Therapists in Niagara Falls, ON

Photo of Katie MacNeill, BPH, MA, Registered Psychotherapist
Katie MacNeill
Registered Psychotherapist, BPH, MA
Verified Verified
Niagara Falls, ON L2E
Not accepting new clients
I have experience working with anxiety, depression, grief, OCD, trauma, and more. As someone who struggles with OCD and anxiety myself, I take pride in being able to collaborate with individuals in treatment planning and improving your quality of life.
I have experience working with anxiety, depression, grief, OCD, trauma, and more. As someone who struggles with OCD and anxiety myself, I take pride in being able to collaborate with individuals in treatment planning and improving your quality of life.
(289) 319-0914 View (289) 319-0914
Photo of Riley Pickett, BSW, MSc, RSW, Registered Social Worker
Riley Pickett
Registered Social Worker, BSW, MSc, RSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Niagara Falls, ON L2G
Are you ready for a transformative journey that embraces change and vulnerability? Whether you're an adult navigating life transitions, dealing with day-to-day stressors, or a teen exploring identity, managing anxiety, and addressing self-esteem with ever-changing emotional needs, readiness for personal growth is the key. In our journey together, we'll work side by side to create goals that are specific, measurable, and real—just like you. These goals serve as a personalized roadmap, carefully crafted to fit your unique needs and guide you toward personal growth
Are you ready for a transformative journey that embraces change and vulnerability? Whether you're an adult navigating life transitions, dealing with day-to-day stressors, or a teen exploring identity, managing anxiety, and addressing self-esteem with ever-changing emotional needs, readiness for personal growth is the key. In our journey together, we'll work side by side to create goals that are specific, measurable, and real—just like you. These goals serve as a personalized roadmap, carefully crafted to fit your unique needs and guide you toward personal growth
(289) 804-1505 View (289) 804-1505
Photo of Katie Harris - K. Harris Counselling Services, MA, RSW, Registered Social Worker
K. Harris Counselling Services
Registered Social Worker, MA, RSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Niagara Falls, ON L2E
At K. Harris Counselling, we blend expertise with an authentic, approachable vibe. Our therapists have diverse backgrounds in various therapy modalities, coupled with a sincere, down-to-earth approach that enhances our competence and helps to build a genuine authentic connection our clients. After all, we know how hard it is to reach out in the first place.
At K. Harris Counselling, we blend expertise with an authentic, approachable vibe. Our therapists have diverse backgrounds in various therapy modalities, coupled with a sincere, down-to-earth approach that enhances our competence and helps to build a genuine authentic connection our clients. After all, we know how hard it is to reach out in the first place.
(289) 203-4672 View (289) 203-4672
Photo of Skye Nagy - Skye Nagy - Pave Your Own Path Psychotherapy, MEd, Registered Psychotherapist
Skye Nagy - Pave Your Own Path Psychotherapy
Registered Psychotherapist, MEd
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Niagara Falls, ON L2G  (Online Only)
Do you find yourself consumed with stress and worry? Are you feeling trapped by, and out of control of, your thoughts and emotions? Although experiencing emotional pain is a natural part of being human, it can make life feel overwhelming and unmanageable. When life becomes hectic, it is easy to forget how to take care of ourselves, which is one of many areas that therapy can help. Connecting with a therapist who is emotionally attuned to your needs and provides you with individualized care is necessary to address your concerns and achieve your goals.
Do you find yourself consumed with stress and worry? Are you feeling trapped by, and out of control of, your thoughts and emotions? Although experiencing emotional pain is a natural part of being human, it can make life feel overwhelming and unmanageable. When life becomes hectic, it is easy to forget how to take care of ourselves, which is one of many areas that therapy can help. Connecting with a therapist who is emotionally attuned to your needs and provides you with individualized care is necessary to address your concerns and achieve your goals.
(289) 207-5723 View (289) 207-5723
Photo of Jason Dyck, MSW, RSW, Registered Social Worker
Jason Dyck
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Niagara Falls, ON L2J  (Online Only)
Sometimes the challenges that we face are too difficult to manage on our own. I strongly believe that we progress to the next chapters in life by overcoming our barriers. I offer professional support to help you pursue that life by introducing new ways of thinking, behaving and coping. I specialize in helping clients manage emotional dysregulation, depression, OCD, stress and anxiety.
Sometimes the challenges that we face are too difficult to manage on our own. I strongly believe that we progress to the next chapters in life by overcoming our barriers. I offer professional support to help you pursue that life by introducing new ways of thinking, behaving and coping. I specialize in helping clients manage emotional dysregulation, depression, OCD, stress and anxiety.
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Photo of Jessica VanWyngaarden, MSW, RSW, Registered Social Worker
Jessica VanWyngaarden
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Niagara Falls, ON L2G
Welcome! I’m glad you are here as it can be really difficult to reach out for help. I support individuals in working through stress, anxiety, depression, suicidal ideation, self-harm, self-esteem issues, relationship conflict, family conflict, grief and loss, history of trauma, domestic violence, and abuse. I have extensive experience working with individuals of all ages and phases of life who are in crisis or who have been struggling for a long time.
