Counselling in Westminster, WA

Photo of Deborah Ann Hilton
Deborah Ann Hilton
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Westminster, WA 6061
Welcome! I'm Deb. Have you just had enough and want to change, to move forward, to be calm? Do you often feel overwhelmed by anxiety, as if it's happening to you and beyond your control? You're not alone—many people experience these thoughts. Anxiety is at the core of many issues and is a learned response generated from within, whether on a conscious or subconscious level. Understanding its origins isn't necessary for effective treatment. Solution-focused Clinical Hypnotherapy can help you reconnect with your unique inner resources, enabling you to leave past problems behind and embrace a more empowered future.
Welcome! I'm Deb. Have you just had enough and want to change, to move forward, to be calm? Do you often feel overwhelmed by anxiety, as if it's happening to you and beyond your control? You're not alone—many people experience these thoughts. Anxiety is at the core of many issues and is a learned response generated from within, whether on a conscious or subconscious level. Understanding its origins isn't necessary for effective treatment. Solution-focused Clinical Hypnotherapy can help you reconnect with your unique inner resources, enabling you to leave past problems behind and embrace a more empowered future.
(08) 6206 8535 View (08) 6206 8535
Photo of Wakaroa Taki, MA, PsyBA General, Psychologist
Wakaroa Taki
Psychologist, MA, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
Westminster, WA 6061
Wakaroa (Waka) is a registered psychologist for over 10 years and has extensive experience in depression, anxiety, and stress related issues, grief and loss, self-esteem, confidence building, and relationship difficulties. His approach is to work collaboratively with clients in order improve their understanding of their own mental health, and from there, develop coping strategies to build mental resilience.
Wakaroa (Waka) is a registered psychologist for over 10 years and has extensive experience in depression, anxiety, and stress related issues, grief and loss, self-esteem, confidence building, and relationship difficulties. His approach is to work collaboratively with clients in order improve their understanding of their own mental health, and from there, develop coping strategies to build mental resilience.
(08) 6219 3727 View (08) 6219 3727
Photo of Teresa Goddard, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych, Psychologist
Teresa Goddard
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Verified Verified
Westminster, WA 6061
As a Clinical Psychologist I have experience working with a range of mental health issues, like depression and anxiety disorders, personality disorders, anger and stress management, difficulties with self-esteem and self-compassion, disordered eating habits, adjustment difficulties, chronic illness, sleep difficulties, trauma and work-related issues. I pride myself on establishing a strong therapeutic alliance with clients of all ages and enjoy working from a person-centred and psychodynamic approach.
As a Clinical Psychologist I have experience working with a range of mental health issues, like depression and anxiety disorders, personality disorders, anger and stress management, difficulties with self-esteem and self-compassion, disordered eating habits, adjustment difficulties, chronic illness, sleep difficulties, trauma and work-related issues. I pride myself on establishing a strong therapeutic alliance with clients of all ages and enjoy working from a person-centred and psychodynamic approach.
(08) 6219 3860 View (08) 6219 3860
Photo of Dianne Kerridge - Crossway Counselling, ACA-L2, Counsellor
Crossway Counselling
Counsellor, ACA-L2
Verified Verified
Westminster, WA 6061
My ideal client is someone struggling with life. The struggle could be with marriage/relationship difficulties, anxiety, depression, working through trauma, grief and loss, self-esteem issues, or maybe they just need to talk through a concern, or a major life decision. Whatever the issue they are seeking a good and caring listener who will help them to set clear goals in order to move forward with their life. They are ready for change and the work that’s required to bring it about.
My ideal client is someone struggling with life. The struggle could be with marriage/relationship difficulties, anxiety, depression, working through trauma, grief and loss, self-esteem issues, or maybe they just need to talk through a concern, or a major life decision. Whatever the issue they are seeking a good and caring listener who will help them to set clear goals in order to move forward with their life. They are ready for change and the work that’s required to bring it about.
(08) 6206 8849 View (08) 6206 8849

