychological assessment. Areas of practice include depression, anxiety, trauma, marital/relationship difficulties, grief/loss, and stress. I work with a highly diverse clientele; individuals and couples, persons in specialized occupations (e.g., police, physicians), and corporate clients. To learn more about some of the reasons people come to see me, how therapy can help you, and to read articles on self-help topics, visit: www.terryestrin.com.
(604) 274-7267 View (604) 274-7267
Photo of Johnson Ma, PhD, RPsych, Psychologist
Johnson Ma
Psychologist, PhD, RPsych
Verified Verified
Richmond, BC V6X
Waitlist for new clients
I'm a bilingual psychologist based in Greater Vancouver area. I have experiences in providing culturally sensitive and trauma-informed psychological services in English, Mandarin and Cantonese to people of diversity struggling with serious mental illness, complex trauma, addiction, concurrent disorders, rehabilitation from physical injuries and traumatic events. My goal is to create a safe and supportive environment where you can explore your feelings, develop coping strategies, and work towards healing and growth.
I'm a bilingual psychologist based in Greater Vancouver area. I have experiences in providing culturally sensitive and trauma-informed psychological services in English, Mandarin and Cantonese to people of diversity struggling with serious mental illness, complex trauma, addiction, concurrent disorders, rehabilitation from physical injuries and traumatic events. My goal is to create a safe and supportive environment where you can explore your feelings, develop coping strategies, and work towards healing and growth.
(604) 670-9580 View (604) 670-9580
Photo of Arlene Tully, MA, RCC, Counsellor
Arlene Tully
Counsellor, MA, RCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Richmond, BC V6Y  (Online Only)
My practice is inclusive and non-judgmental. I am passionate about helping clients regain a sense of hope and possibility. I'm sensitive and mindful around gender, sexual orientation, race, age, spiritual beliefs, ability, body size, cultural background or identification, relationship status, and family situation. I am dedicated to using empathy, and presence to create a safe and nurturing space that supports you to learn more about your self The relationship I seek to have with you is one that is empowering, assisting you to feel respect and compassion for yourself, so that you can make the changes you desire.
My practice is inclusive and non-judgmental. I am passionate about helping clients regain a sense of hope and possibility. I'm sensitive and mindful around gender, sexual orientation, race, age, spiritual beliefs, ability, body size, cultural background or identification, relationship status, and family situation. I am dedicated to using empathy, and presence to create a safe and nurturing space that supports you to learn more about your self The relationship I seek to have with you is one that is empowering, assisting you to feel respect and compassion for yourself, so that you can make the changes you desire.
(778) 229-5256 View (778) 229-5256
Photo of Susan Morris-McEwan, MA, RCC, Counsellor
Susan Morris-McEwan
Counsellor, MA, RCC
Verified Verified
Richmond, BC V6Y  (Online Only)
I have over 30 years experience in mental health and counselling, predominantly working with adolescents in community mental health, adolescent residential mental health and with young offenders. I have a particular interest in working with adolescents and adults helping to address issues related to parent-teen conflict, stress management, anxiety, depression and relationship difficulties. I also specialize in grief, loss and life-transitions with teens and adults.
I have over 30 years experience in mental health and counselling, predominantly working with adolescents in community mental health, adolescent residential mental health and with young offenders. I have a particular interest in working with adolescents and adults helping to address issues related to parent-teen conflict, stress management, anxiety, depression and relationship difficulties. I also specialize in grief, loss and life-transitions with teens and adults.
(604) 243-5778 View (604) 243-5778
Photo of Kyla Yaskowich - Conscious Living Wellness, Dr. Kyla Yaskowich, PhD, RPsych, Psychologist
Conscious Living Wellness, Dr. Kyla Yaskowich
Psychologist, PhD, RPsych
Verified Verified
Richmond, BC V7E
As a Registered Psychologist with a PhD in Clinical Psychology and over 20 years of experience, the resilience of the human spirit continues to inspire me. We have the innate drive to not only survive life’s challenges, but to transform, grow and thrive as a result of them. My Wholistic Approach integrates Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Hypnotherapy, and Mindfulness combined with powerful non-traditional healing modalities and concepts from quantum physics, spiritual psychology, and neuroscience. I offer a variety of paths to wellness and would be honoured to help you navigate the sometimes challenging adventure of life.
As a Registered Psychologist with a PhD in Clinical Psychology and over 20 years of experience, the resilience of the human spirit continues to inspire me. We have the innate drive to not only survive life’s challenges, but to transform, grow and thrive as a result of them. My Wholistic Approach integrates Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Hypnotherapy, and Mindfulness combined with powerful non-traditional healing modalities and concepts from quantum physics, spiritual psychology, and neuroscience. I offer a variety of paths to wellness and would be honoured to help you navigate the sometimes challenging adventure of life.
(604) 542-7130 View (604) 542-7130
Photo of Jeff Morley, PhD, RPsych, Psychologist
Jeff Morley
Psychologist, PhD, RPsych
Verified Verified
Richmond, BC V7A
Waitlist for new clients
I am an experienced Registered Psychologist offering counselling and psychotherapy to individuals, couples, and families. I help people working through challenges in their relationships, careers, and personal lives. Often people come to me for help with depression, anxiety, trauma, or health concerns. I take a practical and mindful approach to counselling, grounded in a strong therapeutic relationship, to help you accomplish your counselling goals in a timely and effective manner. I work with many first responders. www.drjeffmorley.ca www.911resilience.ca www.guardianpsychedelics.ca
I am an experienced Registered Psychologist offering counselling and psychotherapy to individuals, couples, and families. I help people working through challenges in their relationships, careers, and personal lives. Often people come to me for help with depression, anxiety, trauma, or health concerns. I take a practical and mindful approach to counselling, grounded in a strong therapeutic relationship, to help you accomplish your counselling goals in a timely and effective manner. I work with many first responders. www.drjeffmorley.ca www.911resilience.ca www.guardianpsychedelics.ca
(866) 729-3803 View (866) 729-3803
Photo of Rolf Schrader, MA, RCC, MNLP, CHT
Rolf Schrader
MA, RCC, MNLP, CHT
Not Verified Not Verified
Richmond, BC V6X  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
Are you struggling with life or facing a difficult challenge? Do you have an inner critic who is just tearing you down? As your psychotherapist, I can help you eliminate those patterns or parts that have been impeding your progress, stopping you from having the life you want, you deserve. Together in a safe, compassionate, non-judgmental space you can:
Are you struggling with life or facing a difficult challenge? Do you have an inner critic who is just tearing you down? As your psychotherapist, I can help you eliminate those patterns or parts that have been impeding your progress, stopping you from having the life you want, you deserve. Together in a safe, compassionate, non-judgmental space you can:
(855) 338-0576 View (855) 338-0576
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Psychodynamic Counsellors