Welcome! I’m glad you are here as it can be really difficult to reach out for help. I support individuals in working through stress, anxiety, depression, suicidal ideation, self-harm, self-esteem issues, relationship conflict, family conflict, grief and loss, history of trauma, domestic violence, and abuse. I have extensive experience working with individuals of all ages and phases of life who are in crisis or who have been struggling for a long time.
(289) 236-0945 View (289) 236-0945
Photo of Emmy Montemurro-Baxter, RMFT, MSEd,  RP, AccFM, Registered Psychotherapist
Emmy Montemurro-Baxter
Registered Psychotherapist, RMFT, MSEd, RP, AccFM
Verified Verified
Niagara Falls, ON L2G
Whether your concern is of an individual or an interpersonal nature, involves a couple, family or other form/model of relationship, we can work together, through dialogue, to explore challenging situations and find opportunities for growth. My approach in therapy is client centered. Although I focus on the client(s) in the session, I keep in mind that every person is part of several larger systems. I maintain an awareness of systemic influences, and of power dynamics in relationships. I will work with you toward your goals. I am committed to being neutral and judgement free. I embrace diversity and human rights.
Whether your concern is of an individual or an interpersonal nature, involves a couple, family or other form/model of relationship, we can work together, through dialogue, to explore challenging situations and find opportunities for growth. My approach in therapy is client centered. Although I focus on the client(s) in the session, I keep in mind that every person is part of several larger systems. I maintain an awareness of systemic influences, and of power dynamics in relationships. I will work with you toward your goals. I am committed to being neutral and judgement free. I embrace diversity and human rights.
(289) 210-7304 View (289) 210-7304
Photo of Michaela Weaver, MSW , RSW, Registered Social Worker
Michaela Weaver
Registered Social Worker, MSW , RSW
Verified Verified
Niagara Falls, ON L2E  (Online Only)
Hi, I’m Michaela! I hold a Behavioural Psychology undergraduate degree and a Masters of Social Work. I spent five years working in acute inpatient psychiatric care for children and youth ages 5-17 and currently work as a mental health social worker in the emergency department at my local hospital. My experience with youth has allowed me to understand both the situational and developmental implications of being an adolescent in today’s world. My current role has provided me with skills to support individuals in crisis across the lifespan. I believe every human being is unique, there is no “one-size-fits-all” approach, and each person
Hi, I’m Michaela! I hold a Behavioural Psychology undergraduate degree and a Masters of Social Work. I spent five years working in acute inpatient psychiatric care for children and youth ages 5-17 and currently work as a mental health social worker in the emergency department at my local hospital. My experience with youth has allowed me to understand both the situational and developmental implications of being an adolescent in today’s world. My current role has provided me with skills to support individuals in crisis across the lifespan. I believe every human being is unique, there is no “one-size-fits-all” approach, and each person
(289) 334-0957 View (289) 334-0957
Photo of Michelle Strazzeri Psychotherapy For You, MSW, RSW, Registered Social Worker
Michelle Strazzeri Psychotherapy For You
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
Verified Verified
Niagara Falls, ON L2E  (Online Only)
For 9 years I have worked with individuals, couples and families on a wide variety of issues including communication breakdown, trauma, abuse, accident, injury, addictions, depression, anxiety and other mental health concerns. I understand that change is difficult, and it is hard to take the first step in seeking out therapy support. I know it takes courage to start this process. I offer a safe, private, confidential environment to explore what you want your life to look like and to help you get there. Therapy is hard work, but the reward is a more satisfying you.
For 9 years I have worked with individuals, couples and families on a wide variety of issues including communication breakdown, trauma, abuse, accident, injury, addictions, depression, anxiety and other mental health concerns. I understand that change is difficult, and it is hard to take the first step in seeking out therapy support. I know it takes courage to start this process. I offer a safe, private, confidential environment to explore what you want your life to look like and to help you get there. Therapy is hard work, but the reward is a more satisfying you.
(289) 271-0957 View (289) 271-0957
Photo of Jenna Fiello, RP, MSc, BSc, Registered Psychotherapist
Jenna Fiello
Registered Psychotherapist, RP, MSc, BSc
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Niagara Falls, ON L2H  (Online Only)
I believe people have the inherent capacity to lead fulfilling lives. I want to help you reconnect with the parts of you that you had to abandon in order to survive. I value the art of developing a strong therapeutic relationship, fostering authenticity, and helping people recognize and unravel the unique hardships of their own stories while acknowledging their strengths. As an EMDR trained therapist, I’d like to join you in your healing journey to help you better understand yourself and work through any emotional difficulties that leave you feeling stuck to restore balance and connection.
I believe people have the inherent capacity to lead fulfilling lives. I want to help you reconnect with the parts of you that you had to abandon in order to survive. I value the art of developing a strong therapeutic relationship, fostering authenticity, and helping people recognize and unravel the unique hardships of their own stories while acknowledging their strengths. As an EMDR trained therapist, I’d like to join you in your healing journey to help you better understand yourself and work through any emotional difficulties that leave you feeling stuck to restore balance and connection.