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Morrison James McQueen, PsyBA General, Psychologist
Morrison James McQueen
Psychologist, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Churchlands, WA 6018
Change is difficult. Morrison is experienced in supporting a range of clients through difficult and confronting times. With extensive experience in treating chronic pain, anxiety and mood issues in adults and teens, Morrison brings his Psychological experience from across the private and government settings to each indiviuals' unique situation. Morrison is passionate about supporting people navigating life with ADHD and Autism (ASD) and living a full and fulfilling life of meaning and value.
Change is difficult. Morrison is experienced in supporting a range of clients through difficult and confronting times. With extensive experience in treating chronic pain, anxiety and mood issues in adults and teens, Morrison brings his Psychological experience from across the private and government settings to each indiviuals' unique situation. Morrison is passionate about supporting people navigating life with ADHD and Autism (ASD) and living a full and fulfilling life of meaning and value.
(08) 6493 7436 View (08) 6493 7436
Photo of Jane Norgard, MPsych, MAPS, Psychologist
Jane Norgard
Psychologist, MPsych, MAPS
Verified Verified
Yokine, WA 6060
I am a Clinical Psychologist who works in a collaborative, warm, genuine and non-judgmental way to assist people with reaching their goals. This can mean working with someone who is experiencing mental health difficulties as a result of mental illness or a challenging life event or helping a client who is relatively ‘well’. My aim is to provide people with the knowledge, skills and strength needed to make sustainable and meaningful changes in their lives. My practice involves providing psychotherapy for children, adolescents and adults experiencing personal, emotional, behavioural, social, educational and/or occupational issues.
I am a Clinical Psychologist who works in a collaborative, warm, genuine and non-judgmental way to assist people with reaching their goals. This can mean working with someone who is experiencing mental health difficulties as a result of mental illness or a challenging life event or helping a client who is relatively ‘well’. My aim is to provide people with the knowledge, skills and strength needed to make sustainable and meaningful changes in their lives. My practice involves providing psychotherapy for children, adolescents and adults experiencing personal, emotional, behavioural, social, educational and/or occupational issues.
(08) 7078 8326 View (08) 7078 8326
Photo of Matthew Bruce Herbert - Dr Matthew Herbert, Clinical Psychologist, PhD, PsyBA - Clin. Psych, Psychologist
Dr Matthew Herbert, Clinical Psychologist
Psychologist, PhD, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Verified Verified
Balcatta, WA 6021
I enjoy working with clients to explore the ways that their past is impacting on their present. I want to empower clients to get their emotional needs met.
I enjoy working with clients to explore the ways that their past is impacting on their present. I want to empower clients to get their emotional needs met.
(08) 6490 9603 View (08) 6490 9603
Photo of Claire Morrison, MPsych, PsyBA General, Psychologist
Claire Morrison
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Greenwood, WA 6024
Hi, I'm Claire and I'm a Clinical Psychologist with 17 years of experience in psychology. I have a special interest in anxiety, depression, trauma and phobias. I know there are many paths 2 healing. I’ll help you find the one that feels right for you. I take a holistic approach and consider body, mind, spirit, and emotions. I’ll work with you to get to the core of your problems as quickly and effectively as possible. I am encouraging and supportive. I will assist you to identify and build on your strengths whilst gently challenging you to let go of what’s no longer working. You can book in to see me in-person or online!
Hi, I'm Claire and I'm a Clinical Psychologist with 17 years of experience in psychology. I have a special interest in anxiety, depression, trauma and phobias. I know there are many paths 2 healing. I’ll help you find the one that feels right for you. I take a holistic approach and consider body, mind, spirit, and emotions. I’ll work with you to get to the core of your problems as quickly and effectively as possible. I am encouraging and supportive. I will assist you to identify and build on your strengths whilst gently challenging you to let go of what’s no longer working. You can book in to see me in-person or online!
(08) 6206 8109 View (08) 6206 8109
Photo of Regina Gerlach, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych, Psychologist
Regina Gerlach
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Verified Verified
Karrinyup, WA 6018
In my private psychology practice I am working with adults who are experiencing anxiety, chronic pain, conflict, depression, stress and trauma. I am working with clients who are interested in a different way of relating to their experiences, and willing to taking steps between our sessions to practice and apply a particular way of being - being present. I am seeing individuals, couples and I am also offering group-based treatment (MBCT, MiCBT, MSC). It is very important that the client feels safe and connected to me as a clinician as this forms a secure base for working together and through difficulty.
In my private psychology practice I am working with adults who are experiencing anxiety, chronic pain, conflict, depression, stress and trauma. I am working with clients who are interested in a different way of relating to their experiences, and willing to taking steps between our sessions to practice and apply a particular way of being - being present. I am seeing individuals, couples and I am also offering group-based treatment (MBCT, MiCBT, MSC). It is very important that the client feels safe and connected to me as a clinician as this forms a secure base for working together and through difficulty.
(08) 6244 5498 View (08) 6244 5498
Photo of Lilian Figueira, ACA-L3, Psychotherapist
Lilian Figueira
Psychotherapist, ACA-L3
Verified Verified
Karrinyup, WA 6018  (Online Only)
As a psychotherapist, I am deeply passionate about supporting individuals and couples on their journey towards emotional well-being and personal growth. I believe that everyone has the innate capacity to heal and thrive, providing a safe and compassionate space for exploration and healing.