Is psychodynamic therapy evidence-based?

Studies have found psychodynamic therapy to be effective in treating conditions like social anxiety, eating disorders, chronic pain, some personality disorders, and depression; indeed, some studies have found it to be just as effective as CBT or medication. What’s more, several studies have found that the benefits of psychodynamic therapy tend to endure—even grow—long after treatment has ended.

How long does psychodynamic therapy last?

Unlike CBT and other more structured forms of therapy, psychodynamic therapy tends to be open-ended and may not be limited to a set number of sessions. It is common for clients to be in therapy for a year or longer and to see their therapist one to three times a week, though the exact schedule and timeline may vary depending on a client’s challenges and progress. However, brief psychodynamic therapy is available, which tends to be more goal-oriented and typically unfolds over 16 to 30 sessions.

Does psychodynamic therapy work?

Research finds that psychodynamic therapy can help someone manage or reduce symptoms of diagnosable mental health conditions like depression or anxiety. The modality may also offer a range of benefits that are harder to measure but just as valuable—such as increased self-worth or healthier relationships. While no therapy type will work for everyone, research and anecdotal evidence suggest that psychodynamic therapy can be highly effective.

What are the limitations of psychodynamic therapy?

Some meta-analyses have concluded that there is little evidence to suggest that psychodynamic therapy can effectively treat certain mental health conditions such as PTSD, OCD, or psychosis, though it is sometimes used to do so. More broadly, the open-ended, free-association structure of psychodynamic therapy may be frustrating for clients who prefer a more structured, time-limited, or goal-oriented approach.