(289) 302-6676 View (289) 302-6676
Photo of Melanie Pine, RPQ, Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying)
Melanie Pine
Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying), RPQ
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Niagara Falls, ON L2E
Feeling stuck and unsure where to turn? I'm here to help you find your way forward. Let's tackle life's challenges together! My focus is on helping you meet your deepest needs and empowering you to achieve your full potential. I understand that everyone is unique, so I use a variety of techniques tailored to your individual situation. With a Master's of Arts in Counselling Psychology, I’m well equipped to support you on your path to healing.
Feeling stuck and unsure where to turn? I'm here to help you find your way forward. Let's tackle life's challenges together! My focus is on helping you meet your deepest needs and empowering you to achieve your full potential. I understand that everyone is unique, so I use a variety of techniques tailored to your individual situation. With a Master's of Arts in Counselling Psychology, I’m well equipped to support you on your path to healing.
(905) 359-0299 View (905) 359-0299
Photo of Jacqueline Quiquero, BaASc, MSW, RSW, Registered Social Worker
Jacqueline Quiquero
Registered Social Worker, BaASc, MSW, RSW
Verified Verified
Niagara Falls, ON L2G  (Online Only)
Feeling stuck in symptoms of depression, anxiety, trauma or grief? Want to make change but don’t know where to start? When choosing a therapist, the right fit is an important step in taking the lead in your journey towards healing and recovery. I provide a non-judgemental, relaxed space that helps you to acknowledge the impact of mental health and wellness on other aspects of your life.
Feeling stuck in symptoms of depression, anxiety, trauma or grief? Want to make change but don’t know where to start? When choosing a therapist, the right fit is an important step in taking the lead in your journey towards healing and recovery. I provide a non-judgemental, relaxed space that helps you to acknowledge the impact of mental health and wellness on other aspects of your life.
(289) 274-6232 View (289) 274-6232
Photo of Megan Morningstar - Bridging the Synapse Psychotherapy (M.Morningstar), RP, MA, MAds, Registered Psychotherapist
Bridging the Synapse Psychotherapy (M.Morningstar)
Registered Psychotherapist, RP, MA, MAds
Verified Verified
Niagara Falls, ON L2H
I am trained in EMDR by an EMDRIA approved course sequence. I practice employing modalities of internal family systems framework (IFS informed), often employing modalities from dialectical behaviour therapy (DBT) and cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT). I approach my work with clients with a neuropsychological and attachment lens, which has proven to be a crucial part of the healing process.
I am trained in EMDR by an EMDRIA approved course sequence. I practice employing modalities of internal family systems framework (IFS informed), often employing modalities from dialectical behaviour therapy (DBT) and cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT). I approach my work with clients with a neuropsychological and attachment lens, which has proven to be a crucial part of the healing process.
(289) 274-9601 View (289) 274-9601
Photo of Roxanne Jasmin Derhodge, MSc, RP, Counsellor
Roxanne Jasmin Derhodge
Counsellor, MSc, RP
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Niagara Falls, ON L2G
Being Mentally resilient through this uncertain time is key. I am mental Health and wellness specialist. I can offer practical solutions to deal with anxiety and depression which may be impacting you on an individual or relationship level.
Being Mentally resilient through this uncertain time is key. I am mental Health and wellness specialist. I can offer practical solutions to deal with anxiety and depression which may be impacting you on an individual or relationship level.
(289) 206-9958 View (289) 206-9958
Photo of Britney Binkowski, RP, BA, Counsellor
Britney Binkowski
Counsellor, RP, BA
Verified Verified
Niagara Falls, ON L2G
Life can be tough. Sometimes this causes you experience problems that are too difficult to handle alone. Perhaps you feel depressed, angry, stuck, sad, unsatisfied or anxious; perhaps addictive patterns or other self-destructive behaviours are wearing you down and disrupting your life. Maybe the way that you have always dealt with things is no longer working. Sometimes you might reach out for support simply because you need an unbiased person to talk to or have a nagging feeling that something is just not right and could be better.
Life can be tough. Sometimes this causes you experience problems that are too difficult to handle alone. Perhaps you feel depressed, angry, stuck, sad, unsatisfied or anxious; perhaps addictive patterns or other self-destructive behaviours are wearing you down and disrupting your life. Maybe the way that you have always dealt with things is no longer working. Sometimes you might reach out for support simply because you need an unbiased person to talk to or have a nagging feeling that something is just not right and could be better.
(647) 955-3898 View (647) 955-3898
Photo of Tina Lefebvre, MACP, LGBTQ, Trauma, Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying)
Tina Lefebvre
Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying), MACP, LGBTQ, Trauma
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Niagara Falls, ON L2G
Currently accepting virtual clients. It can be difficult to find a culturally sensitive counsellor who understands the affects of colonization and systemic racism and the trauma that it has caused, who also understands the struggles of questioning your identity. I offer a solution that could help, sometimes we hold trauma in our nervous systems and this can make things difficult for us. You have the power to release some of that trauma and you don't have to do it alone.