As a psychotherapist, I am deeply passionate about supporting individuals and couples on their journey towards emotional well-being and personal growth. I believe that everyone has the innate capacity to heal and thrive, providing a safe and compassionate space for exploration and healing.
(08) 6333 0754 View (08) 6333 0754
Photo of Theresa Acutt - Connecting Dots Counselling, ACA-L1, Counsellor
Connecting Dots Counselling
Counsellor, ACA-L1
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Stirling, WA 6021
Hi, I am Theresa Acutt. The very first thing I will do is listen. I will provide a space where you are heard and supported, at your pace, so that you are able to move towards finding solutions that work for you. This space is a highly confidential and nonjudgmental space. During the session, I will incorporate a variety of evidence-based interventions specific to your individual needs. Imagine that in your session, you were to discover hope that something could change or a small step that showed you a way out of a situation, new perspectives, clarity, new skill, strategies and a better version of yourself.
Hi, I am Theresa Acutt. The very first thing I will do is listen. I will provide a space where you are heard and supported, at your pace, so that you are able to move towards finding solutions that work for you. This space is a highly confidential and nonjudgmental space. During the session, I will incorporate a variety of evidence-based interventions specific to your individual needs. Imagine that in your session, you were to discover hope that something could change or a small step that showed you a way out of a situation, new perspectives, clarity, new skill, strategies and a better version of yourself.
(08) 6219 3877 View (08) 6219 3877
Photo of Sonia Scussel, ACA-L3, Counsellor
Sonia Scussel
Counsellor, ACA-L3
Verified Verified
Girrawheen, WA 6064
Life changes can bring about uncomfortable emotions; no matter how strong one is, there are moments when everything becomes too much to bear. In such times, we may need some external help. As a counsellor, I offer you a safe space of empathetic listening to unravel your thoughts and support you in overcoming challenges. I will help you develop coping skills, become aware of unhelpful patterns and improve your day-to-day experience. Enhancing your awareness will move you toward the changes needed to reconnect to yourself, get closer to the person you want to be and live a more fulfilling life.
Life changes can bring about uncomfortable emotions; no matter how strong one is, there are moments when everything becomes too much to bear. In such times, we may need some external help. As a counsellor, I offer you a safe space of empathetic listening to unravel your thoughts and support you in overcoming challenges. I will help you develop coping skills, become aware of unhelpful patterns and improve your day-to-day experience. Enhancing your awareness will move you toward the changes needed to reconnect to yourself, get closer to the person you want to be and live a more fulfilling life.
(08) 7078 8335 View (08) 7078 8335
Photo of Sarah Grey, AMHSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Sarah Grey
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, AMHSW
Verified Verified
Warwick, WA 6024
Hi, I’m Sarah (she/her). I’m an accredited Mental Health Social Worker with the Australian Association of Social Workers. I'm a polyamorous trans woman, and I’ve worked in mental health and counselling for about 10 years. I support adults (usually 18+ years) through individual, family, and relationship counselling. In my practice I use a wide range of counselling approaches and skills, but all of them are grounded in the humanistic values of authenticity, non-judgement, and compassion.
Hi, I’m Sarah (she/her). I’m an accredited Mental Health Social Worker with the Australian Association of Social Workers. I'm a polyamorous trans woman, and I’ve worked in mental health and counselling for about 10 years. I support adults (usually 18+ years) through individual, family, and relationship counselling. In my practice I use a wide range of counselling approaches and skills, but all of them are grounded in the humanistic values of authenticity, non-judgement, and compassion.
(08) 6244 0904 View (08) 6244 0904
Photo of Joanna Tedeschi, MPsych, PsyBA General, Psychologist
Joanna Tedeschi
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
Balcatta, WA 6021
My special interest area is working with people who have tried everything and still can't get relief from their issues. If you suffer from anxiety, depression, addiction, or trauma-related issues such as PTSD and dissociation, I can help.
My special interest area is working with people who have tried everything and still can't get relief from their issues. If you suffer from anxiety, depression, addiction, or trauma-related issues such as PTSD and dissociation, I can help.
(08) 6490 9005 x614 View (08) 6490 9005 x614
Photo of Justine Spencer, MAPS, Psychologist
Justine Spencer
Psychologist, MAPS
Verified Verified
Churchlands, WA 6018  (Online Only)
At Wisdom Wellness, our goal is to support you through understanding and interacting with your thoughts, emotions and actions more effectively. Our passion lies in assisting you to clarify the values that are truly important to you, moving you towards a more authentic, healthy and meaningful life. Our own values of authenticity, connection, integrity and wellness flow through all of our services. We will always provide a tailored, client-centred approach with the utmost care and compassion.
At Wisdom Wellness, our goal is to support you through understanding and interacting with your thoughts, emotions and actions more effectively. Our passion lies in assisting you to clarify the values that are truly important to you, moving you towards a more authentic, healthy and meaningful life. Our own values of authenticity, connection, integrity and wellness flow through all of our services. We will always provide a tailored, client-centred approach with the utmost care and compassion.
(08) 6490 9177 View (08) 6490 9177
Photo of Julie Sparrow, AMHSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Julie Sparrow
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, AMHSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Churchlands, WA 6018