Currently accepting virtual clients. It can be difficult to find a culturally sensitive counsellor who understands the affects of colonization and systemic racism and the trauma that it has caused, who also understands the struggles of questioning your identity. I offer a solution that could help, sometimes we hold trauma in our nervous systems and this can make things difficult for us. You have the power to release some of that trauma and you don't have to do it alone.
(289) 812-2371 View (289) 812-2371
Photo of Deanna Khes-Grabiec, MSW, RSW, Registered Social Worker
Deanna Khes-Grabiec
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
Verified Verified
Niagara Falls, ON L2E
I focus on children, teenagers and young adults struggling with eating disorders/disordered eating, body image, anxiety, and perfectionism. I promote wellness beyond weight and address related social justice issues by approaching care from a Health at Every Size theoretical lens. Intrusive thoughts related to food, weight, and self-image can be overwhelming and by using a collaborative approach to discover self-compassion, food freedom, body acceptance, and self-confidence, patients can feel empowered.
I focus on children, teenagers and young adults struggling with eating disorders/disordered eating, body image, anxiety, and perfectionism. I promote wellness beyond weight and address related social justice issues by approaching care from a Health at Every Size theoretical lens. Intrusive thoughts related to food, weight, and self-image can be overwhelming and by using a collaborative approach to discover self-compassion, food freedom, body acceptance, and self-confidence, patients can feel empowered.
(289) 273-9513 View (289) 273-9513
Photo of Taylor Burciul - Taylor Burciul Counselling & Doula Services, BSW, MSW, RSW, CD, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Taylor Burciul Counselling & Doula Services
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, BSW, MSW, RSW, CD
Verified Verified
Niagara Falls, ON L2H
Are you living with struggles relating to your perinatal period and beyond? You are not alone! It is common to struggle with the transition that occurs, both mentally and physically, from conception to the postpartum period. Our work together can help address a variety of adversities commonly seen in birth persons and parents on a therapeutic level. Specialty topics include struggles relating to infertility, pregnancy/infant loss, rainbow babies, birth trauma, disordered eating, body image/self-esteem, depression, anxiety, and OCD. My hope is to help you find security and growth along your journey.
Are you living with struggles relating to your perinatal period and beyond? You are not alone! It is common to struggle with the transition that occurs, both mentally and physically, from conception to the postpartum period. Our work together can help address a variety of adversities commonly seen in birth persons and parents on a therapeutic level. Specialty topics include struggles relating to infertility, pregnancy/infant loss, rainbow babies, birth trauma, disordered eating, body image/self-esteem, depression, anxiety, and OCD. My hope is to help you find security and growth along your journey.
(289) 768-8956 View (289) 768-8956
Photo of Kaylie Dawkes, MA, RP, Registered Psychotherapist
Kaylie Dawkes
Registered Psychotherapist, MA, RP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Niagara Falls, ON L2G
Welcome! I understand it takes courage to reach out for support, create change for yourself, and find healing. I’ve been there, and now I’m very passionate about helping others build a supportive environment and work towards personal growth and positive change. I am a proud ally of the 2SLGBTQ+ community and believe it’s important to meet everyone where they are in their journey. This allows us to foster a strong relationship and for you to express yourself the way that you need.
Welcome! I understand it takes courage to reach out for support, create change for yourself, and find healing. I’ve been there, and now I’m very passionate about helping others build a supportive environment and work towards personal growth and positive change. I am a proud ally of the 2SLGBTQ+ community and believe it’s important to meet everyone where they are in their journey. This allows us to foster a strong relationship and for you to express yourself the way that you need.
(289) 207-6751 View (289) 207-6751
Photo of Duane Williams, RSW, Registered Social Worker
Duane Williams
Registered Social Worker, RSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Niagara Falls, ON L2J
I provide psychotherapy that fosters critical dialogue and facilitates an exploration of your mental health in its many dimensions, including physical, socio-cultural, relational, sexual and spiritual. This involves developing the self-knowledge, personal resources and abilities that forge adaptive, new connections to your sense of self and to others. Making new connections is essential to your resilience and recovery: your capacities to create positive growth and change through self-awareness, self-acceptance and self-compassion. Enhancing how you are connected to self, others and community is central to my therapeutic approach.
I provide psychotherapy that fosters critical dialogue and facilitates an exploration of your mental health in its many dimensions, including physical, socio-cultural, relational, sexual and spiritual. This involves developing the self-knowledge, personal resources and abilities that forge adaptive, new connections to your sense of self and to others. Making new connections is essential to your resilience and recovery: your capacities to create positive growth and change through self-awareness, self-acceptance and self-compassion. Enhancing how you are connected to self, others and community is central to my therapeutic approach.
(289) 670-1832 View (289) 670-1832
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See more therapy options for Niagara Falls