Life can be hard and it takes courage to seek help and work for change. I enjoy working with adults of all ages, and provide a safe, confidential space to support you with current challenges. I have significant experience working with people affected by cancer and chronic illness, anxiety, depression, trauma, sexual abuse, loneliness, relationship and family challenges, and grief. I have considerable cross-cultural experience, both in Australia and overseas, and really enjoy working with people from different backgrounds.
Life can be hard and it takes courage to seek help and work for change. I enjoy working with adults of all ages, and provide a safe, confidential space to support you with current challenges. I have significant experience working with people affected by cancer and chronic illness, anxiety, depression, trauma, sexual abuse, loneliness, relationship and family challenges, and grief. I have considerable cross-cultural experience, both in Australia and overseas, and really enjoy working with people from different backgrounds.
(08) 6490 9072 View (08) 6490 9072
Photo of Dr Kelly Gough, PsychD, MAPS, Psychologist
Dr Kelly Gough
Psychologist, PsychD, MAPS
Verified Verified
Karrinyup, WA 6018
Waitlist for new clients
I am a Clinical Psychologist and Clinical Neuropsychologist. Having practised for almost 20 years across a wide range of settings I have developed skills in many forms of evidence-based assessment and intervention. I’m told that I have a warm, understanding and collaborative style. I aim to provide you with a secure and non-judgemental environment so that you can put aside the worries of the day and enjoy some peaceful focus on yourself. We will work together to decide the goals of therapy and collaborate on a plan to reach them.
I am a Clinical Psychologist and Clinical Neuropsychologist. Having practised for almost 20 years across a wide range of settings I have developed skills in many forms of evidence-based assessment and intervention. I’m told that I have a warm, understanding and collaborative style. I aim to provide you with a secure and non-judgemental environment so that you can put aside the worries of the day and enjoy some peaceful focus on yourself. We will work together to decide the goals of therapy and collaborate on a plan to reach them.
(08) 9540 0708 View (08) 9540 0708
Photo of Catherine Matringe, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych, Psychologist
Catherine Matringe
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Verified Verified
Mirrabooka, WA 6061
Waitlist for new clients
Catherine is a Clinical Psychologist and Board-Approved Supervisor. She has a compassionate and non-judgmental approach and works in a collaborative way to build trust and safety. She believes that developing a strong therapeutic relationship is central to a positive and helpful therapy experience. Catherine has experience in working with adolescents and adults in the areas of depression, anxiety, anger management, self-esteem, confidence building, unprocessed trauma and abuse, grief and loss, relationship difficulties, and addictions (substances, alcohol, and gambling).
Catherine is a Clinical Psychologist and Board-Approved Supervisor. She has a compassionate and non-judgmental approach and works in a collaborative way to build trust and safety. She believes that developing a strong therapeutic relationship is central to a positive and helpful therapy experience. Catherine has experience in working with adolescents and adults in the areas of depression, anxiety, anger management, self-esteem, confidence building, unprocessed trauma and abuse, grief and loss, relationship difficulties, and addictions (substances, alcohol, and gambling).
(08) 6206 8533 View (08) 6206 8533
Photo of Lotte Fossland, PsyBA General, Psychologist
Lotte Fossland
Psychologist, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
Innaloo, WA 6018
My name is Lotte, I work with teenagers, adults and elderly clients, specializing in childhood trauma/PTSD, anxiety and depression. I have a background in family counselling and find it very meaningful to explore intergenerational or parenting issues with my clients! I provide EMDR and Schema therapy and CBT for depression and anxiety. Recently I improved my skills in therapies to elderly (65+) clients, by providing more flexibility, being family- and support orientated. I would also like to see you if body image/low self-esteem, sexuality and gender issues are a challenge. I have been told I am a friendly and genuine psychologist!
My name is Lotte, I work with teenagers, adults and elderly clients, specializing in childhood trauma/PTSD, anxiety and depression. I have a background in family counselling and find it very meaningful to explore intergenerational or parenting issues with my clients! I provide EMDR and Schema therapy and CBT for depression and anxiety. Recently I improved my skills in therapies to elderly (65+) clients, by providing more flexibility, being family- and support orientated. I would also like to see you if body image/low self-esteem, sexuality and gender issues are a challenge. I have been told I am a friendly and genuine psychologist!
(08) 9473 6312 View (08) 9473 6312
Photo of Jerome Gillbard, MPsych, PsyBA General, Psychologist
Jerome Gillbard
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
Tuart Hill, WA 6060
I’m a generally registered psychologist who’s friendly nature and client-centred approach to therapy allow clients to feel supported, heard, and understood. I provide a safe collaborative space for clients to explore their unique challenges using evidenced based practices. I believe that a strong therapeutic relationship based on empathy and trust underpins meaningful and lasting change. I also understand that reaching out for support is the first step but it’s often the most difficult.
I’m a generally registered psychologist who’s friendly nature and client-centred approach to therapy allow clients to feel supported, heard, and understood. I provide a safe collaborative space for clients to explore their unique challenges using evidenced based practices. I believe that a strong therapeutic relationship based on empathy and trust underpins meaningful and lasting change. I also understand that reaching out for support is the first step but it’s often the most difficult.
(08) 9316 6805 View (08) 9316 6805