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in Niagara Falls, ON

100+

Average cost per session

$150

Counsellors in Niagara Falls, ON who prioritize treating:

97% Anxiety
91% Depression
84% Stress
83% Self Esteem
81% Coping Skills
79% Relationship Issues
70% Grief

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

67% Green Shield Canada
56% SunLife
52% Manulife

How Counsellors in Niagara Falls, ON see their clients

72% In Person and Online
28% Online Only

Gender breakdown

84% Female
16% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in Niagara Falls?

Search for nearby therapists or counsellors by inputting your city, postal code, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postal code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Most Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are certified by one of the main professional associations, mainly the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association (CCPA), and will have a Certified Canadian Counsellor (CCC) designation with their name. Social Workers listed in the directory must be registered members of the college specific to their province. To be listed in the directory, Psychologists must be registered with the psychological college specific to their province or territory.

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given the considerable variation in professional regulation and prerequisites across Canadian provinces, some providers may possess significant professional qualifications without necessarily holding professional memberships or being obliged to acquire them. As a result, they may be selectively included without the "Verified" seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Psychologists, counsellors, psychotherapists and social workers can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and supervised, practical experience that enable them to do so in Canada.

Psychologists have a master's and/or doctoral degree and have passed both written and oral exams. Psychologists are able to complete mental health assessments and provide diagnostic information to clients as well as provide counselling therapy or psychotherapy. Counsellors and psychotherapists are expected to have a master's or doctoral degree in counselling psychology, social work, or a related mental health discipline and certification by a professional association, such as the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association. Registered Social Workers possess a Bachelor's or Master's degree in Social Work and where possible must be licensed or certified by the provincial government and/or regulatory college.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, the cost of a therapy session in Canada could be between $100 and $200. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. Some types of outpatient mental health services are covered by Medicare, provided these are performed by a licensed mental health professional in the provinces or territory you reside in and who accepts the assignment.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postal code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Professionals licensed by regulatory colleges and those certified by associations such as the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association are obligated to uphold client confidentiality unless there is a legal reason that requires them to disclose information. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there is the potential or known harm to the client or others, or a court order, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.