See more therapy options for Westminster

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in Westminster, WA

< 10

Counsellors in Westminster, WA who prioritize treating:

100% Anxiety
75% Anger Management
75% Coping Skills
75% Self Esteem
75% Stress
50% Relationship Issues
50% Depression

Average years in practice

13 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

100% Australian Unity
100% CBHS Health
100% Medibank Private

How Counsellors in Westminster, WA see their clients

100% In Person and Online

Gender breakdown

75% Female
25% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in Westminster?

Search for nearby psychologists or counsellors by inputting your city, suburb, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are members of the main professional associations, mainly the Australian Counselling Association and the Psychotherapy and Counselling Federation of Australia. Psychologists must be registered in the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency (AHPRA). Most Social Workers listed in the directory are members of the Australian Association of Social Workers (AASW).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for social workers, psychotherapists and counsellors in Australia, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and experience that enable them to do so in Australia.

Psychologists have earned a 4 year undergraduate degree in psychology and have completed a postgraduate internship or postgraduate degree. Psychotherapists generally have an undergraduate degree in a health related field in addition to 3-4 years of specialist training in psychotherapy and a period of personal psychotherapy. In order to belong to a professional organisation such as the ACA or PACFA, counsellors and psychotherapists are required to have completed a certain level of AQF qualifications and/ or an approved training course as well as clinical and supervision hours. Social Workers registered with the AASW are required to have a Bachelor’s or Master’s degree in Social Work from an accredited institution.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, the cost of a therapy session in Australia could be between $100 and $250. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The Better Access Scheme is a government program offering Medicare rebates for mental health care. To access the program you will need to be assessed and diagnosed by your GP and get a Mental Health Plan. This will allow you to receive up to 10 individual sessions and 10 group sessions a year with practitioners who accept bulk billing, with no out of pocket costs for you.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the ACA, PACFA, or the APS are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there is the potential or known harm to the client or others or when a minor is in danger, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.